something else that something that will seriously be a lie ok let's go live now to my colleague andrew thomas andrew we can see a change in location where are you what have you been seeing and hearing. based on 50 meters away from where i was speaking perfectly calmly an hour ago and that just shows how quickly situations can change here this is whole court road one of the main streets on the hong kong island is a flyover there should be trucks with traffic on a monday a look at be complete it's like a viper testers and in the last 20 minutes or so to a gas has been touring down on the. blood coming out of tight the gas mosque up but beyond the fly over there are barricades and beyond then we assume i have actually been out to see them but place because that's where the tear gas has been coming from as a.

andrew thomas andrew we can see you've changed location where are you what have you been seeing and hearing . based on 50 meters away from where i was speaking to you perfectly calmly an hour ago and that just shows how quickly situations can change here this is whole court road one of the main streets on the hong kong island is a flyover there should be trucks with traffic on a monday a look at be complete it's like a viper testers and in the last 20 minutes or so tear gas has been pulling down on the. blood coming out of tight the gas mask up but beyond the fly over there are barricades and beyond then we assume i'm actually going to see them but place because that's where the tear gas has been coming from as it's been fired over onto the floor of these protesters are using traffic cones to try and put those on top of the tear gas canisters and stop that's not from spreading but it's only having limited effect as a sight even 10 minutes ago this was just a cloud of tear gas most of it's played now which is how i'm able to so but piece of the broader picture a day that was supposed to be about a peaceful strike in hong kong and courage and people not to go to what tickles economic destruction but. monday economic disturbance but not this. yet again and this is happening again and again and again normally peaceful protests which are then taken over by lots of people who do love level vandalism the house is the best way of putting it in traffic lights in some cases taking a pot and just uses barricades but the place then coming in with the situation like this on previous days this has happened off the dot once it's nighttime well it's already made up then they bought a clock in the afternoon on them now this is happening it's not the only place that there are 7 sites in honking my protests we know of tear gas used in at least 3 now including here but for all carry lamps words about wanting to address the violence and chaos in this city well this is violent this is chaotic this is what she and this doesn't look like it's going to be they got another to. buy just over there. as you're talking to. flipping between those live pictures. and some of the wires to show. the protesters waiting quite patiently i mean give us a sense if you can how well organized the demonstrators are i mean. who the authorities i guess will be tanking to find out who they are where they live where they work that kind of thing. we don't know if protest leaders and there's a contradiction here they're certainly old and all used in the sense that they know what to do they spread messages on social media very quickly about where to head very effective quickly taking down traffic barry's using them as barricades being times of someone you know group charge of the protest as well i've not seen any evidence of that so at a place conference a press conference by the place an hour ago they said that since may june when all these protests began they've used a 1000 rounds of tear gas nobody's a lot lol today they also said that arrested now hundreds of people whether they think they're going off the ringleaders and that will help local list down well it doesn't look it doesn't from this whoever is in custody who has been arrested it's is not stopping this. is the. bigger and bigger so the show is on some place. within themselves at a local level if you like but there is no overall organization but what they want now is that initial demands to see these extradition laws killed completely to never ever come but will they have moved into something altogether different much broader coles but democracy full self rule in hong kong that means something that isn't overseen by beijing because what they fear is that one country 2 systems is increasingly becoming one country one system and they want. democracy all told to me here there's a man you can say oh you just dropped them but carrying lots and lots of bricks you can't say the protest is an innocent in all of this they are throwing bricks like that at symbols of the state and then that the place responded what's the umbrella is go up to try and protect the identities of those gathering based bricks this is what we say again and again on the straights here. very quickly no level organization but in terms of organized structure peter no and when we saw that news conference from carrie lamb andrew she seemed to be quite delicately signaling to the protesters saying look if you do this and if this carries on you are actually jeopardizing what we have you you are in danger in the unique quality of hong kong so don't push this too far. absolutely when it goes back to this one country 2 systems she was essentially saying if you're not careful or test as you get one country one system china even to a greater extent in the protests think that already exists they want 2 countries or certainly 2 systems within one country but 2 very distinct systems and knife think that the current situation by beijing gets essential. hong kong government will that is not properly a 2 systems set up and i want that to change but certainly carry on with saying be careful don't push this too fast you also said in a press conference and i think we played a bit of it in the introduction to all of this the hong kong was on the verge of a very dangerous situation well if this isn't already a dangerous situat

