clara bart opinion organized the expedition to andersonville identified the graves and established andersonville national cemetery. second, did clara barton make any reference to the union prisoners at andersonville who were taken advantage robbing, even murdering and then themselves were tried and hung at andersonville? these were union officers mistreating union men? did she address that? >> i'm not familiar with the latter parts. i don't think she did mention it. i don't know why the park service has that on. she was certainly along and it was her suggestion. that's very clear, clear in the stanton papers where he talks about her coming into the office and clear in her diary that she was -- dore rance at water is really the person who kept the death rolls, had identified the graves and went along also and then there were -- there was an army captain in charge captain moore, who was in charge of the expedition. i would have to look at to see why -- >> [ inaudible ] >> his papers he talks about her coming in and suggesting this and then leapt onto it. >> at water initially refused to speak with

clara bart opinion organized the expedition to andersonville identified the graves and established andersonville national cemetery. second, did clara barton make any reference to the union prisoners at andersonville who were taken advantage robbing, even murdering and then themselves were tried and hung at andersonville? these were union officers mistreating union men? did she address that? >> i'm not familiar with the latter parts. i don't think she did mention it. i don't know why the park service has that on. she was certainly along and it was her suggestion. that's very clear, clear in the stanton papers where he talks about her coming into the office and clear in her diary that she was -- dore rance at water is really the person who kept the death rolls, had identified the graves and went along also and then there were -- there was an army captain in charge captain moore, who was in charge of the expedition. i would have to look at to see why -- >> [ inaudible ] >> his papers he talks about her coming in and suggesting this and then leapt onto it. >> at water initially refused to speak with

andersonville and henry were part of that habit. so i think for hold, he did certainly stumble in his efforts to hand the tail on jefferson davis. but henry was another target for him. and, in some earth, kind of the last cast of at least -- gasp of at least his ability to extract or to inflict punishment in the way that he felt punishment to be inflicted on confederate leaders. >> just a word -- they were into collation in the north. and aroused people as deeply as you can say the photographs, the newsreels that the soldiers took in the concentration caps on the 20th century. they were horrific. dr. elizabeth leonard: they were horrific, and i find it interesting that he was not a native united states citizen. somehow, i feel that contributed to his vulnerability. he said after the eight were convicted and then the four were executed that the likelihood of another us-born white elite or even -- the likelihood of someone like that taking the kind of punishment that were took were pretty low. >> they could have prosecuted somebody bu

so very early after the war, in andersonville, the summer of 65, regularizing the cemetery at andersonville, trying to bring order to that chaos. by 67, congress has passed the national cemetery laws which create 722 national -- 72 national cemeteries. they were created with much the same kind of motive, which is to protect the loyal soldiers beginning of united states from the enemy. from the depredations of the minute -- the enemy in mexico and the south. postwar, this is still a moment where the soldiers themselves are being singled out as being worthy of protection. at the same time that that process is going on in the jr, the -- the gsar is formed. they are pushing for not only making sure the national cemeteries don't turn into government potters fields, but are intended -- instead protected. at the same time they are pushing for pensions. what about the living soldiers and veterans that went and sacrificed arms and legs, and no longer are employable in some fundamental way. they pushed for pensions eventually they will enlarge the pension demand to include women who served, nurses. m

andersonville and henry were part of that habit. so i think for hold, he did certainly stumble in his efforts to hand the tail on jefferson davis. but henry was another target for him. and, in some earth, kind of the last cast of at least -- gasp of at least his ability to extract or to inflict punishment in the way that he felt punishment to be inflicted on confederate leaders. >> just a word -- they were into collation in the north. and aroused people as deeply as you can say the photographs, the newsreels that the soldiers took in the concentration caps on the 20th century. they were horrific. dr. elizabeth leonard: they were horrific, and i find it interesting that he was not a native united states citizen. somehow, i feel that contributed to his vulnerability. he said after the eight were convicted and then the four were executed that the likelihood of another us-born white elite or even -- the likelihood of someone like that taking the kind of punishment that were took were pretty low. >> they could have prosecuted somebody bu

he is known as the commander of the andersonville prison camp a , p.o.w. camp run by the confederate army and known for its terrible conditions and interred thousands of union soldiers and upon their release, the stories came out about the treatments that they underwent while prisoners of war. he was accused of a number of these crimes and claimed that he could not have committed some of those crimes because of an injury to his right arm. well, wertz was tried and convicted and his claims failed to convince a jury and he was executed. after his execution, an examination of his arm, which we have in that jar right there showed no loss of use of any part of his arm disproving the claim he had made during his trial. but also on display are the first and second cervical vertebrae of his neck, showing the effect of his execution. we contrast the actual specimen with the photograph of him just prior to the actual hanging. we offer that here for the public to see. these two artifacts are right near a larger examination of the study of injuries and wounds during t

it is for that articulation of that policy the pow cartel broke down in andersonville and the other prison camps. there were no longer being exchanged and the already overwhelmed. dubya system became even more -- the overwhelmed pow system became even more overwhelmed. there were lots of instances -- precisely. lots of that. instances of black troops apparently -- [indiscernible] a lot of instances of execution on the spot of black prisoners or even those after they were prisoners and being routed to the back, instead of making it to the depot to be taken to a prison camp, they were executed on the way. but there were no executions at prison caps on, no state executions. but eventually, the exchanges resumed in limited ways in late 1864. chair holzer: one of lincoln's finest moment, he says that for every african-american soldier killed, there will be a confederate prisoner killed. for everybody reinstated, there will be a confederate prisoner set to hard labor. and you can give him a little bit of credit, i think, for that disappearing for -- to some degree. john coski: and that was all w

and he had spent nearly five months in the andersonville prison camp. absolutely horror of a place and ruined his health. he decided to apply for a government pension military pension, and to do that you have to file all these affidavits and get people to write affidavits about what you were like when you were healthy, which is before the war. about the nature of the injuries and what his physical life was like now. so that was a treasure trove of material. the pension bureau record inside the national archives. and spoiler alert. co-core bette disappeared from an insane asylum and a man claiming to be boston corbett saying get me declared uninsane, and the guy who was appointed guardian of his estate, realized this wasn't the real boston corbett so he began filing complaints and the government began investigating the guy and the big investigation came up who is the real boston corbett and the lawyer traveled to new jersey at one point to talk to people who knew corbett in the early part of his life and so the treasure trove of material from that stuff.