he were watching american history tv. >> each week, american history tv's "american artifacts" explores the history of the united states through objects. next, we speak to the house of representatives historian and house curator about the history of african americans who served in congress and see a selection of artifacts from the collection. >> the story is not one everybody is familiar with. we had 22 african-americans serve. it has to do with the role of congress during the civil war, and the decade after. during the civil war, there was a group of radicals in congress, radicals because they believed in the equality of african-americans, and wanted to create a society in the south after the war that was a multiracial society. thaddeus stevens, the chairman of the ways and means committee. in the senate people like charles sumner. and they really drove the agenda and pushed the lincoln administration not only to prosecute the war more vigorously, but to have reconstruction after a war that was not so lenient toward southern state, not going to ensure that political rights were extende

and their districts are majority african-american. and so there's support for a black candidate. elliott is a wonderful orator and he's one of these people who invented himself as he went along. you get the sense that he was a true character, but he had a great classical education. he came up after reconstruction. worked on a newspaper. he had some journalism background. then he moves up into the state assembly in south carolina. and he comes to the house for two terms in the early 1870s and he is one of the men who comes on to the floor and talks about the importance of passing the 1875 civil rights bill. and gives some speeches that are picked up in the northern press and they just swoon over him. and one of the speeches, he actually, kind of a point/counterpoint debate with alexander stevens, the former confederate vice president who has by that point come back to the house and elliott just blows him out of the water. he's so respected and he's such an ally of senator charles sumner that when sumner passes, shortly before his bill

african-american population, and their districts are african-american. so there is support for a black candidate. ,lliott is a wonderful orator and he is one of those people who events himself -- invent himself as he went along. you get the sense he was a true character. he had a great classical education. he came up after reconstruction: worked on a newspaper. then he becomes a member of the state assembly. he comes into the house for two mens, and he is one of the who comes up to the floor and talks about the importance of passing the 1875 civil rights bill and give some speeches that are picked up in the northern press. and they just swoon over him. one of the speeches, he actually, it is a point-counterpoint debate with alexander stevens, the former confederate vice president, who by that point had come back to the house. and elliott just blows him out of the water. he is so respected and such an ally of senator charles sumner, that when sumner passes, shortly before his bill moves through the house and senate, elliott a eulogy ativers faneuil hall i

in american conflicts. that is not true. starting with the american revolutionary war -- we talk about christmas addicts, one of atticks, one of the first to say, hey, i want to serve. we have the buffalo soldiers, serving during peace time. they were charged with protecting settlers moving west. of course women were not allowed to be in the military at this time. she described -- discuss yourself as a man. this is a significant story. this is the first female to enlist in the united states army documented on record. we have a story that is unique to hattiesburg. we have the buffalo soldiers that lived here for quite some time. he purchase of a did in the spanish-american war and the philippine insurrection. we have a complete set of his medals that he was awarded for puic service and that's very rare. have entered into world war ii, and world war ii is where you start to see many changes, actually have women in the military. have ourcorps, and we barriers that we like to highlight. the first african-americ

of american history for an all-day conference of african american history.he theme was "the future of the african american past." historians and other scholars talk about religion, culture, and historic preservation and interpretation, and about how african american history fits into the larger narrative of american history. next, the opening session on african american religion. this event was cohosted by the smithsonian museum of african american history and culture and the american historical association. it is an hour and 40 minutes. >> thank you for joining us on this rainy day in washington, d.c. this panel attempts to answer the simple but complex question, what is african american religion? , at leastn america the vast majority, were chattel to be bought and sold, exploited, and often cast aside when every ounce of value had been extracted an. but unlike the livestock listed alongside them at state inventories and at auction, this peculiar brand of property sought to preserve their humanity. in their relationships with each other, in the establishmen

you are watching american history tv all weekend every weekend on c-span3. >> daughters of the american revolution was founded in 1890. the national headquarters was found a few blocks from the white house. next, "american artifacts," a visit to the dar museum, remembering the american revolution, 1776-1890. we begin with this visit to america by revolutionary war hero general lafayette. >> my name is heidi campbell shaof. i am the director and chief curator of the museum. the first section is the early 19th century. the second section talks the 19th century through the 1850's and what happens in that period. and the last section takes us through the 1890's and that connects us back to the american revolution. the discussion of the 19th century and the american revolution wouldn't be complete without talking about lafayette's visit. the marquis lafayette was 19 years old when he came to america to fight in the revolution. he was a french aristocrat and when i talk to students about this and i say he was 19 -- we think about 19-year-olds today -- what were you like when you were 19? were

