and it is not as if thousands of people saw andrew johnson giving a speech. professor leonard: johnson had done well in tennessee. he had sort of maxed out, unfortunately. he had sort of reach the pinnacle -- professor gallagher: and beyond. professor leonard: so we have some people in the south expecting that johnson will be harsher than lincoln. and he makes the statement early on. professor varon: and he makes a statement early on, he had been quite stern in his handling of -- professor gallagher: he certainly was not considered an abolitionist. professor varon: by no means. professor gallagher: and many consider link and abolitionist and that is -- professor varon: let's talk about -- we noted that lee's army was the last confederate army to can -- to surrender. there was a controversial surrender of joe johnson's army to sherman. why has become so controversial? professor gallagher: because sherman extended terms that were breathtakingly broad, but basically set the pattern for what reconstruction would be. itthere was a political dimension as well as a m

we did not want another man like andrew johnson. there was a lingering skepticism about the president having too much influence over policy. and grant recognize this in his inaugural address, the very first speech as he entered the white house. he said, i shall on all subjects as a policy to recommend, but none to enforce against the will of the people. this was a direct reaction to johnson's poor relations with the congress. it was a call chelated sense -- a calculated sense for how he was going to deal with them. but it was a huge task to make those relationships were amicable. that passed was made more difficult by the fact that his own party and the congress was written by factions. yes, they had majority, but they were split in many ways, the republicans. reconstruction policy to rid republican split between radicals and moderates. the tariff issue. the money issue between hard money men and inflation us. on patronage questions. regular politicians and civil service reforms. these were important. they made operating with the co

we know the results of the vote that was cast that gave the vetoproof congress for andrew johnson to deal with for the rest of his administration. however, i'm going to follow this to the bitter end. in 1868, when it seemed that once again, the country was on the right track and u.s. grant was president, the vote for him by the northern -- the united states people in the north and african-americans -- it's over. we secure the union, we stabilized the south, and now we can go back to our lives. john: if we go back to 18 65 middle of 1866, northerners are aghast at the behaviors they seem politically by white southern democrats. are they surprised by that? if you skip ahead a year, i think the northern voters were thinking, man, i didn't see that coming, to the extent to which they did it. gary: they were surprised by the behavior of southerners. matt: maybe for a couple of different reasons. sherman marching to the south, the idea that they seem to be completely without weapons weren't optional recourse. john: the military defeat seemed to be overwhelming to northerners. the second is

first, he was a great improvement from andrew johnson. e began rebuilding the presidency after johnson's term in the white house. he established amicable relations with congress. generally speaking, he was able to treat the republican party in congress as he had treated the army during the war and exercise some effective legislative leadership. he began to realize pretty soon on for a president to be effective, he had to be a party leader as well. he himself said it is folly, a utopian idea to run a government without your party. that was a notion he brought to the presidency. he also made a very important contribution in organizing white house operations. he created a professional staff in the white house, a device for helping him bear the ever-increasing burden of the executive branch. previous presidents had had a private secretary, one or two. grant took the step of drawing upon his wartime experience to give his staff actual substantive responsibility. it did mirror his staff in the army. in fact, some of the same people serve in the

that is precisely what andrew johnson says is happening with the bureau. he says this is an attempt by republicans to redistribute tax dollars to african-americans. that should sound fairly familiar. [laughter] and let me tell you how it plays out. this is the first crack in the republican idea that the government should be used to promote equality of opportunity but it is not the last. one of the big things that happens here is in the realm of women's history but there is not enough time to go into that. by 1871, southern democrats have been complaining bitterly about the 13th amendment, 14th amendment, 14th amendment -- 15th amendment. the military reconstruction act. they keep saying that the republicans are using the government to funnel white tax dollars to lazy african-americans. and in -- and they paid no attention to this because they say they are just racist pigs. but in 1871 in south carolina, there is a movement that reorganizes opposition to republicans under a taxpayer protest. and this is a very famous image from the south carolina taxpayers

