born japanese-american, u.s.itizens, but also some family members of those american citizens, whose citizenship was japanese. but because of the family connections and actual family members they already had in the states, decided to migrate from japan to america. that's when the diversification of american survivors group started. it obviously started to include not only u.s.-born survivors of the bomb, but also japan-born but now u.s. immigrant survivors of the bomb. later on, they came together. it took them a long time to sort of come to america. it varied. >> there was a propensity of japanese-americans who had been in the internment camps, not to talk about their experiences. not even with their families, their children, later on. what about the people who -- the japanese-americans who had been in hiroshima and nagasaki, when they came back to the united states, did they talk about what they experienced? >> i think the answer to that is largely no. because actually, one practical reason why they remained sil

divisions fighting under american core, under american army eventually two american army full capacity, the deadliest single month. that tells you that yard per yard and man for man the western front was the deadliest combat our troops have ever experienced. now, imagine if the it did not occur in mid-november and november carried the same casualties and the same combat deaths and december and january. what the total would have been. the british and french didn't have to imagine. they had been fighting this for years. they had been suffering, their morale was low. the british and french sent allegations to president wilson and said, we need an american presence on the front now. whatever you have please send them over. we know what your plan is, it's going to take a while. get some troops over. the orders are sent out to general our american expeditionary forces to immediately hand-pink from the regular army with volunteers and send them across right away. the 16th and 18th and 20th regimens, they land in france. when they shipped they were the first expeditionary division, as cornell

another dark time in american history with japanese-americans interred. was there any spillover? to there any other factor the japanese? can you touch on that. -- on that? >> it is interesting for the chinese-american to ended up in china. you think about internment of enemy-aliens. that was the justification for interning japanese-americans. we do not call it incarceration. chinese-americans were seen as less threatening by the japanese. at what is happening in the united states in places like san francisco, there was animosity between the chinese and japanese because of the japanese, before pearl harbor, supported the invasion of china. a number of chinese americans who celebrated it and took over their businesses. had impact. it changed how groups fell about each other often. >> your research? h i had an unlimited budget. i taught history last year at a university of finance and economics and i made trips to shanghai. later, i spent some time in hong kong. were overseas schools and set up for people of chinese ancestry outside of china to study in china. i have been looking th

the american west, ontr

they are asian americans or jewish americans who are presented as the kind of struggling minority group that is prized of higher education.alued c african-americans are rarely pretrade this way. there pretrade is not bowingjewi education. tha as an anti- intellectual culture. i thought those were gross distortions of-a our history and what was extraordinary to me about the late 1960s is this was a period in which young black people risk their lives to go to college. that's not what's often taughton about african-americans and education. they went on strike, they had they had sit ins, they had protest, demonsticrations ad even risk their lives to open the doors to higher education more broadly to bracket black people and people of color's. >> you write while the white you student movement of the late 60s has garnered muc h more attention, black student protest produced greater campus change. >> guest: yes, i think when people think of student activism in the late 60s they think of the right new left.ink they think of the fight to end the war in vietnam or other issues like that. the blac

first african-american woman in space and leland melvin who was african-american and had just gotten back from the international space stationing like a week ago. station, like, a week ago. you've got the whole legacy right up there at this table together. we had a q&a, and we did an event. and afterwards in the green room, julius went up to leland. leland melvin had originally played football for the detroit lions. i mean, the guy is enormous. and julius is not a big guy. and he's there, and he's talking to him, and they're talking about this and that and talking about florida and stuff is. and julius says to him, he says, you know -- and julius had told this story about the first day on the job, no one would shake my hand, ku klux klan, all of it. and he says to leland melvin, he says, you astronauts, you're the bravest people i ever met. and leland melvin looks down at him, and he says, no, sir, he says, i hared your story out there -- i heard your story out there. you are the bravest person i've ever met. it was such a beautiful moment, just such a beautiful moment. and i said in

visit ncicap.org] >> you're watching american history tv. 48 hours of programming on american history every weekend on c-span3. follow us on twitter at c-span history. for information on our schedule of upcoming programs and to keep up with the latest history news. the american legion recently hosted its national convention in baltimore. up next, chief of interpretation at fort mchenry national monument and historic shrine, vince vase, talks about baltimore's role in the war of 12 at the legion's historian luncheon. also explores the origins of the the "star spangled banner" which was written by francis scott key after he witnessed the battle of baltimore in 1814. this program is 35 minutes. >> you can call me ranger or ranger vince. i do work for the national park service. probably wherever you live there is a national park near you. i had the pleasure of eating here at florida's table home of st. augustine and the everglades. it is the national park service that preserves the great natural and cultural legacy of the united states. and it's great honor to speak here for you-all, thos