through the eyes of african-americans. you said we cannot understand the full impact, the total war impact unless you do that. what we are going to do today is sort of flesh that out. greatest effect that war has on the people involved is change. in wartime change occurs. that seems like a simple statement. it is not just occur on a global scale or a national scale, it changes us individually. it changes the way that we see the world. it changes the way that we are in the world. whether we are talking about world war ii, or we are talking about vietnam, or we are talking about the war with iraq. people change as a result of war. it is not just the people pointing guns at one another. people change as a result of war. one of the most incredible changes, and one that i guarantee you, if you spend any time talking about or studying world war ii, i suspect this is not a change or not a piece of it that you have talked about. one of the most incredible changes is in identity. individual identity. the changes that happen to us a

they used to refer to american policy is cheap, but the point is the american public did not want to fundamentally change the living standards and fund the alteration of their constitution to match the situation of being repaired for world war iii. no one asked the soviet population what they wanted, so it is just as well not to. stalin goes on to hand his executions right up to the end in 1953. eisenhower is in charge of the army, of an army that is my withizing, in are b many discontented. there is no equivalent to the revolt of the admirals in the inhe navy's real fury the late 1940's to make way for the strategic air command. eisenhower thinks this is a similar scenario and he himself leads the military and he comes to new york, actually becomes president of columbia university . he comes to new york and he leads both the political world and the military world. he is reborn, if you like by the cold war because the cold war becomes more intensive in the late 1940's. 1948, the soviet takeover check is a nokia. -- czechoslovakia. combined with the fact that the british and the frenc

we are going to make the rules of american life work fairly for all americans again.ause] to an administration that would have us debate all over again whether the voting rights act should be renewed, and whether segregated schools should be tax-exempt, we say, mr. president, those debates are over. [applause] on the issue of civil rights , voting rights, and affirmative action for minorities, we must not go backwards. we must and we will move forward to open the doors of opportunity. [applause] to those who understand that our country cannot prosper unless we draw on the talents of all americans, we say we will pass the equal rights amendment. [cheering] [applause] [chanting] the issue is not what america can do for women, but what women can do for america. [cheering] to the americans who will lead our country into the 21st century, we say we will not have a supreme court that turns the clock back to the 19th century. [applause] to those concerned about the strength of american and family values, as i am, i say we are going to restore those values. love, caring, part

, the american life? george bush flushed it down the toilet, said we can flush it away because we are talking about terrorism. >> the united states intervened in bosnia to protect muslims, intervened in afghanistan and is supporting a government that's been elected twice biy the afghn people. >> fareed, i think you spent too much time in the cnn world. >> the real world is determined by polls, not by what you say, and polls overwhelmingly show it as do two elections. >> you're living in hollywood, some kind of make believe world. >> i come back to the simple proposition that if the groups you seem to support from al qaeda to isis were as popular as you claim, why do they hold elections? why do they go around murdering, slaughtering, raping, forcing people into submission? >> for a moment i thought you were talking about guantanamo bay, you talked rape, torture, oppression. obviously you're not talking about that. >> choud reremains me of marxist idea logs i met in my youth that can explain away anything t

a few americans. and they have a lot to spend. the vanderbilts, the carnegies, those folks. and they are buying lavish things to show off that wealth. this definitely shows off your wealth. this was bought for a wealthy woman in montgomery, alabama. it also has a lot of decoration. you can tell when you walk up, this is not your average bike. we are in the corporate era of american enterprise, and thinking about inventors, and innovation and i am here with , thomas edison and what the creepy babyl "the doll." [laughter] these are two of edison's inventions. one is the lightbulb, which really made his career. it is the thing we know most about edison. the incandescent bulb was invented in 1879 and really changed the landscape of american cities and life. this doll was a real failure. and one of the interesting things about edison, a man known as the wizard of menlo park for his more than 1000 patents and his many successes, he also had a tremendous failure along the way. and it was this doll, which was

