is jessica darden, i'm a assistant professor at the school of international service at american university here in d.c. and big shout out to my georgetown colleagues. i would just like to speak to this point a little bit about generational shifts and cultural shifts. so dr. mackenzie brought up the israeli defense forces, and they have historically had women integrated into their operations. but even in pushing through some of their removals of gender based combat exclusions, they're having an extremely difficult time. for example, women who operate on manned aerial drones are allowed to employ in theater, but not with infantry units. they're only allowed to stay back with artillery unit. so there is still, even amongst the most advance countries in overcoming these hurdles, hurdles still remain. so i think it's a little bit naive to think all these issues are going to go away immediately. in part because of a lot of these developments are tactically driven. and so i'm very excited that came up as point of a conversation. my own research deals primarily with irregular armed groups. rebel groups, et ce