recently american history tv was historians of of american foreign relations. we spoke to graduate students about the research. amanda demmer, you are focusing a lot on the vietnamese and americans. let me begin with the benchmark of 1975, the fall of saigon. your research picks up after that. explained. ms. demmer: most histories of the vietnam war and with the fall of saigon. what my research does is begins with that moment and looks at this period that is often considered an epilogue, from the fall of saigon to present bill clinton announced relations normalized in 1995. the 20 year period and the role of refugees issues towards vietnam in that time. host: they just think part of the story is the normalized relations we now have with vietnam. ms. demmer: this is something that i think most americans aren't familiar with. nor relations with cuba were not normalized until very recently. after the war, policy makers extended the embargo to the entire country and refused to extend diplomatic relations to the new vietnam. really for 20 years, in the formal sense,

yet the american treasury is about to shrink hamilton's importance.t the very same moment his story is being told on the broadway stage to rave reviews. >> i've seen the play, it's that good. >> i was blown away. it is revolutionary, it will revolutionize american theater. >> rock stars and a-listers lined up of the broadway premier last month of what's being held as a heartbreaking american masterpiece. the founding found story of founding father alexander hamilton. a score set to hip hop is undoubtedly boosting the program's profile but hamilton's life and history may be just as thrilling as the bells and whistles that help bring his story to life. >> he was washington's right hand man during the war for independence. a de facto chief of staff. >> educated at what's now columbia university. hamilton made a name for himself in the continental army. he was barely 20 when he became washington's closest assistant. >> he edited led the development of the most famous work of political thought, the federalist papers along with james madison and john jay an

it's outrageous that they muzzle american workers. >> you were not able to bring an american worker onhere. how outrageous is that. >> i think it was a talk about wages that's missing the large point. immigrants, when they come here, and apply themselves, they create american jobs. >> we had a lot of time. thank you so much. >> thank you so much. the thirted panel is next. . >> reviewing the tape will help you create an accurate report. >> that gives you a distinct advantage. >> you don't let them review a film. >>> we'll shift our discussion from the tech industry to a famous c.e.o., marisa meyer. let's bring in our panellist >>> let's start with you, julie. the yahoo! chief executive announced this week that she's pregnant, right. this time with identical twin girls. she said that she plans to "take limited time away from her office and will work through the leave", is she setting a bad example. the company has 16 weeks of leave. why doesn't she take the leave. >> it's intensely personal decisions. when they should be allowed to make the best for their families. if she is sending a m

but mostly american merchants just came to them. , there werese several hundred american ships trading with spanish-american ports on the eve of the uprising. and one scholar at northwestern university conservatively estimates that the u.s. sent hundreds of tons of powder and at least 150,000 muskets to south america during the war for independence. i think this is probably a genetic underestimate. underestimate. treaty obligations forbade great britain from sending any of this directly to spanish america. and great britain had the ability to police their port, so it is not that nothing went out, but not a lot went out. and it didn't need to go out because these british merchants could some please tell all the stuff to american traitors, and they then send it on to spanish america. the u.k. exported nearly 250,000 guns to the united states in five years. unknowable, but huge percentage of these must have gone towards the spanish-american independence in the early 1820's. so, whether through its own growing productive capacity or through re-exporting european made weapons, the united st

on the american side. i thought what on earth am i going to tell the society about the american revolution but they do not already know very well? in the research of the first book i came across the battle battle of the american revolution that took place in mobile and baton rouge and i thought maybe they don't know so much about these. i would have to admit they had their happy hour before the talk i interpreted it as an excitement about the subject and very few historians know about it so i'm going to be reading from the book and talking and then we'll have questions and answers at the end. let me set the stage for you in pensacola and 74. pensacola was the capital of the british colony in west florida. that doesn't make any sense. i hope it will all become clear. in 1774, the west florida governor opened up a letter from the men in philadelphia: themselves a general general congress of deputies from the colonies of new hampshire, rhode island, connecticut, new jersey, pennsylvania north carolina and sou