pretty hard indeed we will continue to monitor what goes on in hong kong with you andrew through the day andrew thomas force in hong kong. now there's another flash point in asia that we're keeping a very close eye on and that's india where its prime minister is holding a cabinet meeting this hour the situation in indian administered kashmir is likely to be discussed the government has imposed an indefinite security lockdown in parts of the region prominent local politicians have been put under house arrest so when lines are down and the internet is not working priyanka gupta has the latest. parts of kashmir under lockdown thousands of indian troops monitored checkpoints neighborhoods and squares and moves soldiers are arriving schools and colleges are shot overnight mobile internet is blocked politicise ins are appealing for calm. they are mello would say i appeal to the people of the state to meet in the dark but they should maintain peace and happy since it is very necessary we should not take any step that would disturb us in the region. by sunday india put 3 prominent politicise under house arres

the largest gatherings since june let's go live now to hong kong of sirius andrew thomas can tell us more so the organizers andrew consider this to have been a success. they certainly do adrian i spoke to one of the organizers late on sunday night and he said it was a successful one so. i can be summed up what words turn out the nervousness that mainstream or you have taken part in the regular but small of the last few weeks which increasingly turn bottom up one of these maps. called civil. right friends now. those 2 huge rallies back in june got a 1000000 for one nearly 2000000 for another they had one on the 1st of july that about hot 1000000 people that haven't had a rally since this was the 1st big test since they of whether they still had support among ordinary phone calls on this number that they organize the quitely 1700000 in fact they drink more than that because that 1700000 only relates to victoria hall where they march began and the roads around that they were absolutely clocked they say they were able to count the poll. of people walking to another part of hong kong that's well actually think the ove

andrew thomas is our correspondent he's live in hong kong andrew it seems very much as though the idea of this extradition bill has been pretty much put to one side now the protests are including a lot more demands specifically about democracy and how it their democracy and how their relationship with beijing is to be maintained. oh that's right this is much more about a rule of the i thought it was on the phone generally and not so much anymore about the specifics of the extradition of all 3 so called got into now owes it to the shingles of being with war by the government put on hold but the protest is about them taking off the table but really as a side this is morphed into much more local democratic reform more generally and investigations into the place in the previous places. there is growing anger here in a home away that the police have in the eyes of protesters to try them when they have been basically protesting in a cool situation with h. rally escalates when the protesters come prepared for confrontation and some of them don't provide the place it has to be said and the police responded and that is by situation then a lot of hearts come out about the only thing western nations in the placing of those protests is very much a way of seeing how any of this ends and every day now they seem to be pushed into government crisis this is wanting to hold the in hong kong on sunday that are not right on complicated in the sense of the city in the new territories of hong kong was nearly a protest in the subtle john paul was that americans are now at c some protests he was studies at a police station that was relatively low that a lot is but yet he was saying now it seems that was these protests was writes us today was monday the cold was going on then i'll go and see the votes us across was all right andrew thomas in a very loud hong kong indeed thank you very much for now andrew wilkie designer of calls on the protests in hong kong florence and i've been speaking to emily lau she's a former democratic party member at the legislative council and i started by asking her what the protesters are seeking to achieve. the sun and the monster food ran chief executive harry latham to come out and a joke word that she will with strength the extradition and not just to say to you instead because that's not a legal language but very intentionally i think not just the protest it's at the people in the community including say west that michelin think it's. administration to set up a commission a pretty fiery. that's a plea headed by a very eminent retired judge to look into the home side of the last 9 weeks right get this crowd and it's not so much to a question relating but it's a fat thing like a truth commission right in south africa isn't this is the fundamental cools if you like that is bringing

