the franco american union stated that, hey, we cannot guarantee their safety. that was a bunch of hogwash. what they were really saying is that they did not want the statue of liberty just to be associated with the woman suffrage movement. so, yes, a group of women here in new york city are very angry. they rent a boat. they circle the island. they shout in protest. how can you build this woman to represent freedom and liberty and we don't even have the right to vote? if she were to come alive and walk down from that pedestal she would not be allowed on the island. the first protest on the grounds of the statue of liberty on day one, october 28th, 1886. it was another 34 years until women were granted the right to vote. the 19th amendment in 1920. folks, we have had many protests throughout the years. most of these protests have been very peaceful. some of them were not so peaceful. so there's always been a security issue here at the statue of liberty, even before 9/11. folks, i don't know the stories of all the protests but there's one thing that ties them alt

for c-span american conservative union. by.nks for stopping we appreciate it. >> my favorite place to be. secretary sonny perdue sat c-span to discuss his personal and professional life nd talked about issues such as federal budget cuts proposed for his agency. here as look of some of what tonight at 8 p.m. eastern. farmers out across this country if they're willing trillion dollar debt down to their grandchildren most of them shake it negatively. farmers always done what it took to do that and that's what we're to do at the usda. many in congress feel it was too much. we're vernor of georgia going to do what the congress gives us to do with and we're to use that to the best of our ability. , five of the 8 budgets i presented to the assembly literally had less money than the year before. did?what we we did whatever it took. it was a great time to see the servants of georgia and all agencies rise and do more we don't feel like the people of georgia really period of ch in that had less though we money. we'll get the job done.

and other news the american civil liberties union hailed a historic victory of through a case involving the cia's torture program was settled on thursday was filed against two psychologists who raked in more than eighty million dollars developing the country's all the agency's so-called enhanced interrogation program because of their status as private contractors the lawsuit targets of the most private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors the family of girl run on a man who died in a secret cia prison partially declassified cia report described the events leading up to his death. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged. uncompromising reactions he didn't tarry geisha in lack of cooperation the pressure on to break him and lack of experience with a committed interrogation resister on november two thousand and two ordered or approved the guards placing rahman in the short chain position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his. raman was only clothed in a sweat shirt. directly led to roman's death by hypothermia the cia torture methods have repe

so there are new stories this hour the american civil liberties union house hailed a historic victoryafter a case involving the cia's torture program was settled it was filed against two psychologists who earned over eighty million dollars from developing the agency's so-called enhanced interrogation program because of their status as private contractors last to target as private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors the family of google rama a man who died in a secret cia prison yourself partially declassified cia report described what happened to him. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged he's uncompromising reactions who didn't tarry cation in lack of cooperation the pressure to break him and lack of experience with a committed interrogation resist on nov two thousand and two ordered to approve the gods placing roman in the short changed position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his so roman was only clothed in a sweat shirt they sent directly led to romans death by hypothermia. of cia's torture methods have repeatedly been criticize

and the american civil liberties union hailed a historic victory offer a case involving the cia torture program was settled on thursday was filed against two psychologists who raked in over eighty million dollars developing agencies in halls of interrogation program because their status as private contractors the lawsuit targets of them as private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors and the family of girl rahman a man who died in a secret cia prison in a cell partially declassified cia report describe the events leading up to his death. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged. uncompromising reactions to didn't tarry geisha and lack of cooperation the pressure on to break him and lack of experience with a committed interrogation resister on november two thousand and two ordered or approved the gods placing roman in the short chain position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his so rahman was only clothed in a sweat shirt. directly led to romans death by hypothermia those cia torture methods have repeatedly been criticized by human rights ac

the american civil liberties union has held a historic victory after a case involving the cia's torture program was settled it was filed against two psychologists who were in over eighteen million dollars for the developer to be agency's so-called enhanced interrogation program because of their status as private contractors the lawsuit target of them as private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors family of roma who died in a secret cia prison partially the crossfire cia report describes what happened to them. treated roman harshly because of romans and. he's uncompromising reactions to the interrogation and lack of cooperation the pressure to break him and lack of experience with a committed interrogation resistor on november two thousand and two or did or approve the gods placing roman in the short changed position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his cell raman was only clothed in a sweat shirt they sat directly led to romans death by hypothermia. the psychologist lawyer claimed their clients were a public servants whose actions were authorized by