in order to enshrine african american literature in the academy. look, if you are from the whitest place in say, idaho and there are no black people around and you can't get black books in the bookstore, if you can get one anthology, there's no excuse not to teach african american literature. so you buy one book, you get a whole semester course. and i wanted to do this, as i'm sure ilan did, to make it possible for people to teach and to study african american literature and latino literature. and there's some overlap between african american and latino. >> hinojosa: and so is it the same thing for you, ilan? the sense that you just wanted anyone-- any part of the country or the world-- to be able to say, "i want to understand latino literature, therefore i have the anthology?" >> well, i wanted, first and foremost, to say, "we have arrived," and the norton anthology is a cultural moment. it's a statement: "we have made it; we have been both participants and witnesses of dramatic american history and we have something to show and we can put it all

and african american history as american history. >> i couldn't get that out of my mind that my students were thinking that somehow this african american history wasn't real because there was no textbook textbook taught in the agreement of history so i decided to write a real textbook. >> for the complete american history tv schedule, go to c-span.org. >> 50 years ago the commander is interviewed by a japanese prisoner and during the interview he blinked torture on morris code. a portion of that interview on c-span 3's american tv. and wrote the book defiant and the most infamous prison. >> first of all, thanks for having me with you and he was a native in alabama and united states naval academy graduate flying off the u.s.s. independence off the coast of north vietnam and a very well respected leader and the father of 7 children and a husband to a wonderful wife named jane. >> how was he treated? >> he was shot down in let's see july of 1965. he didn't know how he was going to be treated. he didn't know anything that was going to be fall him so he realized that the rules of the geneva c

american officers. so, the rules of war just did not allow that kind of activity in the 18th century. >> were there any arrangements made it so that the prisoners could exchange mail with their family members? >> there were. was, was there an opportunity for prisoners to exchange mail with their families. the problem with enlisted men in the 18th century, most of the american enlisted were going to be a literate so they are going to have to get someone to send such a correspondence. to correspondfree with their families but there were a couple of instances where the british were essentially censoring officers mail. one lieutenant, a south carolina continental officer, he was on parole in charleston. they throw him in the old exchange prison because he corresponded with a friend of his in the buford area. the british were monitoring their correspondence because they had really gotten burned by the correspondence they found in gates's papers captured at camden. i understand that william was given 200 acre

americans say or do. the thing he was really concerned about and the thing that he knew was that america had just undergone this massive wave of immigration. he knew we had people from all parts of the world, all parts of europe, here in the in the united states, and he did not want the war to tear people apart. he was right to realize different places where americans came from would influence their reactions to the war. we can see this through humanitarian efforts as well. this is the map they come from a friend of mine who did some research into the jewish-american humanitarian aid effort and realize we had massive immigration coming from russia. a lot of people fleeing religious persecution. if you take a look at this map, which shows you the eastern front, not the western front, but the eastern front, you can see actually a lot of the places that were caught up in the heaviest fighting and therefore had the biggest refugee crisis were places that were heavily populated by jews. the eastern front did a

dividing those americans resisted immigration and those americans who welcome it. it is a divide that threatens the ability to define our politics. and insightful importance and ground breaking book "white backlash: immigration, race, and american politics" published by princeton university. they write, this book is about race just as much as it is about immigration. immigration is changing at the united states but those chains are frequently noticed and filtered through the lens of race. when white americans consider integration, the images in their heads are likely to be of latino immigrants. it's our pleasure to one of those writers with us this morning. marisa abrajano is an associate professor in the department of political science at the university of california-san diego. she's also a nonresident senior fellow at the brookings institution. a research interest on american politics, particularly in areas of latino politics, racial ethnic politics, political participation, voting, and the mass media and campaigned. she is the author of campaigning to the new am

fews not enough to add a african-american, latino american, or native american projects. or a few women's projects. the intersections of multiple identities need to be addressed. in 1983, i founded a nonprofit in los angeles called "the power of place." it would define a new urban approach to civilization. it crosses boundaries of class, gender, and age. ad prod itinerary of urban -- broad itinerary of urban neighborhoods can revealed -- urban growth. i proposed such an itinerary in downtown l.a. to represent the work of children, native american men, african-american, latino, white. it included commercial flower fields, fabrication factories, as well as sites for midwives and firefighters. i was inspired at the time by such asistory projects, a project on chinese laundry workers. i was in search for a way to represent cultural citizenship. an identity formed not from legal membership but cultural belonging. landscape historian, i proposed such a itinerary as a more inclusive way of understanding history. later, i would say that the tower of place, the power of ordinary u