through the ku klux klan and riots and those kind of things i think it is -- it is -- >> and andrew johnson gave them a little notch. if they left it up to andrew johnson, there would be no -- >> it would have taken a real military operation to force reconstruction, and there would have been no way that would have happened because it would've been widely expensive. and many northerners actually bridled the -- >> even when they engaged in the indian wars, the republic wants the army to be smaller and smaller and smaller, but still protect the borders and the frontiers. co-chair gallagher: the u.s. army 1 -- u.s. army got down to 1/10 of its size. ok, this is sort of a specific question. what was the confederate policy regarding african-american soldier. w's? -- pows? what is the confederate policy? >> once he was colored troops were in action, the policy was to basically treat them and officers who commanded them as lamenting slave rebellion. so they were basically slaves -- slaves rebelling against authority. they were more like runaway slaves and they were soldiers to be treated as soldier

upon taking power, andrew johnson tried to define the meaning of the war unilaterally. he was only in office for one month when he announced a sweeping reconstruction policy. back in 1864, the republicans had selected johnson, a democrat , as lincoln's vice presidential running mate to show unity. johnson was the only u.s. senator from a seceded state who had remained in the senate rather than resigned and joined the confederacy. as vice president, johnson had talked tough about the need to punish the south. treason must be made odious, he said. the traders -- traitors must be punished and impoverished. their plantations must be seized and divided into small farms and sold to honest, industrious men. in may 1865, president johnson announced a policy so lenient to the south that it left his republican supporters flabbergasted. he offered sweeping amnesty to most former confederates. all confederates had to do was swear an oath of renewed allegiance to the united states and they would be allowed back in as if nothing had happened. the only exceptions to this policy were hi

[laughter] president andrew johnson basically a lot of these initiatives were overturned by andrew johnson. he rescinded special order number 15. and since 40 acres and a mule was no longer a promise, that was a severe disappointment to many of these recently freed african-americans, because they felt they deserved to the land -- they felt they deserved the land but they had to move on. , as they moved into the position of wage laborers, many of them have no experience with any type of financial institution or handling money at all. john w alfred took up where special order 15 left off. there had already been some prior financial institutions established by union troops , because of course we had the u.s. colored troops to they made -- those troops were making wages, but they did not have any institutions where they could deposit their money. so john w alfred met with people in new york and explained it and they thought it was a worthy cause. a worthy enterprise. the friedman's bank -- the fre edmen's bank took some of the ideas of the officers in the union troops and established it on a l

according to my observation, andrew johnson was also in mph. they were both acquitted by the united states senate and richard nixon also would have been impeached. and i would like to know if you know why andrew johnson was impeached. >> guest: toward understanding is the same as mine on why that happened. andrew johnson was a rambling than's vice president who i believe came from tennessee. he was not the kind of commentator and brilliant politician. and so after lincoln was killed and the civil war was one of the johnson had a tremendous fight with congress. he wasn't very adept at this and had problems with appointments and assisting unemployment and the senate, and it was a rather technical issue of his handling of appointment as i remember that caused the impeachment but under that was this tremendous stirring of animosity towards him because of his handling, rather his ham-handed handling of the reconstruction because he was letting the south do things with former slaves battling gimlet and have allowed for all we know and a lot of people

that basically andrew johnson said all i'm doing is exactly what president lincoln called pour for in the 10% plan. and that leads to the question how would lincoln have responded once the former confederate fedfederate fedfederate states begin to pass the black codes. i think johnson used lincoln effectively for johnson's purposes. >> -- that time to go into it. i figured i'd give you a chance to make that point now. [ laughter ] >> any other questions? i'll be glad to answer questions after. so great.

