so the amygdala is about violence. except if you sirte down your typical -- sit down your typical doctor and ask him what it's about, that's not the first word that's going to come out of their mouths, because for most people studying it what the amygdala is about is fear and anxiety and learning to be afraid. in other words, we've just learned something very interesting which is you cannot understand the first thing about neurobiology of violence without understanding the neurobiology of fear. and a world in which no anywhere on need be afraid, there'd be a lot more of us sleeping between lions and lambs. now, the thing to begin to make sense is what parts of brain does the amygdala talk to and which regions talks to it in turn? a next region is called the insular cortex. now, the insular cortex is, in fact, incredibly boring if you're a lab rat or any other mammal on earth because it does something very straightforward. you bite into a piece of food, and it's spoiled and rotten and fete did and rancid and all of that

who have rare types of seizures, the tumors if you damage the amygdala is about violence. but if you sit down and ask the scientist what it is about the first word for most people it is about a year -- a fear and anxiety and learning to be afraid so now you learned that you cannot understand the first thing in your biology of violence without understanding the neurobiology of the year and in the world where dorati is afraid -- marilyn is afraid but what parts of the brain doesn't talk to? also what is interesting is the insular cortex that is incredibly boring if you are a lab rat it is very straightforward if you bite into a piece of food if it is spoiled negative rotten as a result your ince of the cortex activates to robberies -- reflects you have a gag reflex very useful to keep mammals from eating poisonous foods that those who do is convince to bite into this food they have a brain scanner it activates cell receptor think about eating something disgusting and and it activates but now sit down one -- since someone down have them to you about the time they did somethin

there are mu receptors in the amygdala which is involved in the emotional processing of pain. it is fundamental for the emotional negative reaction that we get with pain. and that area is also loaded with opioid medications. when opioid medications inhibit the perception of pain, this is the reason why opioid medications are probably the most effective medications that you can have for addressing severe or acute pain. they act almost immediately. the issue was that acute pain is something that you may -- one of these drugs may save your life. i don't know if any one of you has been given them. i have been in a car accident and i wanted to actually go unconscious, i wanted to faint because the pain was so intense. then they gave me an opioid and it was like magical, it was an extraordinary sensation of well-being. not only that pain was gone but a great, great sense of euphoria and relaxation. and that's why these drugs are problematic. they are not just located in the pain centers but they are located in that area over there -- and this region is one of the most important regi