andrew thomas joins us live now from hong kong so andrew any idea how all this is play at what the plan is for today. well this is a real test because this the number of people that come to this rally will really give a gauge of how much support the throw democracy if you like side of this increasingly antagonistic battle has become home come about the point behind me is victoria park right in the middle of home calling it has the capacity the place say of well over 100000 people and it's pretty much full we've come to the edge about pot because we can't get a mobile signal we use my bus it will cost you a side the pogs like you some indication how busy it is on the roads around or completely knocked out as well so i think it's about except that. andrew thomas we have just. we have just lost contact with him but we will try to get back to him very shortly. thousands of people have been left homeless after a fire swept through a slum in the capital bangladesh and began on friday evening in dhaka poor area by fighters put out the fire of course but it took several hours of deaths have been reported though some people were injured and investigation of course is underway let's go to church audrey who is in dhaka right now tom what else can you tell us about what happened. well if you can see behind me it's absolutely devastating i mean not a single. shanties been standing most of them are coral gated teen the several big trees which is not in the frame they're all burned luckily nobody died but several people were injured fortunately again not so seriously most of this people are trying to sell that whatever they can many of them have been living here for 20 years some of them came from villages of course due to climate. reasons but a lo

something else that say that seriously a lie let's talk to our correspondent andrew thomas tracking that story for us in hong kong andrew how much of a success has this strike been today. while hong kong has been very.