that basically andrew johnson said all i'm doing is exactly what president lincoln called for in the 10% plan. and that leads to the question how would lincoln have responded once the former confederate states begin to pass the black codes. i think johnson used lincoln effectively for johnson's purposes. >> [indiscernible] i figured i'd give you a chance to make that point now. [laughter] >> any other questions? i'll be glad to answer questions after. so great. thank you very much. [applause] >> each year, time magazine selects a single person who had most influence on other events during the previous 12 months. if the question were opposed in the year 1865, who would time have selected as person of the year? the library of virginia and american civil war museum invited five historians to present their candidates. next, clara barton is nominated, who ultimately was declared the winner. this event happen just a few weeks before the speaker died in a car accident in virginia. >> ladies and gentlemen, our last speaker and nominee elizabeth pr brown prior. elizabeth burst on the scene wi

that basically andrew johnson said all i'm doing is exactly what president lincoln called pour for in the 10% plan. and that leads to the question how would lincoln have responded once the former confederate fedfederate fedfederate states begin to pass the black codes. i think johnson used lincoln effectively for johnson's purposes. >> -- that time to go into it. i figured i'd give you a chance to make that point now. [ laughter ] >> any other questions? i'll be glad to answer questions after. so great. thank you very much. [ applause ] >>> you're watching american history tv in prime time. and every weekend here on c-span 3 experience american history tv starting saturday at 8:00 eastern. for more information follow us on twitter @c-span history. like us on facebook or visit our website at c-span.org/history. and with congress out for their spring recess we start with kenneth bolling on how d.c. became the capital of the united states. that's followed by scott berg on the architect who designed washington. and steven hansen chronicles the history of one of washington d.c.'s most famo

andrew johnson was left alone for eight of the most critical months in u.s. history. many x confederates who had been expecting the worst were now emboldened and ready to obstruct republican initiatives by any means necessary. when the republicans returned to congress, they refused to seat stevens and the other politicians. it's citing the authority of congress to give the judge of the elections congress told the south that they, not the president, would decide when the south would rejoin national government. after investigations by a joint committee on reconstruction determined that the situation in the south was appalling, that white southerners had not renounced -- but the lives of black leaders and northern men were not secure, a titanic struggle between the republicans of congress and president johnson over the fate of reconstruction and by extension the meaning of the civil war ensued. in june 1866, over a year after the war ended, the republicans in congress offered terms of surrender in the form of the 14th amendment. before the south could elect officials to

i wanted you to clarify. >> sure. >> andrew johnson of course was from north carolina. he was known to be from north carolina when he was in the senate prior to lincoln's election, and lincoln had a different vice president his first term i believe it was a man named hamlin. >> correct yeah. >> how it was that hamlin got dumped in the summer of '64 and the republican party picked a southerner to be vice president who was one heartbeat away from managing the world? >> very interesting. andy johnson fascinating and complicated character, johnson is a southern senator from tennessee when the war starts. he is a jacksonian democrat representing the yoeman of the south and he talked very tough against the planter elite whom he seemed to resent a great deal. johnson is the only southern senator to stick with the union in this moment in 1861. and he's rewarded by lincoln and the union administrate for he's made military governor once the union is occupied of the state. and as military governor, m.g. johnson rules with a heavy hand. he really does the bidding of the republican

outgoing vice president hamlin gave his farewell address and incoming vice president andrew johnson offeredth of office. the official party then adjourned to the huge platform erected on the east front of the capitol where they were greeted by a crowd numbering between 30 and 40000 individuals. unlike modern inaugurations n the 19th century, the president delivered the inaugural address prior to to the administration of oath of office by the chief justice of the united states. >> fellow country men. at this second appearing to taking the oath of the presidential office there's less occasion for extended address as there was in the first. then statement someone in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have constantly been called fourth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation. little that is new could be presented. the progress of our arms, upon all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself. it is,

there was little if any indication that andrew johnson was either capable or inclined to secure the rightsneffective management the period of progress was only a brief interlude through equal rights through the next century. from the post emancipation era and for most of the 20th century, african american men and women alongside bad supporters fought against disenfranchisement and sured violence at the hands of hose who would keep them subordinate at static. not only was there a denial of justice and opportunity to the black man who had borne the battle, but there was precious widow for his. the black exclusion had spawned a movement that would not be stayed. the landmark decision brown versus the board of education of topeka kansas overturned the plessie versus ferguson decision. a decade later, the civil rights act restored the rights that black men and women had been denied in the previous century. this restoration did not come without great sacrifice. 50 years ago today, the struggle to create the just and fair america that lincoln had envisioned could be seen in selma alabama's bloody