yes, i am doing the historical investigation of japanese american and a handful of korean-americans asell who were born in the states, but happen to be in either hiroshima or nagasaki in 1945 at the end of world war ii when the bomb was dropped on the cities of hiroshima and nagasaki. and their numbers are not huge, but substantial. there were somewhere between 20 to 30,000 asian americans, mostly japanese-americans of the second generations, but third generations as well who were in japan. actually, i should say in hiroshima. because actually, hiroshima as a prefecture is the area in japan of the time who had sent the largest number of japanese emigrants to america before the war started. so the 19-teens, '20s and '30s. out of those 20,000 people, there were about 3,000 people, japanese-americans who survived the bomb in hiroshima, and then later on decided to come to america, beginning in 1947. because america is obviously where they were born and grew up in. their history is very fascinating, although it's being relatively little known. fascinating in that it really changes our perc

, including jewish americans. it strained ties between the united states and israel and exposed divisions among american jews over what the pact means. tonight i want to explore the subdivisions and what they sell us or not about american jews and their support of israel. paul painted a picture of where jews in america stood on the deal. in july, after the deal was reached, a survey bit the left-leaning lobbying group showed 60% of support for the deal, 40% opposing it. critics of the deal, and jay street say it opposed the agreement. at the same time, a poll taken by an advocacy group found 45% of americans rejected the deal. 40% wanted congress to approve it. it's a grey area. the unmistakable take away is that there's nothing preaching a unanimous opinion about the deal among american jews, and the picture reflects differing views israel. jewish opponents like the american rabbi say that the deal will put iran closer to acquiring ta nuclear weapon, threatening israel's existence. many are republican. the democr

just wasted an american flag. for americans who thought the war of 1812, and a large part because of something like that, this was a serious problem. there were also lots of new ,aces between the two countries with respect to the two countries, in 1841. in the u k, we had a new prime minister, and a new foreign secretary. in the united states, we had the third american president in a single year. a new secretary of state, a new ambassador to great britain, who later became president of harvard university. and much later, gave that great two hour are just in gettysburg his 2efore lincoln gave hour gettysburg address. the fact that everybody was new on both sides of the aisle caused obvious problems because there were no personal relationships and habits to smooth over the rough patches, and to ease relationships. on the other hand, everything was new. and right, as we would take today, for a reset, as we did a couple of years ago with russia. before -- speaking of britain -- just before the creole sailed, 29-year-o

one and the american people are likely not to buy that. david: let's refocus the question on the next need. wednesday night the fiscal year ends. the senate leadership, senator mcconnell, the majority leader, republican from kentucky, said he's prepared to send over to the house a clean temporary spending bill. at this point, in light of speaker boehner's resignation, do you expect you and your fellow republicans will support that temporary spending bill to get through the next few months to december? or do you expect it will continue to be a fight because it doesn't include in the lang language now defunding planned parenthood that republicans want. rep. flores: that's like the iran deal as well. you've got 70% of americans worried about a bad iranian deal the president has made and we need language to deal with that. the plan that our leadership lead out this morning includes a c.r. that goes back with some riders on it. my guess is that the senate probably strips those out and tries to send a clean one to the senate. excuse me, to the w

and a natural born american. and that's about it. but privately, how many american voters would admit there's an understood second set of qualifications they carry around in their heads? do lots of americans think a woman, a jew or as republican candidate dr. brkz ha ben carsos suggested shouldn't be president? who fits in the oval office, it's the "inside story." ♪ >> welcome to "inside story." i'm ray suarez. when new york governor al smith ran for president in 1928, he was the first roman catholic nominee of a major party for the white house. he was trounced in a time when people were far more open about their prejudices and american protestants were very comfortable talking out loud about their dislike about catholics. it would have been 30 years later before another nominee, this time john f. kennedy won. there's only been one catholic since, john kerry, he lost. being nominated is a big idea, just ask president obama, ben carson, a seventh decade day adventist himself. al jazeera america's del walters reports. >> i would not ad

african-american, 51%. [boo's] bernie sanders: we need a major jobs program to put our people back to work. [cheering] bernie sanders: the fastest way to do it is to rebuild our crumbling infrastructure, our roads, our bridges, how railroads, our airports, our water system. and let me tell you something else that i feel passionately about. the united states of america today has more people in jail than any other country on earth. [boo's] bernie sanders: it makes a lot more sense to me for us to be investing in jobs and education for our young people than jails and incarceration. [cheering] bernie sanders: i want us to end this distinction of having more people in jail and i want to replace it with the distinction of us having the best educated population on earth. [cheering] bernie sanders: and when we talk about politics let me say this and i think most of you know it. financehe campaign system we operate under is corrupt and it is undermining american democracy. [cheering] "corrupt" is the right word. can