andrew johnson's impeachment. my primary work will be thomas dixon's "the politics of popular portrayals of andrew johnson's impeachment" one, john f. kennedy's "profiles in courage". my thesis is, that these works portray a radical reconstruction , and reinforce the once highly held belief that although clinical factors inevitably influenced impeachment, under high crimes and misdemeanors, should occur only if there's been a legal transgression threatening the welfare of the republic. let's start with the 23. is me if you know, was a pulitzer prize winner 1957. with sketches of senators with personal cost, over partisan politics. there's one chapter on johnson's impeachment which is most of you know failed by conviction by just one vote. these are the illustrations kennedy has for this chapter. it lasted almost 2 months. and here is a cartoon of the senate chamber with the trial going on. edmund is kennedy's hero, this scanned the senator who sacrificed his career, and delivered a decisive vote to stave off conviction after johnson's impeachment on trumped up charges by fellow republicans. the filling his sworn duty to follow the law, rather than been to pressure, he preserves the constitutional balance of power by keeping the presidents from becoming subservient to the legislative will. doing so he performed what one historian called the most heroic act in american history incomparably more difficult than any deed of valor upon the field of battle. in fact it was so valorous that he wrote his own account of the impeachment which you can still buy. this is a really nice story. of courage. bus, unquestionably accepting self-aggrandizing accounts kennedy ignored compelling is not certain evidence that the senator remained undecided to the last minute, because he was shopping his boat around for the highest bidder. although there was no indication that kennedy intentionally distorted the facts, there was ample political modification for him to highlight this alleged refusal to bow to political pressure. kennedy of course, then senator kennedy, in 1957, at presidential ambitions. brown versus board of education he was aware that massachusetts would eventually need support to procure the democratic nomination. in 1957 it is important to remember, many americans consider johnson a hero. through kennedy. truman carrying out a family can's policies reconciliation with the defeated south, seeking to bind up the wounds of the nation and treat the south with mercy and fairness. johnson face the extremists in congress could already, those radicals passed legislation to administer the downtrodden southern states as conquered provinces. bill after bill was passed, was vetoed, on the grounds that they were unconstitutional, too harsh in the treatment of the south, or an unnecessary promulgation of military rule. with the authority of the executive branch. those bills included company go back, 1866 civil rights act, which gave african-americans citizenship and basic economic rights, an extension of the freedoms. on the reconstruction act of 1867. they were of course always unfair to the south. is no accident that the villains in his best-selling portrayal, massachusetts own benjamin butler and charles sumner. described by kennedy respectively as the butcher of new orleans, and the south most in likable enemy who helped to make the reconstruction. a black nightmare the south would never forget. is a tax on these northerners, he assured some letters that this massachusetts politician could be trusted. and to add more to the politics of the time, if you can avert for a moment your eye away from the fact that this only cost $.35, this addition, you might not be able to see this, the full addition written by this historian, alan evans was a pulitzer prize winning historian and he was not only he wrote the forward for the inaugural edition, he was the chairman of and he read the manuscript to make sure it was historically accurate. for him, this is what he has to say about reconstruction. it was a time of profligate debasement, when the back of the upper hand in congress. johnson was partly broken, sumner in contrast was an example of the false kind of courage that grew out of abolitionist fanaticism. this is just a sideline. unfortunately, foreign policy, this guy who had this reconstruction, is so influential with grants by the first today. that was a sidelight. the race is novel by thomas dixon, "the clansman" , it omits the impeachment trial. but "the clansman" does kits for trail of the trial has similarity to profiles in courage, employing dramatic flair to tell the story of heroism. is not surprising because dixon relies on kennedy sources. he does have a somewhat different focus than kennedy. dixon lion ices law but he focuses on the character, thaddeus stevens, african- american rights was threatening the foundation of the public. this is how thaddeus stevens is illustrating, "the clansman" , of course, lincoln. stevens was so sick yet to allow butler to take over as the lead prosecutor and could not finish the one speech he tried to give. this needed a villain. what a lot of mistress it was a prime architect of the black plague of reconstruction. for kennedy it was the black nightmare. now to the film. 9042, tennessee johnson, obviously, johnson is played by van heflin who just won an oscar. and the film acknowledges that its medium requires taking certain liberties. for instance, even though johnson did not appear at his own trial, in the film he comes in and gives a stirring defense. the film produces drama, by pitting johnson again stevens, displayed in a wheelchair by lionel barrymore who is perfectly cast after just having played a villain in it's a wonderful life. and the screenwriter had written the screenplay, for frankenstein. he was good at creating monsters. these are the three different works, they lost the similarities. but there are different states that they have the portrayals. for kennedy, but was at stake was the checks and balances of government. the independence of the executive office as a coordinate branch of government was on trial. dixon, agreed with that. this is a chapter called the supreme test. he says almost exactly the same as kennedy, the partisan majority in congress and remove the executive and defy the spring court, the ability to make decisions without an in. the equality was in. the real supreme question was, will the u.s. remain a white republic? in the film, it also wants to rally support for the war effort. by stressing natural unity. how did he do that? it portrays an illiterate, johnson coming from north carolina, he learns how to read and write, becomes a spokesman for poor whites. and the poor whites would be, his hero was tennessee democrat andrew jackson and he opposed lincoln in 1860. his love of the union made him loyal even when tennessee seceded causing lincoln to choose him as vice president in 1864. was president, he is committed to following lincoln's policies, rather than stevens average end, confiscation, suspension present this branch has been. you can see, or two, you're going to have, in times of crisis and war, you need to have north and south reconcile. and you need to have jacksonian democrats and ligonier republicans getting together. of course african-americans were needed for the war effort to. their plight is appropriated to bolster the films appeal to poor whites. the very first scene, johnson, runaway apprentice, fugitive, is a shekel in his life. and he is have that cut off. so he's the fugitive, shekel on the leg, if the poor white. he keeps a shekel all of his life. and then when stevens comes in, when is president and offers to help them, i'll help you when the next election, if you support radical rec

districts where the legislative council is based but 1st let's go to andrew thomas he's in victoria park where the protest started so andrew give us a sense of how many people are still out on the streets. here in victoria park where it all began about 7 hours ago now there are still thousands of people and that is despite almost to wrench to rain that came down for the 1st hour of this process i really thought when i saw the whole crowd on sunday that that might put people off from coming this friday when that rain began i thought at that point a lot of people would leave they didn't they stayed in this park it was absolutely packed as well all the streets around this area and cool as y. e bay on the western part of hong kong island now the place restricted the rally to this park they said that the cost of this park about a $100.00 maybe 850000 would be enough the organize the said they wanted to march they didn't think this would hold the protesters and they were determined to show that as this protest began they were calling people to get into the park to show that was a good prostate and then show that all the streets