general of the army and was general in chief until the republican party approached me after andrew johnson's term was nearing an end and requested i run. i did not want to run, but i felt the party that had elected president lincoln had come to me and asked me and i should answer the call, so iran for the presidency. host: general ulysses s. grant portrayed by kurt fields and general robert e lee coat -- portrayed by t c-span3. ♪ ♪ ["auld lang syne"] ♪ ♪ ♪ ♪ host: let's go live to have a maddox in northern virginia here on c-span3 on the 150th anniversary of the surrender at appomattox. think some of the sites there making their way to the stacking of the arms. here, we are joined live by elizabeth varon, the author of a number of books, including her most recent, "appomattox: victory, defeat and freedom at the end of the civil war." we want to make sure we invite our callers and viewers to join in on the conversation. the phone numbers are on your screen. you can send us a tweet at c-span history and we are on facebook. elizabeth varon, thank you for joining us. elizabeth: this is the best

general of the army and was general in chief until the republican party approached me after andrew johnson's term was nearing an end and requested i run. i did not want to run, but i felt the party that had elected president lincoln had come to me and asked me and i should answer the call, so iran for the presidency. host: general ulysses s. grant portrayed by kurt fields and general robert e lee coat -- portrayed by thomas jesse. inc. you for being with us and with our viewers as well. our program continues here at the 150th anniversary at the surrender of the army here at northern virginia at appomattox historical park. in just a moment, we will be joined by elizabeth varon author of "appomattox: victory defeat and freedom at the end of the civil war." in the meantime, we are going to let you watch some of the sites and sounds happening here at appomattox court house national historic park. we will continue with your calls in just a moment for elizabeth varon. you are watching american history tv on c-span3. ♪ host: let's go live to have a maddox in northern virginia here on c-span3 on the

general of the army and was general in chief until the republican party approached me after andrew johnson's term was nearing an end and requested i run. i did not want to run, but i felt the party that had elected president lincoln had come to me and asked me and i should answer the call, so iran for the presidency. host: general ulysses s. grant portrayed by kurt fields and general robert e lee coat -- portrayed by thon c-span3. ♪

jefferson davis was captured on may 10 and andrew johnson declared the war over on may 10, just a month after the surrender here at appomattox. him and him and him

jefferson davis was captured on may 10 and andrew johnson declared the war over on may 10, just a month after the surrender here at appomattox. there was still kirby smith with the army in texas and his official surrender is not until june 2, 1865. the surrender at appomattox was a multi-day process. after leeann grant met, they appoint commissioners to work out the details of how they surrender will take place. that is done by the commissioners on april 10 and the confederate cavalry is set to surrender their sabers and carbines, the artillery, and the bulk of generally's army surrenders on april 12. over 22,000 men and i will take you to to the road where they surrendered now. we are once again standing on the richburg/wichman stage road. the signals were the last artillery shots were fired on the morning of april 9. also is the home of george pierce, the county clerk. he had a special guest for dinner general jocelyn kj -- general jocelyn chamberlain. over the course of their dinner conversation -- chamberlain has the lee-grant meeting site all the way up to the maclean house. his me

but he did know that president andrew johnson had put a reward of $100,000 in gold, that's 1865 money. that's not 2015 money. you'd have to multiply that by something like 30 to get close to what it would be in our money. $100,000 in gold on his head because of his, what they believed his alleged complicit in lincoln's assassination. when davis was captured he knew his south was reeling, defeat destruction, death stalked the land that he loved and that he had striven to serve as well as he could. now there is no evidence that davis was cherished like robert e. lee. i make no such claim, yet, it's just at the same time just as obvious that most southerners considered him a man who had been devoted to his kaurks andcause and a man who had given all to his cause, even defeat. even defeat did not lead to his denigration denigration. confederate defeat was not blamed on him. it would be later by those two famous men johnston and beauregard. but in 1865 southerners did not blame jefferson davis for their defeat. but his imprisonment initiated a change in the way the white south viewed him.

