energy buran is a response to the american space shuttle program, a military unit that... provided for satellites from orbit and attacking ussr territory from space. soviet developments have surpassed western ones in some respects. the energy could power a variety of payloads, not just the ship. the domestic rocket plane was capable of delivering up to 30 tons of cargo into orbit, and returning up to twenty to the ground. but the program turned out to be extremely expensive for that time. today, thanks to modern technologies, all these developments can be in demand in new projects for the peaceful exploration of space. nowadays there is a lot of talk about reusable rockets, but so far... everything is limited to the reusable use of only the first stage, and this is also a certain limitation, because reusability in this case is not some kind of isolated technological miracle, it is a purely economic concept designed to reduce cost of starting service, when we talk about fully reusable products, we are talking about the fact that we can not only put something into orbit, but also return

buran was also conceived as a response to the american space shuttle program. because there was a fact the kremlin. an anniversary airfield was built on the baycon especially for buran, with a surface smooth as a mirror. polusa was personally received by the chief designer of buran, gleb lazina-lazinsky. he placed a glass of water on the hood of the car and accelerated to 100 km/h. on in those areas where water spilled, the slabs were polished with diamond cutters. in 1978, more than 500 test pilots applied to join the buran crew. igor volk selected seven people. wolf pack, that's what they 'll be called. they trained on an analogue of buran, an outwardly exact copy of it. we created conditions for ourselves, very harsh conditions, even to the point of boarding him blindfolded, even so i experimented with him. only in 1988 did buran take off on its first flight, but without astronauts on board. two orbits around the earth landed perfectly in 205 minutes, but buran will not rise to the stars again. the second flight will be scheduled for the ninety-first year, then postponed to the nine

many years preparing for the flight to buran, in the end, you made your first flight on the american space shuttlepilot, come and sit on the second deck, like marim on the lower one, as a specialist. to fly on already completed flights, yes, but i think that i was still wildly lucky, in fact, and somehow the stars aligned so that it turned out, uh, that i was in 1990, well, i sat down at my desk, naturally, i started studying at the union there, passing everything there, so it turned out that somewhere around the new year of 1999, there, well, the end of 1998 , there is a peephole, remember, yes, this is our deputy flight director, our cosmonaut, yes, an astronaut and a general, so he calls me and says, well, valer, you have six months, you have english, i say, no, i only have german, he says, well, you have 2 days until the new year, so you’ll celebrate the new year, and fly out on the first, that’s where to houston, there to naso, there was a question, so about the english language, yes, because ... what are you going to take the tests there, the start was on may 27, so i arrived in january and

many years preparing for the flight to buran, in the end you made your first flight on the american space shuttley as a specialist, on already completed flights, yes, but i think that i was still wildly lucky, in fact, and somehow the stars aligned what it turned out to be that i was in the year ninety, well, i sat down at my desk, naturally, i started studying there at the union, passing everything there, and it so happened that somewhere around... the new year of ninety-nine there, well, the end of ninety-eight there, remember yes, this is the flight director, we had such an astronaut, yes, an astronaut and a general, so he calls me and says, well, valer , you’ve had english for six months, i say no, i only speak german, he says, well, you have 2 days until the new year, which means the new year you’ll celebrate and fly out on the first. here in houston there, in nassau, there was a question, so about the english language, yes, because you will take tests there, the start was on may 27, so i arrived in january and flew on may 27, well, in general it’s true, but this is true, i think , which was

our hidden histories series during native american heritage month, the story of a decorated naval officer and trailblazing astronaut. >> liftoff of space shuttlejohn: in 2002, when john herrington became the first native american in space, he carried with him pieces of his heritage, including the flag of the chickasaw nation. >> three new residents headed for the international space station. >> i also flew a flute and a feather. the flute was made by a erokee friend who was an engineer at the kennedy space center. an eagle feather was given to me that was beaded mother earth, father sky and all the people of the world. the only two items that i was actually able to take out during my mission and photograph. john: herrington was born in 1958 in wetumka, oklahoma. he grew up during the height of erica's space race with the soviet union. like many children then, his heroes didn't wear capes, they wore spacesuits. herrington's father was a flight instructor. he spurred his son's interest in aviation by taking him flying. >> early on, my brothers and i would sit in the back and we'd fly to oklahoma. and later on my dad bought a little cessna 150, a

space in the kremlin. in addition, soviet scientists were confident that the shuttle could steal our space secrets; theoretically , the americanwas able to fly up to soviet military satellites, grab them with a manipulator, load your huge cargo bay and bring them to the ground. no space vehicle at present can release such cargo from orbit. the union can lower 50 kg there, 100 there, but it could lower 20 tons. the ussr must have an adequate response to the space threat, the military decided so. the intelligence officers were tasked with obtaining blueprints for the shuttle, and the engineer was tasked with developing the soviet shuttle. dmitry ustinov, who oversees the defense program of the ussr, is preparing a decree to make exactly the same ship, like the americans, there is no need to reinvent the wheel, says ustinov. the americans were very detailed, they talked about the shuttle, they gave diagrams there, so constructive, they talked about thermal protection, but no technology. they are not bagel. the soviet shuttle was built by the entire country, although the country did not know this. individual parts of the ship were

robert f. kennedy or martin luther king. foot for americans of my generation, we all remember where we were when we learned the explosion of the space shuttle challenger, all of the astronauts on board were killed. one of them was a public school teacher, the 1st american civilian in space. what couldn't cause such a horrible disaster? everybody in the country wanted to know. we finally learned the details and it was thanks to a whistle blower. i'm john kerry onto welcome to the whistle blowers the . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 the space shuttle challenger exploded on january 28th, 1986, just 73 seconds into its flight. killing all 7 crew members on board. the shuttle was 14 kilometers above the atlantic ocean off the coast of cape canaveral, florida when it disintegrated. it was the 1st fatal accident involving an american spacecraft in flight. almost immediately, investigators began to suspect that the culprit was something called an o ring, which experienced a catastrophic failure in flight. and oh, ring very simply is a rubber seal both primary and back up on the joints of a solid rocket booster. the o rings prevent hot gases from escaping through

americans of my generation. we all remember where we were when we learned of the explosion of the space shuttle challenger. all of the astronaut on board were killed. one of them was a public school teacher, the 1st american civilian in space. what couldn't cause such a horrible disaster? everybody in the country wanted to know. we finally learned the details and it was thanks to a whistle blower. i'm john kerry onto welcome to the whistle blowers the . 2 2 2 2 2 the space shuttle challenger exploded on january 28th, 1986, just 73 seconds into its flight. killing all 7 crew members on board. the shuttle was 14 kilometers above the atlantic ocean off the coast of cape canaveral, florida when it disintegrated. it was the 1st fatal accident involving an american spacecraft in flight. almost immediately, investigators began to suspect that the culprit was something called an o ring, which experienced a catastrophic failure in flight. and o ring very simply is a rubber seal both primary and back up on the joints of a solid rocket booster. the o rings prevent hot gases from escaping through the joints of the rock