call it the american dream. whatever you call it, the truth of the matter is it worked very well for 240 years as a country and it can work again. [applause] the genius of our country as plainly as i can state it is this -- that we take action in every generation to include more theur people more fully in economic, social, and political life of our nation. this is the genius of american capitalism as well. when it is not rigged, manipulated by the powerful wealthy interest, annapolis, or economic or a list at the expense of small and family-owned businesses. it is about fuller dissipation, fuller education, the dignity of every person, opportunity for all, this is who we are when we are truly ourselves. let me ask all of you a question. show of hands, how many of you firmly believe that you have enjoyed a better quality of life than your parents and enjoyed?nts raise your hands if that is true for you. almost every hand. let me ask you a second and tougher question. how many of you believe just as firmly that yo

yes, i am doing the historical investigation of japanese american and a handful of korean-americans as well who were born in the states, but happen to be in either hiroshima or nagasaki in 1945 at the end of world war ii when the bomb was dropped on the cities of hiroshima and nagasaki. and their numbers are not huge, but substantial. there were somewhere between 20 to 30,000 asian americans, mostly japanese-americans of the second generations, but third generations as well who were in japan. actually, i should say in hiroshima. because actually, hiroshima as a prefecture is the area in japan of the time who had sent the largest number of japanese emigrants to america before the war started. so the 19-teens, '20s and '30s. out of those 20,000 people, there were about 3,000 people, japanese-americans who survived the bomb in hiroshima, and then later on decided to come to america, beginning in 1947. because america is obviously where they were born and grew up in. their history is very fascinating, although it's being relatively little known. fascinating in that it really changes our pe

japanese-americans were integrated back into the american community relatively quickly. as the country moved away from the precipitating event, the persecution got better gradually. what you see in this campaign is the opposite. we have one successful terrorist attack on u.s. soil 11 years ago, get if you look at such -- things never get better. never or the abuses curtailed. even further away from the 9/11 attack, things continue to worsen. you see far more fbi raids and arrests where the fbi creates and funds and conceals a plot that it tricks young muslims into joining, then they trumpet that they have dismantled the plot. then they put them in prison for decades, far more so now than 10 years ago. when you look at the form of material prosecutions, they are far more remote connections to his designated terrorist groups, literally 20 two-year-old muslim americans who upload youtube videos critical of u.s. foreign policy are being indicted based on the grounds of the youtube video encouraging support for terrorist group, done in coordination with them, therefore being

freely boarded american ships to see if they were really american or pirates who just raised an american flag. for american to fight in the war of 1812, this was a serious problem. there are also lots of new faces between the two countries with respect to the two countries in 1841. in the u k, there was a new prime minister and the new foreign secretary. in the u.s., we had the third american president. a new secretary of state. a new ambassador the great written -- great britain. later became president of harvard university. a much later gave that great to our address -- two hour address just before lincoln gave his gettysburg address. everyone was new on both sides of the aisle. there were no personal relationships to smooth over the rough patches and to ease relationships. on the other hand, everything was new and right for a reset. just before the creole sales from richmond heading south to the atlantic, a 29-year-old charles dickens who is the most popular writer in the english world, i think i will visit the united states. let's look briefly the british bahamas. when the british na

how american liberalism moved from a celebration of american exceptionalism to an american adversarialism, taking an adversarial stance, seeing american liberalism of franklin roosevelt, they saw america as a good place. this was a good country. the american liberalism since 1963 has taken a different, has tended to take a different view. the poster scott rassmussen in 2004, asked questions about is america basically a fair and decent country or not? with the world be better off if more countries are more like america or not? he found two thirds of the voters answered yes to both questions. about a quarter answered no. among republican voters it was about 90% yes. democratic voters response was in the nature of 47% to 39%. that is a marginal of reminds me of the story of the teamsters union business agent in the hospital and received a bouquet of flowers with a note that said the executive board wishes you a speedy recovery with a vote of 9-6. it is less than equivocal support for american exceptionalism. democratic candidates have gotten in trouble for a lack of american exceptionalism.