but he did know that president andrew johnson had put a reward of $100,000 in gold, that's 1865 money. that's not 2015 money. you'd have to multiply that by something like 30 to get close to what it would be in our money. $100,000 in gold on his head because of his, what they believed his alleged complicit in lincoln's assassination. when davis was captured he knew his south was reeling, defeat destruction, death stalked the land that he loved and that he had striven to serve as well as he could. now there is no evidence that davis was cherished like robert e. lee. i make no such claim, yet, it's just at the same time just as obvious that most southerners considered him a man who had been devoted to his kaurks andcause and a man who had given all to his cause, even defeat. even defeat did not lead to his denigration denigration. confederate defeat was not blamed on him. it would be later by those two famous men johnston and beauregard. but in 1865 southerners did not blame jefferson davis for their defeat. but his imprisonment initiated a change in the way the white south viewed him.

what would president andrew johnson do? what would happen the next day? trepidation for the future, i found, was particularly acute for african-americans. lincoln had been deeply influenced. one 6-year-old boy down south echoing the fear of grown ups around him. asked would he have to be a slave again. i knew the principal responses would be shock and grief. people were astonished astoundsed stewupefied. people wrote word of lincoln's death was like a thunder clap from a clear, blue sky. it was a dreadful dream a play on a stage. today we would say i felt like i was in a movie. it was a joke, a hoax, a lie and in particularly for former slaves it was a successionist lie. clergymen struggled to make it through their sermons, some unsuccessfully. the minister broke down and the tears rolled down his cheeks. union soldiers were weeping like children. lincoln's mourners were al angry, very angry. if another battle came to pass one soldier wrote to his mother they're confederate opponents wish he told her they had never been born. the men of the famous black 5

university of maryland history professor michael ross lectures on the tensions between president andrew johnson and the republican-dominated congress. southern legislatures, and how hate groups used the 14th amendment to promote whites of premise -- white supremacy. it was in the supreme court chamber and he is introduced by supreme court justice anthony kennedy. this is just under one hour. [applause] >> thank you very >> thank you for coming. my bookmarks -- mira march not trespass on those of the distinguished speaker -- my remarks will not trespass on the distinguished speaker. first, to note that we should all feel privileged to be here today. this is the first in a series of lectures that have been renamed. these are now called the leon silverman supreme court lectures. leon was wonderful. he was the president of the supreme court historical society. i think in 1991 until 2002. he was a fascinating man. he used to

michael ross lectures on the tensions between president andrew johnson and the republican-dominated congress. the short-lived. of seven black ledges features -- legislatures and how hate groups promoted white supremacy. the speech is one of the series of four posted by the supreme court historical society. it was in the supreme court chamber and he is introduced by supreme court justice anthony kennedy. this is just under an hour. [applause] justice kennedy: thank you again for coming. my remarks will not trespass on those of our distinguished speaker, saying to make two different points. one is to introduce professor michael rose. the flash

andrew johnson called himself a jeffersonian. he said he loved jeffersonian theory about government. and the bedrock of that was a very small government, nonintrusive. just did the minimum you would want that kind of government to do. he's used by lots of people who take that view. that's his union. his union is a union -- prof. onuf: well, the idea to take consent to its logical extreme. what does it mean? in some ways, enlightened people spontaneously form unions. maybe to better understand it, we have to think about the scottish enlightenment moral philosophy. we have to think about moral sense. about the new account of human nature that comes out of the scottish enlightenment which is , remarkably democratic in its implications. that is, all of us have that kind of moral sense. that's crucial for politics, for understanding society itself because what it means is that we do not have to be ordered, governed, and constrained to do the right thing. maybe the epitome of this enlightenment hope for mankind -- kind of a joke now --