now the american civil liberties union is hailed as a historic victory after a case involving the cia's torture program was settled it was filed against two psychologists considered to be the arche. to be agency so-called enhanced interrogation program the plaintiffs were to torture survivors and the family of a man who died in a secret cia prison is how a partially declassified cia report describes what happened to one of the victims over them and. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged stature he's uncompromising reactions of didn't terry cation and lack of cooperation the pressure on to break him and the lack of experience with a committed interrogation resister on november two thousand and two ordered or approved the guards placing rahman in the short chain position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his cell raman was only clothed in a sweat shirt the sack directly led to roman's death by hypothermia. the psychologist lawyers claim their clients were public servants whose actions were authorized by the u.s. government and they say the actions were

matt schlapp of the american conservative union, thank you for stopping by, we appreciate it. show less text guest: my favorite place to be. thank you. >> president trump's new strategy in afghanistan -- author of in teeth -- the book on the group's role and protest today. the overall of san francisco's public housing. be sure to watch c-span's washington journal at 7:00 a.m. eastern saturday morning. joined the discussion. >> tonight on c-span will hear from agriculture secretary, secretary sonny perdue, the latest from administration official to be featured in our profile interviewed serious. that is followed by an encore presentation of "the communicators," with jeff moss talking about security threats. after that, a look at preparations for hurricane harvey, starting with a is conference in texas with the governor. and the white house press briefing. >> agriculture secretary sonny perdue has been with the trump administration since april. he recently sat down with c-span2 talk about his personal and professional life, which included serving in the u.s. air force and being

the american civil liberties union, the aclu, which helped white supremacists obtain the permit that allowed them to march on charlottesville is now placing conditions on when it will defend the first amendment rights of such groups. chief white house correspondent james rosen reports that it's coming under fire from champions of second amendment rights. >> if it hadn't been for the legal assistance they received from the american civil liberties union, white supremacists who led the ill-fated margin charlottesville would likely have been forced, to accept a venue far removed from the statue of robert e. lee that was at issue. >> we were unfortunately sued by the aclu and the judge ruled against us. that rally should not have been in the middle of downtown, and it became a powder keg. >> the day after charlottesville, a boardmember for the aclu virginia chapter resigned, citing the difference between legality and morality and adding "i won't be a fig leaf for nazis." the aclu said they would no longer defend hate groups whose members assemble peaceably but carry firearms to the prote

this is the pan-american union building in washington, d.c., the headquarters of the organization of american states. the delegates at the open top conference --an the charter negotiated during truman's administration, completed the inter-american project that had begun by simon bolivar and started at the first inter-american conference in 1890. the organization of american states formalized the association of the states participating in the inter-american project. the charter included two ideas that have been talked about in past resolutions at several of these inter-american conferences. also, one of them have been passed in treaty form. article 15 states, no states or group of states has the right to intervene in the internal or external affairs of any other state. nonintervention. nine articles later, article 24 presents the idea of collective defense. an act of aggression against any american state will be regarded as an act of aggression against all the other american states. the codification of these two principles, nonintervention and collective defense, together with the elec

union wants to talk about. we're representing six teachers in california and the association of american educators. who have a variety of views about unions, some of our clients in this case think that unionism is generally a good thing. they just don't happen to like the california teachers association and the nea. they think those unions do a bad job. others of these clients don't like to be part of a union at all. they disagree with the idea of unions, they disagree with the fact these unions have become highly political organizations and they want nothing to do with it. what joins all these plaintiffs together is they think each of them as individuals should have the right to decide whether to participate in the union in the first place. they're saying that individuals have a constitutionally protected right to not speak and that they shouldn't have to run around and comply with various opt out rules in order to exercise that right. instead, the burden ought to be on the union to run around and encourage individuals to join the union on their own terms when and if they want. so if the court deci

matt schlapp of the american you rvative union, thank for stopping by, we appreciate it. guest: my favorite place to be. you.k host: coverage of the house on c-span and congressional at c-span.orgable and as always on c-span radio, we'll take a short break and the situation in venezuela, u.s. policy toward country, eric olson will be here this friday morning, august 25th, we'll be right back. >> the summit in boston asking about the most important issue to your state. >> what's really important to our state is that washington maintain health care for the poor, the elderly and the enfermed. have to make sure if we replace obamacare, we replace it and something smart reasonable. an issue is property tax and of the fast influx real estate property in rural areas, struggling for high property tax, how do we balance with the property tax and needs for schools. appropriations issues e, so one of the we're dealing with right now, how do we balance out and make equitable property tax across our state. the most important issue facing constituents today is the crisis. i'd like to t