is the tech industry hurting american workers? >> absolutely, it is undercutting american workers. >> how? >> certainly in a number of ways. h 1b visas, the research you talked about on edison, disney, syracusxerox, where i used to w. >> what is h 1b visa? >> it is a guest vees, it gives permission for employers to bring in worker for a period of time. the worker doesn't hold the permit. typically they have a bachelors degree or higher. for professionals white collar. >> robert hoffman, the h 1b was designed to help american businesses fill specialized positions, that's what they say, not to displace american workers but let's face it, that's what's happening, american workers are being displaced. >> you have to step back and look at the economy. just four years ago, the four pillars, ibm, oracle, microsoft, intel, had 4 billion workers among them. glassdoor.com, you will find 775,000 i.t. job openings in this country. skills report for 2015, they're going to need to ul fill 3.5 million -- to fill 3.5 million jobs. they don't thin

native american people and non-native american people. and i think when you look at polls, we're very very misguided because we're looking at numbers. we're looking at several people participating in these things. the validity of them are just -- it's not there. and so always ask "would you lead a civil rights movement to uphold?" no because this is a movement. this is a change the name movement that is not going anywhere any time soon. [ applause ] >> when i hear terms like "overwhelming majority" and things like that and i believe you even mentioned some polling so i'm wondering where that came from. >> suzanne, why don't you talk about the annenberg poll. >> okay, we do know how to count and we do know our organizations have members, have con tich wentstituents that they're responsive and response to and responsible for carrying out their wishes and since the late 1960s and the early 1960s for some organizations, our major national native organizations have all been moving in the same direction and they represent the overwhelming major

a --ought to make it rather than unilateral, american policy, a multilateral or pan-american policy. it was supposed to be a doctrine to defend the western hemisphere, and what roosevelt did was to the steering of security agreements, sock to re-craft it as a hemispheric policy. steve: what was it like to research this topic and how much material is out there? dawn: i think part of the reason why it hasn't been researched for is that it doesn't be -- it doesn't fit neatly into any category. i went to 17 archives in five countries in order to do research. the archival sources are spread all across the world. in order to kind of get the full picture of the story, you have to look at bed history of and how business, to meltwas used aluminum. i think the answer is complicated but fascinating. archive,e you go to an you find more information and connections between the people and places that were involved in the polar regions in the interwar. -- the interwar period. steve: why is the coffee so good agreement, what is the food like, and describe how big the area is. dawn: greenland is the

to be the first african-american to never received a ph.d. in millard, -- metallurgical engineering this is how he had said more than once with a supervisor. >> oh, yes you are qualified to be a senior member but because you were a negro we thought you were content became sure so in france for a negro. he realized it will take more masses for students came from the university of batterers favor called a sensation to boost them into orbit. they saw these young men go to nasa as an achievement for the african americans as a whole the space program is an emeritus single accomplishment to show the black community would help get america us to the moon this was "the new york times" who called the young man's social pioneers also looking at several recruiting african-american engineers and that it demonstrates why that was the case included we talked mostly to georgia and morgan in the book. said demonstrated the problem that when they got to alabama nobody would rent the apartment. mellon to ray charles concerts' there was a line down and though th

the african-american community and white americans have a different expectation.re is just desire to transcend it and heal the past and say the past is the past but african-americans, the past is present and they wanted discussed. amy: i want to turn to comments made by president obama earlier during his address to the naacp plus in all convention were he spoke about racism as "the legacy of slavery and segregation." measure, about every the life chances for black and hispanic youth still lag far behind those of their white peers. our kids, america's children, so without hope,ated less likely to graduate from high school, less alert link -- less likely to be employed, less likely to have health insurance, less likely to own a home. and part of this is a legacy of hundreds of years of slavery and segregation and structural and equalities that compounded over generations. amy: that is president obama addressing the naacp. you were his press aid in florida, system press aid in the last days of his run in 2008. how do you think he has changed? as he disappointed you?