he schedules a special meeting with president andrew johnson. they unanimously reject the sherman agreement. keep in mind, lincoln's body is still lying in the capital at this point. as sherman finds out, there is not a lot of warm and fuzzy feeling up north about southerners. secretary of war conducts grant to go to north carolina to take over from sherman. grant and sherman being, grant will not subject is friend to that -- his friend to that deletion. he heads south and tells sherman that the deal is alice -- off. in accordance, a he has to give johnston 48 hours notice that hostility will resume unless johnston accepts appomattox terms. sherman decides that is just the way it has to be. he sent a message to johnston. sherman's message arrives at headquarters one hour after davis'telegram accepting the terms. now there is nothing left for the men to do. they have to meet again at the bennett house on april 26. now they have to hammer out an agreement based on the appomattox terms. initially, johnston says he does not -- it does not offer his

he schedules a special meeting with president andrew johnson. they unanimously reject the sherman agreement. keep in mind, lincoln's body is still lying in the capital at this point. as sherman finds out, there is not a lot of warm and fuzzy feeling up north about southerners. secretary of war conducts grant to go to north carolina to take over from sherman. grant and sherman being, grant will not subject is friend to that -- his friend to that deletion. he heads south and tells sherman that the deal is alice -- off. in accordance, a he has to give johnston 48 hours notice that hostility will resume unless johnston accepts appomattox terms. sherman decides that is just the way it has to be. he sent a message to johnston. sherman's message arrives at headquarters one hour after davis'telegram accepting the terms. now there is nothing left for the men to do. they have to meet again at the bennett house on april 26. now they have to hammer out an agreement based on the appomattox terms. initially, johnston says he does not -- it does not offer his

grant would write that confronted with what he called the foolhardiness of the far too lenient andrew johnson and the blindness of the southern people to their own interested grant had adrapted -- i gradually worked up to the point where i favored disenfranchisement for african-americans, grant would write in his memoirs, and he came to see this as politically necessary. it was the only way he would argue to dispel the protection they would control the nation again and were entitled to do so. and here is the thing i found most surprising in my research, the discovery that most surprised me. it was the discovery that grant was deeply disappointed by and resentful of lee's refusal to give the victors their due. in may 1866 newspaper interview, a little more than a year after the surrender, grant took lee to task. he told the reporter he talked to, grant did, that lee, was quote, behaving badly unquote setting an example i continue to groat, grant is setting an example of forces acquiescence, so grudging and fern. >> in its effects to be hardly realized. an example of forced acquiescence and per

i thought you were going to say andrew johnson. >> for the way he mismanaged the vietnam war.ondly i would probably say carter third maybe and i know i'm going to take heat on this. on foreign policy which is what cheney meant i would say barack obama and george bush are probably tied. >> wow, george w. bush? >> yeah. you know he what? a quinnipiac poll last year reflected the same thing. >> franklin -- or james buchanan? you are ignoring me. you are totally ignoring me. >> i would never ignore you, bill. >> i just pointed out buchanan, pierce, fill more, all worse. >> no, i don't believe so. not in my opinion. >> i don't disagree with andrea 100% i have to say. >> johnson and carter? you agree on johnson and carter for 1 and 2? >> no, i don't. i don't. but i think in terms of foreign policy i'm not 1100% on page with the president. and i hopefully hopefully, because i believe so much in our country and where we are going and hopefully where it continues to go that we don't have a legacy left from bush and obama that leaves us in a worse place than we are. >> the next presiden

he schedules a special meeting with president andrew johnson and his cabinet. they unanimously reject the sherman agreement. keep in mind lincoln's body is still lying in state in the capitol. as sherman finds out from read reading the northern newspapers there's not a lot of warm and stuzzy zyfuzzy feelings about the southern southerners. grant authorizes his friend to take over negotiations. but grant will not subject his friend to that humiliation. instead, grant tells sherman the deal is off and terms rejected and in accordance to the agreement, he has to give johnston 48 hours notice hostilities will resume unless johnston sense the terms. sherman decides that's the way it has to be. sends a message to johnston. sherman's message arrives at johnston's headquarters just one hour after davis' telegram accepting the terms. now, there's nothing left for the two men to do. they have to meet a third time at the bennett house on april the 26th. gone is all the elation they felt on the afternoon of the 18th. now, they have to hammer out an agreement based on the t