what happened to the american dream? many americans are wondering the same thing. obamacare continues to right a record of broken promises at the expense of the american people. instead of lowering premiums by up to $2,500 for a typical family as then-senator obama talked about on the campaign trail, obamacare has raised many families' rates. instead of making health care costs more affordable for all, obamacare has led to unaffordable out-of-pocket costs for families all across our country. the bottom line is this -- obamacare is tobacco often hurting those it proposed to help. it's a direct attack on the middle class. the republican-led senate sent a bill to president obama's desk to repeal this partisan law so we can replace it with policies that actually put the american people first. because let's remember, the american people do not need to get over obamacare's failures. our democratic colleagues need to finally join us in working to end those failures. now, one final matter. when ruby paone started here, her first day on the job in 1975, she was fresh out of

americans. the marylanders are set down to reinforce the american army and charleston. they are led by a small unit of baltimore cadets. it blossoms into a full division with several regiments. it is commanded by the great hero, a foreigner. he is remarkable, kind of the schwarzenegger of his day. he is in his late 50's, but he marches alongside men. most of the time he refuses to ride. the marylanders were crucial. they -- as the war goes on, there is a great deal of trauma. there is hyperinflation. economically, the american economy is devastated. the continental is worthless. the men captured in the book, there is a needs that occurs =-- a mutiny that occurs that needs to be brought down. america is wavering once again in 1780. the war is stalemated in the north. the british decide to go south, where there are many loyalists in the carolinas. they first have great success at charleston, where the capture thousands of americans. the marylanders are set down to reinforce the american army and c

so i have lived the american dream. and certainly if anyone in this country should be obligated serve our country and its people, i should be. the volunteers know that this is a critical time in our nation's history. neither political party has effectively addressed the issues that concern the american people. they've asked me to run this campaign on the issues and to assure that the problems that the american people are concerned with will be dealt with after this election is over. i know i hurt many of the volunteers who worked so hard through the spring and summer when i stepped aside in july. i thought it was the right thing to do. i thought that both political parties would address the problems that faced the nation. we gave them a chance. they didn't do it. but the volunteers on their own forged ahead and put me on the ballot in the final 26 states after july 16th. the day we were on the ballot in all 50 states, the volunteers requested that i come back in because the political parties have not responded to their

and i had an american passport. was a american passport $20 bill and that was part of the deal. that was the way the government worked. it was $20 to get through if you are an ex-pat going through. you had to carry a lot of cash. it was great to see the friends, the kids, some of my cousins, the people who took care of us when we were small. life was tough in vietnam. it was 20 years after the war. the aftermath of the war and the economy, the communists knew how to fight, but they did not know how to run a peace time economy. it was really almost depressing to go outside and saigon and look at the way people were living compared to how we were living in southern california. >> you mentioned in your introduction the millions of refugees who came to the united states and 500,000 had served in , the vietnamese military. is there a feeling of u.s. betrayal among those refugees who are veterans of the vietnamese military? mr. pham: i think it depends. when you ask an american veteran about the vietnam war, it depends what year you were in the country, what unit, what service, and th

that harms black americans. so my book really, i wrote this book -- and the timing is perfect, 2016. my book came out a little over a month ago, to wake everybody up to say, look, you don't have to be a conservative like me, but know what you're voting for. has the democrat party really delivered on promises to blacks, to women and really liberals, you know, in general is what the book is about. so that's probably more than you wanted to hear, peter, but -- [laughter] >> host: 96% of african-americans voted for barack obama. over time 90% of african-americans vote for the democratic candidate. >> guest: yes. and i think that is a tragedy because the lock, stock and barrel vote that blacks have given democrats over the last half century has not gotten us, i don't think, the parity with white americans that martin luther king wanted for us to have. and i think in many ways it has kept us -- i hate to use analogies about slavery in all those, but i feel like it has kept us impoverished as a race. and when you look

you were supposed to give it to american soldiers and american soldiers only.said, i just could not simply let that baby die. and so he gave their son an injection. six weeks later, the couple came to visit john at his aid station. now very, very far away from where he had originally met them. and thanked him for curing their son. in exchange they offered him a bag of chestnuts and he gladly accepted. i tell you this story, a simple story, because i think it illustrates what we admire in the borinqueneers. they showed us that time again, courage does not know color. decency does not pick sides. these men did not fight to preserve the status quo. they fought to make their country better. and they succeeded. their decency was so plain, their courage very obvious, that now the whole country has honored them for their valor. the story of the 65th infantry regiment is full of heroism and sacrifice. and with this medal, the borinqueneers, we are weaving that story into this fabric of american history. and now that history is so the much brighter for it. thank you. [a