the american civil liberties union hailed to his story case involving the cia's torture program. state and was filed against two psychologists who rang to in more than eighteen million dollars developing the agency is so cold and hung interrogation program because of their status as private contractors the lawsuit targets them as private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors and the family of gold around a man who died in a secret cia prison various halley cautiously declassified cia report this scribe of the events leading up to his death. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged. uncompromising reactions or didn't tarry cation and lack of cooperation the pressure to break him lack of experience with a committed interrogation resistance on nov two thousand and two ordered to approve the gods placing roman in the short changed position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his so roman was only closed in a sweat shirt. directly led to romans death by hypothermia. this is torture methods have repeatedly been criticised by human rights activ

the american civil liberties union held an historic historic victory after a case involving the cia's torture program was settled on thursday it was found against two psychologists who rakes in more than eighteen million dollars to developing the agency's so-called and honks the interrogation programs because at that stage as private contract is the most of tall get to them as private citizens the plaintiffs were to torture survivors and the family of roman a man who died in a secret cia prison here's how a partially declassified cia report describes the events leading up to his death. treated rahman harshly because of rahman's alleged his uncompromising reactions he didn't tarry cation and lack of cooperation the pressure up to break him lack of experience with a committed interrogation resistor on nov two thousand and two ordered or approved the guards placing rahman in the short changed position whereby he was compelled to sit on the concrete floor of his cell raman was only cloyd in a sweat shirt designed directly led to rahman's death by hypothermia. the cia as torture methods ha

general lee and his officers were in fact trader to the american union that washington and jefferson created. i think that's the central distinction. >> to stay with you for a moment, there have been lots of republicans coming out, a mentor of senator rubio saying blaming both sides for charlottesville, no. back to relativism, just no. and one for charlie dent, said potus must stop the moral supremacy. is this ignorance of history on donald trump's part or is it a window into something more insidious? >> i think it's good phrase. i think it is a window into something for insidious. you know what he reminded me of this afternoon, although the accent was different. an old southern governor in the '50s and '60s talking about outside agitators coming down, that they were the real problem. and just because he speaks with a queens accent on fifth avenue doesn't mean he's not representing the same kind of difficult and just the worst part of the american tradition. he talked about -- to try to make this morally equivalent i think is reprehensible. and it distracts us from the central point,

chairman of the american conservative union, former political director to george w. bush, and the founder of cold strategies, legislative consulting firm. he specializes in all things politics. matt schlapp is here. he's a nationally recognized teacher that he wanted a much bigger classroom. so he became a radio talk show host on philadelphia's talk radio 1210. he's been named one of america's top 100 in "talkers" magazine. specializes in broadcasting and politics. dom giordano is here. we said before the show, you guys were together last time to too. >> we switched places. >> eboni: i will start with you, dom. eric bolling is right. for a long time, democrats and republicans have failed to address the immigration issue. we have donald trump putting forward, whatever you think the bill, the first powerful change in immigration legislation in 50 years. yet it becomes a wedge issue now that you insert the way stephen is setting this up in front of the cameras, the issue around race and culture. becomes a wedge issue when it should've been an easy, at least introduction

you see the new birth of freedom associated with this eternal vision of an american union which is now cleansed of its greatest stain. this new birth of freedom then tucks the document and folded in third. can you see the fold marks on the document itself. puts it in his coat pocket. goes out to the central square here at gettysburg. we have all walked around it today and yesterday and in days ahead. you have to imagine horses, groups, civic organizations. odd fellows wearing outlandish attire. it was bed lamb dolam out there square. it is a babout a mile south of town. lincoln on this trip smiles. he's greeting people. somebody lifts the child up to him and gives a kiss and hands her down to the father, the proud father. on this trip lincoln starts out in a joyful mood. people are laughing. it is kind of ruckus, it is celebration. as they get towards the cemetery where the graves with be seen on the hillside, a new tone begins to be felt. here we're south looking up north towards the center of town. you can see these are are the bayonets of the guarding troops and they turn right here