to serve american jews. not defending europe but to do it right here in america and he worked hard at this dream and it takes him a quarter of a century to realize he has a lot of obstacles to overcome but he eventually will do so if that happens in the creation of the hebrew union college in 1875. this tells you everything you need to know in this one paragraph. he reminisces and the german paper about why he came to cincinnati in 1854 and i want to read this to you in english. he says he wants to come to cincinnati because the people there are young and aspiring and they are not yet cast into a fixed mold. i shall start a new weekly journal. i will start a new and powerful impetus and avenge myself for the good of humanity on the narrow religious bigot said they will think of me for a century. he sure had a hearty ego but i don't think anybody could question the fact that we are still talking about than a century later. he delivers about me could be very critical during his presidency but after lincoln's d

american retreat. when you pull back american military presence, keep a -- as the terminology goes, small footprint, maybe even an invisible footprint, then in fact you are actually doing well in terms of foreign policy and in terms of an american security policy that encourages stability and discourages conflict. is your thesis in this book really that what wear seeing unfolding is just the opposite? >> guest: that's right. that's a point the own administration made in several key places. iraq certainly was a pig part of -- you don't need to look back very far in iraq to see that argument is false. it was actually the basis of early u.s. occupation policy in iraq under general casey from 2004 to 2006, general casey -- and others arguing that the biggest cause of conflict within iraq is this reaction against the american presence, and so let try to pull our troops back. there's a conscious effort, pull american troops into bases where they're abe away from the population on the premise on we do that th

purchase an american house or a tip and american busboy. that is just being out of the american economy. it takes a circuitous route from american taxpayers to the u.s. government to the low-wage immigrant who need the support from the taxpayers and that's why they take the low-wage jobs who lives in apartment with five other immigrants and sent them back to the grandmother who then buys carlos 40% on the mexican stock exchange that he needs that money in mexico. they then buy a product and it goes into carlos pocket. can we just write a check to carlos? >> for people who don't know when i didn't know this until i read your look ann you tell the story of american immigration because you referenced it earlier. obvious for me that means my great big grandparents got here 1907 i believe and so the easy thing is to buy into illegal immigration data and illegal immigration goods. my grandparents and great grandparents came illegal and why that's no longer the case of why illegal immigration needs to be curtailed? >> your people are great other t

african-americans always constituted roughly 23 to 25% of the population, so the vote for armstrongs in escambia county was never really with held. however, when the civil rights and the voting rights act are passed, that changed discriminatory laws. we tend to think that, well, that's the end of the movement, but it's not the end of the movement. the movement actually shifted. the movement shifted from a focus on dejurya forms of segregation, segregationly law, to de facto forms of segregation, which is segregation by proxy. i think that in all honesty that race relations in escambia county today, as they are throughout much of the nation are frozen in this state of fear. for whites, it's a state of denial. for blacks, it's a state of fear that the system could be used against them. what i hope that my study will do is force white leaders to acknowledge that, yes, power has been used unjustly in the past, that african-americans have reason to not trust -- have good reason to not trust law enforcement, that african-americans have good reason to think that they're still discriminated

george meany, secretary treasurer of the american federation of labor. the opinions expressed aren't necessarily those of the speakers. >> many of our viewers of course, members of the american federation of labor and they together with the rest of us, i'm sure would like to hear some of your opinions tonight on the political situation. first, sir, the american federation of labor has just broken the precedent of 28 or 30 years by endorsing a presidential candidate. now, sir, first of all, why did the afl see fit this year to endorse the candidacy of governor stevenson? >> of course the american federation of labor has been interested in the political scene for many years because of the fact that to a large extent, the conditions under which we work can be determined by legislation. >> what's the difference between 1952 and 1948, for instance? why was this particular year? >> because of the passage of the taft hartley act followed by the establishment of a official political arm of the american federation of labor that year. and then entry into the polit

powerful, young african-american speaking for themselves. and then report to the force the party that has gone back to its mcgovern i roots. rejected the wing to great success. he became president and was reelected. but that has been marginalized for a long time it's really the liberal white wing of the party. they are focused on economics, post- occupy wall street arguments whether income inequality is the key issue that needs to be dealt with. and if you go back and look at the history, the vast majority of riots was killings by the police. mainly white liberal democratic party, you cannot bypass the issue. the force hillary clinton says it will be on civic justice. her 1st big speech. >> columbia university. forced bernie sanders reluctantly. the worst time of police interaction. surprising when you look at the democratic party's, it is retro, young people of color for showing dynamism within politics. we have almost the same sort of dynamic is the 1960s. >> ii want to push you a little bit because you mentioned the jesse jackson, george