we're all better off with americans for tax reform.should be optimistic because throughout history people have repeatedly been proven wrong. it's true what they say. technology moves faster than ever. the all-new audi a4, with apple carplay integration. is it keeps the food out. for me before those little pieces would get in between my dentures and my gum and it was uncomfortable. just a few dabs is clinically proven to seal out more food particles. super poligrip is part of my life now. [ male announcer ] tora bora fallujah argonne khe sanh midway dak to normandy medina ridge the chosin reservoir these are places history will never forget but more important are the faces we will always remember. ♪ make sure it's ano maintelligent one.. but more important are the faces we will always remember. ♪ the all-new audi a4, with available virtual cockpit. ♪ john: is the american dream still alive? it is hard to be optimistic walking around this conference because so many people here are promoting buying gold and savings like sleep that night k

of american history. it seems like it was a huge pivot, as shown by this kind of representation of them. mr. wasniewski: four african-americans and historians, reconstruction is the second american revolution in which political rights had been excluded for so long. -- extended to this group that had been excluded for so long. their careers in the house and senate really embody the experiences of the african-americans who served during this time. their service was, to a great degree, largely symbolic service. revels only served for a short time in the senate. he later goes on a speaking tour around the country and he is as "the 15th amendment in flesh and blood." rainey, too, was a symbol for african-americans. these were men who not only represented their small districts or the states, but they represented african-americans nationally. they were a source of pride. that is reflected in the material culture. rainey serves for eight years in the house. he is the longest serving african-american during the re

did you hold that up as democracy, the american way, the american life? you know, george bush flushed those down the toilet. he said we can flush them away because we're talking about terrorism. >> but the united states intervened in bosnia to protect muslims. it has intervened in afghanistan and is supporting a government that has been elected twice by the afghan people. >> fareed, i think you've spent too much time in the cnn world. in the real world, the people of afghanistan hate the americans. >> the real world is determined by polls, not by what you say and the polls overwhelmingly show it as do two elections. >> you're living in hollywood. some kind of make-believe world. >> i come back to the very simple pro significance, if the groups that you seem to support from al qaeda to isis were as popular as you claim, why don't they hold elections? why do they have to go around murdering, slaughtering, raping, forcing people into submission. >> for a moment i thought you were talking about guantanamo bay. obviously you're not talking about that. >> choud

the same was true of african-american men. african-american men joined in huge numbers. unfortunately however the segregation that was present in the unit states at the time -- united states at the time spilled over into military life. we did not want them in in combat -- in combat. they were often expected to do things like service duty, kitchen work, supply, maintenance, transportation. this was in the beginning of the war. many drove supplies during the day -- d day. how many of you have seen the movie "saving private ryan? i mentioned this before, but it is the perfect image. the first 30 minutes of "saving private ryan," horribly bloody, and as i understand, fairly accurate the trail -- the trail -- portrayal. there is a shot that is down the beach, there is no one talking. there are bodies littered everywhere. --red from blood. in the distance for a few seconds you could see hot air balloons. african-american men highlighted piloted hot-air balloons over those beaches on d day. i am not sure what end of the gun to hold, but i could shoot that down. as are incredibl

so washer women were washing american military uniforms, cooks that come and cook meals for american servicemen. other types of domestic work. cooking in the kinds of things. interestingly, in that case what americans sometimes put discoveries these were women serving with the national liberation front or for what americans understand that the viacom. they would be coming in to be working on american bases and in those capacities they would either get information about what the u.s. military would be doing in the areas they were and where they would be measuring the distance from the base to a position in the field and later the launching attacks at a particular base. american veterans talk about this is the women would be cutting their clicks as a way to reference the distant from whenever the field position was that the attack would be launched to whip up baseless. american women served entirely in south vietnam. that is where the u.s. ground forces were. so the u.s. military was involved with north vietnam in terms of tommy and north vietnam. the u.s. troops were on south vietnam