you knee the new birth of freedom is associated with this eternal vision of an american union which is now cleansed of its greatest stain. this new birth of freedom, then, he tucks the document -- you can see the fold marks. he tucks it and puts it in his coat pocket. he goes to the central square. we've walked around it and will in the days ahead. you have to imagine then, horses, groups, civic organizations, odd fellows wearing outlandish attire. it was bedlam down there on the square as they were getting ready to march out to the ceremony. you know, about a mile south of town, down this road. and lincoln, on this trip, smiles. he is greeting people. somebody lifts a child up to him, he gives her a kiss and hands her down to the father, the proud father. on this trip lincoln starts out in a joyful mood. people are laughing. it's kind of raucous. it's a celebration. but as they get down towards the cemetery, where the graves can be seen on the hillside, a new tone begins to be felt. and so here we're south looking north towards the center of town, and you can see these are the bayonet

you see the new birth of freedom is associated with this eternal vision of an american union which is now cleansed. this new birth of freedom tucks the it and you can see the fold marks. put it in his coat pocket. goes out to the central square here at gettysburg. we all walked around it today and yesterday and will in the days ahead. you have to imagine then horses, groups, civic organizations, odd fellows wearing their outlandish attire. it was down there on the square as they were getting ready to march out to the ceremony. it is about a mile south of town down this road. lincoln on this trip smiles. he is greeting people. somebody lifts a child up to him. on this trip lincoln starts out in a joyful mood. people are laughing. it is a celebration. but as they get towards the cemetery where the graves can be seen on the hillside a new tone begins to be felt. so here we are south now looking up north towards the center of town. you can see these are the guarding troops which have come down and they will turn right here. we'll turn right here so they can go sort of around to the cemete

americans we aspire to be. and the story of the get tygett address. the slide here is the only union terminal, i believe it is, in washington that lincoln did depart from. but this give you a sense of the old trains, and it took him many hours for him to get down that track. and there are many stories on that train of lincoln writing his speech. they stopped along the way, they had to pig up watck up water, a hanover junction, the railway platform, lincoln went through several several times, they have restored the old depot too. and you'll see images of hanover junction sometimes associated with lincoln. and sometimes they'll say lincoln is here on the platform. lincoln is probably not in these pictures, these pictures were probably taken the day before lincoln was there, when a whole group of people, marshalls for the parade and the whole cast of the gettysburg address. so there is a tall man in a top hat in many of these photos, most likely it certainly is not lincoln. but lincoln went to hanover junction and he rattled down the rails farther to get to gettysburg. and we know he di

i think the cia dodged a bullet here now there is a second case the american civil liberties union has filed the case after pup was a beta arguing that the cia and mitchell in jest and tortured up was a beta that case is going to be more sensitive so the cia hasn't really put the issue in its entirety behind it yet we have to wait and see what happens with that was a beta my guess is that because the opposite of he is so much more serious because i was afraid it was the guinea pig of the cia's torture program that the cia will seek to have that case dismissed mitchell undresses contractor the cia was terminated in two thousand and nine and two thousand and fourteen a torture report published by the senate determined no useful intelligence was produced by their techniques in two thousand and fifteen a report conducted by medical professionals and human rights activists accused the american psychological association of corden aiding with the cia to shield and endorse the torture program several months later the a.p.a. voted to ban its members from participating in torture in washington o

>> at the american conservative union we have the family prosperity index.re seeing in politics and in culture, there's tremendous hardship that is wreaking havoc on rural white america, opioid addiction, duh sides going through the roof. at some point in these programs, especially in college admissions, you're saying we'll give you the leg up, give you the slot. inevitably you're actually taking slots away as well. as a country we have to ask ourselves at what point do we have the right standards in these programs. >> van, your response? >> i think we're seeing a pretty disturbing pattern with jeff sessions and the department of justice. we should be trying to -- we'll get to the white community which needs a lot of help as well, especially rural. but you've got communities where you need to open doors of opportunity and close prison doors. sessions seems to be going in the opposite direction. he seems to be wanting to double down on the failed drug war which is to have more young urban youth going to prison and ratchet back on the scholarships to get them