really, what i'm trying to do as latino american is remind americans that there's been a spanish trend to this story from the very beginning. >> we just finished talking with erika lee the making of asian american, 6 or 7 of the population. how do you define latino americans and what's the population in the united states? >> if you are a decentant of people who came to what is now the united states from the spanish empire, you probably identify or often identify as a latino, there are now about 55 million of us -- of them in the united states. >> let me make sure i'm getting the phone numbers right before i send somebody off to another phone number. we are taking texts as well. we are going to put that number up on the screen if you want to send a text message to ray suÁrez about our topic. in the 1920's immigration laws changed, correct? >> in the 1920's, 1950's and then with stunning results in the 1960's. this is something that we have been revisited. >> what are some of those changes that happened a hundred years ago, 50 years ago? >> well, you know, often americans say, well when

americans now fit into a bunch of categories.ou may be an evangelical, but if you are unemployed evangelical, your issue isn't that, you're thrig about jobs. you may be an evangelical you may be anti-gun or pro-gun so you can't just appeal to people nowadays based on that alone. >> i remember in iowa, evangelicals telling me it's nice you lump us in an evangelicals we have other issues. >> as a woman you know i do feel like that the religious right has undermined my rights to control my own body and my own decisions. that does scare me that they have closed hundreds of abortion clinics in many states, it is a federal right, federal law that we have to protect my right. >> you're talking about women, there's a demographic reality that favors a democratic candidate, can you have a republican presidential candidate win but not one who stakes out a position too far on the right. how do republicans square that? >> the way that happens, the way the elect ralg map looks republicans can probably keep control of the house and senate but n

it is the american tradition.n: until 1882 when we levied a head tax for the first time on 50 cents on each immigrant and excluded idiots, lunatics, convicts and persons likely to become a public charge. >> almost impossible to talk about the history of immigration restriction without addressing the subject of racism and white supremacy. john: there was a chinese exclusion act. >> begins with the chinese, and the origin of the war on drugs, by the way. john: thank you, jeffrey tucker. most americans might not like his argument, most think our national borders are sacrosanct, mostly because people got drunk. with we return, my next guest will explain. that ♪ i built my business with passion. but i keep it growing by making every dollar count. that's why i have the spark cash card from capital one. i earn unlimited 2% cash back on everything i buy for my studio. ♪ and that unlimited 2% cash back from spark means thousands of dollars each year going back into my business... that's huge for my bottom line. what's in y

she has to be detached from her american colonies. since the american colonies want to be detached from great britain, it is here that the ofterests of great britain -- france and the american rebels merge. turn great britain to look eastward, play a role on the frenchn continent and in foreign policy. detached them from their colonies. ,his is why we have rochambeau among other french forces, marching down the american east coast. troopsision to send under rochambeau was made in january 1780, on march 20. sailarquis lafayette set to announce the arrival of a french army of some 5000 men under rochambeau. lafayette arrives in boston on april 20 8, 1780, and set sail, and sets out for moorestown, .ashington's headquarters 5000 troops stand under the command of washable -- rochambeau. after a journey is 72 days, these men arrive in newport. while the officers obviously find quarters, or the high-ranking officers find -- i'ms in the houses just showing those because part of my job was to identify .esources along the road while the high-r

as in the case of haiti, there are several hundred american ships trading with spanish-american ports on the eve of the uprising. one scholar conservatively estimates that the west spent hundreds of tons of powder and at least 160,000 muskets in south america during the wars for independence. i think this is probably a dramatic underestimate. once the napoleonic wars ended, there were vast amounts of war material on hand throughout europe that was auctioned off in huge quantities. treaty obligations forbade great britain from sending any of this directly to spanish america. unlike the u.s., great britain had the ability to place their ports. nnot a lot went out. the american traders could sell this and then send it onto spanish america. british customs records revealed that the u.k. exported nearly one quarter of a million tons to the u.s. just in five years, 1815-1820. a huge, ultimately unknowable, but huge percentage of these must have gone towards the fight for spanish american independence in the early 1820's. whether through its own growing productive capacity or through re-expo

and the british terrified americans. there was a valiant stand by the united states marine corps and small part of sailors. but eventually they were overwhelmed. later that night the british went into washington, d.c. hours before the british went into washington, d.c., two clerks saved the declaration of independence. saved the constitution of the united states. if you think about it, documents, the declaration of independence would be one of the documents, that's sacred. put them in bags and got out of town. enlisted men have a way of getting things done. these clerks were just like that. the history records that they commandeered a wagon. they stole it. and they put these documents as well as the letters of the continental congress and george washington's correspondences in bags and took them outside of d.c. like hours before the british got there. dolly madison, the first lady, had her butler cut out the portrait of george washington by gilbert stewart. that facial feature of that painting is what's on the dollar bil