number of irish-americans, a very small smattering of jewish americans. there was one immigrant kid in my class. everybody else had grandparents were immigrants or even parents who were immigrants. generation of the postwar baby-boom up through the millennials is a generation that grew up without knowing immigrants, without understanding them and that i think has led to greater hostility to immigrants than any time since the 1920's. because people who do not know other people fear of her people -- other people and are bothered by other people. that is one of the lessons, i think, of closing the golden door. by closing the golden door, we in fact increased the potential for hostility to the foreigner because the foreigner was truly foreign. for my parents generation, the foreigner was not for us all, the foreign or their classmates or parents or the parents of their classmates. so, that is the world that we have been bequeathed to us. and the rest of the symposium, we will examine in much greater detail many aspects of this immigration detail -- history. t

cheers and applause] --ation-american and native-american. [cheers and applause] we are a great nation because we are gay and we are straight. [cheers and applause] we are a great nation because we are women and men. and our greatness and our strength is when we come together as one proud people. cheers and applause] and the american people understand that bringing us together always trumps dividing us up. cheers and applause] and the american people understand that we are great hen we support each other. when your family is hurting, my family has got to be there for you. [cheers and applause] and when my family hurts, you ave go to help us. -- you have got to help us. america is about not tolerating a situation in which children go hungry or veterans sleep out on the street. cheers and applause] and the american people understand that supporting each selfishness.trumps cheers and applause] and the american people also understand a very profound lesson taught to us by every major religion on earth whether it is christianity, judaism, islam, b

presidency, and american artifacts. >> i had no idea.merican history tv, it gives you that perspective. >> i'm a c-span fan. >> in addition to the graduation classes all over this god's peace, light, you and love. but that's not the case. .e don't live in a fairytale but i guess the 1% does. >> this memorial day, watch commencement speeches in their offering encouragement to the graduating classes of 2016 -- including larry ellison -- >> you can count on yourself. what makes you special? what distinguishes you from others? in business we collect your unique value proposition. figuring out yours is key. >> politicians -- senator jeff sessions, senator arba boxer, and governor mike pence. governor pence: to be strong and to be courageous and to stand for the you are and what you believe and the way you have changed here and will carry into the balance of your life. >> and white house officials. white house vice president joe biden, president barack obama at rutgers university. president obama: is it any wonder i am optimistic? throughout o

american. [applause] sen. sanders: we are a great nation because we are gay and we are straight. [applause] we are a great nation because we are women and men. [applause] and our greatness and our strength is when we come together as one proud people. [applause] and the american people understand that bringing us together always trumps dividing us on -- us up. [applause] sen. sanders: and the american people understand that we are great when we support each other. [applause] when your family is hurting, my family has got to be there for you. [applause] and when my family hurts, you have got to help us. america is about not tolerating a situation in which children go hungry or veterans sleep out on the street. [applause] sen. sanders: and the american people understand that supporting each other always trumps selfishness. [applause] sen. sanders: and the american a veryalso understand us bynd lesson taught to every major religion on earth, whether it is christianity, judaism, islam, buddhism, wh

american defenses. during the summer, they were held in the barracks, but in september, many of the other soldiers were sent to prison ships. the condition of the north carolina soldiers was particularly bad. the clothing was in terrible shape when they marched to south carolina. and then they served for six weeks which would have made it more deplorable. sellers noted that his clothes "working up with lies and rotted with dirt -- were eaten up with lice- " eaten up with and rotted with dirt." william noted that he became montagute," so in lord went aboard the prison ships, some of his offers to join his been goodould have news to the ears of men like sellers and william. sellers joined the regiment and later claimed that the number of escapes that had happened from american prisoners had caused the british to treat the remainder with "any cruelty they chose." he was put on the prison ship, which was more than he could stand, having no money and clothing in deplorable shape. he noted that his body and p

that's one of the advantages that we as native americans, if you will, american indians, have a history that, if we keep up on it, you know, and we know what has happened over the years, it's something that as an actor, we can use those kinds of feelings that have been generated over the years into the performances that we provide for film when we come to a historical person like geronimo. >> hinojosa: and there were members of geronimo's family who were on the set. >> oh, absolutely, yes. >> hinojosa: and so you had to really zero in on... >> it's difficult. >> hinojosa: yeah. >> it's difficult to work up a persona for a character when you have people who are, like you say, direct relatives of, and people who... you know, there was a wide range of feelings about geronimo. i mean, he was not the loved person or the totally hated person, but he was both and in between, you know? so how do you put together a persona for a man who has lived in that kind of a strata? and the answer for me was simply as real as possible, and for dealing with whatever particular scene was going on, whatever e