unions is rising. a survey shows over 60% of americans support unions and that number is even higher among millennials. in our labor day poll, a majority of working people set -- said they would vote for joining a union tomorrow if given the opportunity. so we say let's give them a chance. free from the employer interference and intimidation that has become all too common. wages, it is raising paid leave, gender and racial equality or the freedom to negotiate for a better life, unions are needed now more than ever. we can help deliver the economic people- economic rules are hungry for. that is our focus and mission this labor day and beyond. listening and i look forward to your questions. one and then we will move on. you lay out positive things, union popularity is rising, you talked about the onslaught that you have spoken about the rising popularity but also said in june that either we grow or we die. we will not settle for merely surviving as a labor movement, that's not enough. the labor department figures show union membership fell again in 2016. able toyou see as being do that you haven't done t

then american conservative union's speaker on president trump's recent rally and his performance after the events in charlottesville. and someone from the woodrow wilson international center first dollars discusses venezuela. be sure to watch c-span's washington journal, live at 7 a.m. eastern this morning. join the discussion. about ar: when he think one-day festival, the national book festival, and you have over 100 authors, from children's authors, illustrators, graphic novelists, all of these different authors there all day, over 100,000 people come in and celebrate books and reading. you cannot have a better time, i think. i am a little bit prejudiced because i am a librarian, but i have to tell you that anybody who wants to get inspired, the book festival is a favorite lace. >> book tv's live all day coverage begins at 10 a.m. featuring pulitzer prize-winning authors david mccall and thomas friedman. secretary of state condoleezza rice and jd vance. the national book festival, life saturday starting at 10 a.m. eastern on c-span's to book tv -- c-span2's book tv. >> now on c-span,

the american civil liberties union has issued travel advisories similar to the naacp's.rizona in 2010, and one in texas earlier this year. both were circulated after state laws passed allowing law enforcement officers to question a person's immigration status. >> when we return, geek goes chic. what to wear for the great american. soledad: if you haven't already done it, here's a reminder to apps. and make your plans fo great american total solar eclipse. on august 21st, the sun will disappear behind the moon, turning daylight into twilight. creating a wild temperature drop. with proper protection on your eyes, those along the path of the eclipse will see massive streaks of light around the silhouette of the moon. the event will darken the skies along a path about 70 miles wide stretching from oregon to south carolina. the path stretches from idaho, through wyoming, nebraska, kansas, missouri, illinois, kentucky, tennessee, georgia, and north and south carolina. at most, the moon will comple sun for 2 minutes and 40 seconds. that's about how long it wille visible to obse

the american civil liberties union has issued travel advisories similar to the naacp's.na in 2010, and one in texas earlier this year. both were circulated after state laws passed allowing law enforcement officers to question a person's immigration status. >> when we return, geek goes chic. what to wear for the great american. who are these people? the energy conscious people among us say small actions can add up to something... humongous. a little thing here. a little thing there. starts to feel like a badge maybe millions can wear. who are all these caretakers, advocates too? turns out, it's californians it's me and it's you. don't stop now, it's easy to add to the routine. join energy upgrade california and do your thing. soledad: if you haven't already done it, here's a reminder to apps. and make your plans fo great american total solar eclipse. on august 21st, the sun will disappear behind the moon, turning daylight into twilight. creating a wild temperature drop. with proper protection on your eyes, those along the path of the eclipse will see massive streaks of li

law exists i think it exists to weaken the union you've seen a demonization of unions less than ten percent of the american workforce is unionized you will be back. will be back when people get her show bar then they'll organize and become part of the house wipe what extent has that history been a racist from american consciousness well don't forget it all we go back to talking about dad. and dad which was considered the father of organized labor and of country now is home to national historical shrine and terror what goes dirt up folk out for for the people a little pay for the merits this was appeal to reason which was a socialist weekly at its peak it had between seven and eight hundred thousand subscriptions they shut this newspaper down just like the shut the masses down and ultimately shut down the whole radical labor movement that debs had started and yet is deb's understood there were only two institutional mechanisms by which people could fight back against the abuses of capitalism and that was number one unions and number two government salute and of course we've seen an assault of destruction of

unions is raising. shows 60% of americans support unions. the number is even higher among millennials. in our labor day poll, a majority of working people said toy would vote to june -- join a union tomorrow if given the opportunity. so we say let's give them a chance. free from the employer interference and intimidation that has become all too common. whether it is raising wages, paid leave, gender and racial equality or simply the freedom to negotiate for a better life, unions are needed now more than ever. we can help deliver the economic roles the people are working for. that is our focus and our mission this labor day and beyond. say thank you for listening and i look forward to your questions. >> i will do one and then we will go to noel. you lay out positive things, union popularity is rising, and you talk about the onslaught we face. and you have spoken in speeches rising popularity. but you also said, in june, .ither we grow or we die we will not settle for merely surviving in the labor movement. it is not enough. you know, labor department figures show union membership fell a

unions isrity of whining -- rising. a survey shows over 60% of americans support unions. that number is higher among millennials. the majority of working people said they would vote for joining a union tomorrow, if given the opportunity. free from the employer interference and intimidation that has become all too common. wages, it is raising paid leave, gender and racial equality, or simply the freedom to negotiate for a better life, unions are needed now more than ever. we can help deliver the economic rules of working people that they are hungry for. that is our focus and mission this labor day and beyond. i wanted to say thank you for listening, and i look forward to your questions. >> i will do one and then we will go to know -- noel. positive things coming union popularity rising. we talked about the onslaught you face. speechesspoken in about rising popularity. you also said in june that either we grow or we die. we will not settle for merely surviving in the labor movement. that is not enough. the labor department figures show union membership fell in 2016. you see

this writer is the second of two volumes about the road to this union and the american civil war, extraordinary writing and very complex place. there was a lot more complexity and nuance to the south before the breakout of the war than one might have expected between the states and the northern part of some of the states and the deep south in terms of their attitude toward slavery what was happening it was dying out in the border states and northern parts. a documented loss of data. the biography. the western history takes a little getting used to but it kind of debunks the mysticism. it's the anti-czar feelings for the revolution or both used to justify that and this goes through the history very carefully because this is the real character. blood land by timothy snyder is an extraordinary book. it was struck by the tens of millions of people who were murdered and succumbed to the policies of these criminals. they actually imposed on the ukraine in the 1930s and it kind of led to the welcoming when hitler invaded in 1941 with the occupation of ukraine because it turned out to be as stalin. hum

. >> senator john mccain and the american civil liberties union have spoken out against the pardon.rizona's governor spoke in favor of the move. now, mayor jim canning slammed the president's decision saying this participated like many of the president's actions contradicts his professed claims for respecting the rule of law. arpaio does not represent american values and the lauren forcement officers who do their job with professionalism and fairness every day. >>> right now, tracking harvey. the deadly storm is lingering over the south after causing one death. and injuring a dozen others. nbc10 first alert meteorologist erika martin has an update as the state continues to get pounded by tropical storm. >> right now, harvey is a tropical storm. wind speed 50 miles per hour. sustained wind speeds. notice it's moving at 1-mile-per-hour east north earli easterly. just not moving at all. eventually will continue to weaken, becoming a tropical depression by sunday. so that's something that we're at least looking forward to because it will be a lot less strong, a lot weaker. we're still e

union wants to talk about. we're representing six teachers in california and the association of american educators who have a variety of views about unions. some of our clients in this case think that unionism is generally a good thing. they just don't happen to like the california teachers association and the nea. they think those unions do a bad job. others of these clients don't like to be part of a union at all. they disagree with the idea of unions, they disagree with the fact these unions have become highly political organizations and they want nothing to do with it. what joins all these plaintiffs together is they think each of them as individuals should have the right to decide whether to participate in the union in the first place. they're saying that individuals have a constitutionally protected right to not speak and that they shouldn't have to run around and comply with various opt out rules in order to exercise that right. instead, the burden ought to be on the union to run around and encourage individuals to join the union on their own terms when and if they want. so if the court decides in a genus tha

unions. there was skepticism by african-americans about unions because they were so dominated by white and males. and there was skepticism by businesses about unions, and there was skepticism about other people. and the constitutional hook on which the skepticism was grounded was the notion that it wasn't within the police power to favor some subset of the population over others. everything -- a general interest law, a law for the common good had to be about everybody. and if you just had a law that favored this group, which is like one-half of a contractual deal, which is the labor unions, over this group, which is management or capital, that's an improper -- that by itself is an improper use of the police power because it's siding with one over the other, and the police powers for everybody's benefit. i know this concept of the police power, this limited concept of the police power on the one hand it was very prevalent and then it came under challenge. and it came under challenge under the theory that everybody is benefitted from helping labor out because of conditions and working -- there's a