we have to pass on the american dream to them. to the retired people who made it through the depression and fought and won world war ii. how is that for a double hit. go up in the depression and as a bonus get to fight and win world war ii. work and sacrifice most of their lives. i know you share my commitment to make sure we pass the american dream on to our children and grand children. one of my most poignant memories is the day mort meyerson became the president of electronic data systems. his 95-year-old grandfather was there. his grandfather had had to flee russia many years ago because he happened to be a jew. he lived in an attic in brooklyn in 18 months working as a tailer as a young man so he could get together enough money to buy a train ticket to fort worth, texas. he reared a fine young son and he was there when mort became president and at the end of the meeting he came forward with tears in his eyes and hugged mort and said, son, through you, i have fulfilled all of the dreams i had as a young man when i came to amer

and too many american businesses. it is a long time -- past time for repeal of the president's disastrous health care law. we need to replace it with more effective and clearly patient-centered solutions. despite numerous attempts by republicans to repeal this fatally flawed legislation, all efforts have been rejected by the president and the white house. but we're approaching the time when the american people can express their response to these broken promises this administration has made in relation to obamacare. mr. president, with that, i yield the floor. mr. hatch: mr. president? the presiding officer: the president pro tempore. mr. hatch: mr. president, i rise today to speak once again about the rising cost of neck the united states. -- the rising cost of health care in the united states. it's been a while since i've come to comment on the state of our health care system. sadly, over that time period, we've seen little if anything in the way of good news. indeed, while the u.s. has some of the best health care i

there was a misconception that african-americans have not always fought in american conflicts and that's not true, starting with the american revolutionary war. we talk about one of the first people to say, hey, i want to fight in my country. that's always been the case. here we have our buffalo soldier exhibit. buffalo soldier was the first african-american regiment during peace time. behind me we have cafe williams, the first female to enlist in the u.s. army. women were not allowed to be in the army at this time. she changed her name to women yam cafe. this is a significant story because she is the first female to enlist in the u.s. army documented. we have a story unique to hattiesburg. we have barry neil that lived here for quite some time and he participated in the spanish american war and we have a complete set of his medals and that's very rare. we have entered into world war ii and world war ii is where you start to see many changes. you actually have women in the military, which you have the women army corps and we have our breaking barriers panel that i always like to highligh

very much. >> you are watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend on c-span3. to join the conversation, like us on facebook at c-span history. artifactsek, american takes you to museums and unique places. next, we tour the innovation wing of the national museum of american history in washington dc. museum director john gracias us some of his favorite objects, including an 1896 bicycle and gold,t gold, server -- silver, and jewels by the tiffany company. we also hear historical kathleend from curator franz. john: welcome to the smithsonian museum of american history. we welcome you to our new floor which is looking at innovation and invention in america. to start, we have some extraordinary path and models and examples of early invention and technical invention. up heree apple one which is extraordinary. invention is one of the most important parts of our country. let's walk through. as you come through, you start to see all these exhibitions that are focused on ways in which we have developed a new way of thinking. here we

or latino americans. or asian americans. one day the commission on the second century sat on the beach in the marin headlands on the north side of the golden gate bridge where about 100 kids came to the beach. they were from san jose and oakland. and it was the first time they'd seen the ocean. they were there for three days and three nights for a camping experience to march through the headlands, to learn about marine biology, to learn about the park service. the questionnaires from the students typically said i was bored after day one, i was excited after day two, and after day three i wasn't going home. it's that kind of experience. and the park service, one of the recommendations of both commissions was to try to muscle up the junior ranger program and the youth corps in a way because it creates experience that's come through the san jose and oakland kids who first come to the baenks recruiting them into the parks and introducing them to the big world, natural world out there. so it goes on and on. it's limitless what th

so much that is most expressive of american life and american aspirations and american contributionso the human spirit are to be found in the arts. in architecture. paintings. sculpture. and engineering genius. we americans are builders at heart and in what we build we often show ourselves at our very best. you have only to look around at so much to be seen in this great building. in view of the current political climate, let me point out, too, how much of what we see throughout the building was the work of immigrants. william thorton, a physician who won a design competition for the capitol in 1792 was a native of the british west indies. the first architect to take charge of the design of the building, including this hall, was born and educated in england. james hoban, the architect who restored the white house after it was burned by the british during the war of 1812 and who also worked on the capitol was from ireland. and colanwilliamson was oversaw the foundation of the capitol was a scot. there was the amazing artist whose vibrant works fill the uppermost reaches of the great r

[applause] >> you are watching american history tv, 48 hours of american programming on american history on c-span3. follow us on twitter for information about our schedule and to keep up with the latest history news. day, u.s. on cue and senate historian that he coed talks about various events in senate history, and the worker office does. >> i came in june of 1998 as a newly minted senate historian. my colleague said it will be nice and quiet, we have an election coming up, you will have lots of time to settle in and get comfortable and within a few weeks, the house had decided to impeach bill clinton and we got very busy, very quickly and we had to do a good deal of research on impeachment trials. we had not had a residential impeachment trial since 1868. they really wanted to follow historical precedent as much as they could. eastern onat 8:00 c-span's q and day. -- q&a. this week in on the presidency, formal presidential aides talk about the role of lyndon b richard nixon during the vietnam war era. understood, nixon understood, gerald ford understood that the american people were w

steep follow-up from african-american unemployment 8.5%. as much progress as we have made, preliminaries and hispanics lag behind their white counterparts. 26% of african-americans live in poverty. unemployment for black workers is twice that of white workers. median income for white workers is nearly double that of black families. wealth for the typical white family is seven times that of the typical african-american family. i could go on and on, you all know it. equities, income, wealth, they're rooted in inequities in opportunity, and they're rooted deeply in institutional racism most people don't even look at, don't even see. they don't even understand it exists. we can't pretend that children of different races who have the same -- have the same opportunities right now in this country even when they have the same capabilities and same background. 40% of black children live in poverty, and over half of black children are born poor, stay poor. double the rate of white children born poor who stay poor. i'm not comparing apples and oranges

african-american history is american history because african-americans are americans, whether we have roots three or our generations deep, or parents or ourselves are immigrants, that is a given. what other people do with it, some of it will be awful. so, somet will be so of it will be nice, some will be lucrative, some will be visual. all those things will happen, everything. i am a professor emeritus at cornell university. i want to say this has been a wonderful conversation and discussion. again, thank you to darlene for the program in 1983, which was how many years ago? 33 years ago. how time flies when you're enjoying yourself. you mentioned john hope franklin, and a comment in the question. john hope franklin really missed the meeting of the association of studying african-american history. he was there. and, i don't think i am betraying anything here, he took out a life association and the membership each year, that was his financial support of the association for the study of african-american life and history. but thinking of john hope franklin, if you look at the subtitle to

new americans are being created. they also want a connection to the american revolution and to being american. things going on. we have consumer objects being made for people like new americans, who want to have a picture of washington or the founding fathers prominently displayed in their home. than we have people wanting an even more tangible connection to the american revolution. they want some thing that was there, or that has a oconnectio. as we know, very few items survive from that period. the next step is this creation and collection of relics. people from the late 19th century through the 20th century visit revolutionary war sites. they collect souvenirs. some of them we may think is a little bit odd. maybe a little bit unusual as a souvenir. like this shingle that was collected from the meeting house where lafayette was carried when he was wounded at the battle of brandywine. this was collected in the late 19th century, and saved. sort of a long story that has to go along with it. confident-- i can be in my

late 1800s, in the very few of americans, white americans or anglo americans ever came into contact with chinese emigrants. 95-90 --majority, 95-90 8%, lived in california. if you are east of the rockies, with the exception of very small chinatown's in new york and washington, most americans never encounter chinese people or chinese emigrants so it makes the image they received an -- in populare culture that much more significant, because they had no other information to balance it against. a chief appeared in a single , -- this wasnovel the forerunner of many to follow. a murmur of discussed went to the crowd. boys, who imported him here? we do not want that breed in this states. of course we do not, get rid of those poison cusses. don't you know you china men are inviting -- in fading the paradise never intended for the details. you have got to bounce. no bouncy, the son of fuchsias -- confucius declared. go where he please. i will because, it you flats new did soccer. they cried savagely. he sprang forward and seized the avenging -- the on offending chief mercilessly. bring a rope, bo