andrew johnson, his hero was andrew jackson. his other hero was thomas jefferson. so states rights, protection of slavery, another thing he is also known for, and he was also a slave owner himself. he owned over -- nine slaves? prof. slap: 10 to 12. johnson played up the apprenticeship, that he was treated as a slave. there was a difference in actuality. in his mind, he conflated the two. that is one of the reasons why attackeden -- he planters, the wealthy slaveowners who he sees looking down on the poor whites like him even when he becomes wealthy. he still identifies and sees himself as a poor white. that guides a lot of his philosophy. a lot of what he does in his life is that self-image of being the poor hardscrabble white person pulling himself up. i talked about how he did not like planters. he viewed himself even before the war and certainly when secession started ripping the country apart, he was with the honest yeomen fighting the slave-ocracy, the words he was what he called the pampered, bloated, corrupted aristocracy. these are people with huge plantations from nashville, going to memphis and down the mississippi river. people who really did control much of the southern economy and politics, even though johnson was a united states senator, he still thought he was being looked down upon by these people. these people were controlling the economy and everything in southern society for their benefit and hurting poor whites like he had been and who he thought he was representing. eventually, as zach was mentioning, he does rather well for himself. makes a lot of his money in property investment. throughout the area, buying and selling different properties, ended up living in a rather nice home, owning 10, 11 slaves. amazingly enough, historians can't figure out how many he did own during his lifetime. it is a debated point. unlike abraham lincoln, who repeatedly talked about his preference for leaving the constitution alone in the 1840's and 1850's, johnson, who is going to save the constitution and is the constitution president, repeatedly throughout life wanted to change the constitution, to amend it. in 1860 and 1868 and multiple times did multiple proposals to amend the constitution. right here is the difference between lincoln and johnson. it is also interesting to see what he is trying to change about it. he wants a direct election of u.s. senators, 12 year term on federal judges, eliminating the electoral college. >> a populist. prof. slap: in many ways a populist, at least in some ways. but in all of these things he is trying to say let's give power, more political power to average americans. but he is also in doing this, one, these are major changes. eliminating the electoral college. also doing direct election of u.s. senators, what does that in effect mean? he wants the federal government to tell states how they should select their senators. does that sound like states rights? the electoral college, people are discussing it even to this day, based on the idea of the states coming together. if you get rid of the electoral college, just have a popular national election, it is limiting the influence of states. in many ways throughout his life, johnson at some times is a strict constructionist and wants to save the constitution and wants states rights. at other times though, he is like, let's rip up the constitution and change them. let's take away power at least in some ways from the states or tell states what to do. of course, johnson had been made abraham lincoln's vice president nominee in 1864 because he was a democrat so lincoln could run on a union party ticket. he could be a republican, johnson a democrat to try to attract broader political support. during the middle of the war. so the democrats could vote for abraham lincoln and say we are voting not for a republican but we are voting for a republican and a democrat who are going to prosecute this war fully. this would have dire repercussions when lincoln is assassinated. they are not from the same party, don't have the same philosophy. and this is seen within just several months of johnson taking power to becoming president. many radical republicans initially thought johnson would work better with them than lincoln had. lincoln pocket vetoed. one of the radical republicans attempts at reconstruction, but he was turning to negotiate with -- starting to negotiate with them to try to figure out how to go forward. johnson had been severe throughout the war against southern planters and the southern aristocracy and pushed to fight a hard war. at heart, this quote of his explains. the negroes, i am fighting their aristocratic masters." he was fighting to preserve the union and possibly punish the people he thought were responsible for the war. we see this carry out, carry on in reconstruction. >> so he was saying like slaveowners was the reason for the war, and -- prof. slap: not just slaveowners. from johnson's perspective, the people most responsible for the war were the wealthy planters, people with 20, 30, 40, 100 slaves, with outsized political power and influence. did you have a question? remember, this is a struggle that we talked about earlier with fremont's proposal of who is -- what is the role of the president, what is the role of congress? lincoln had taken a great deal of power as president during the war. congress and lincoln had fought over that periodically. in the fremont case he is saying, i don't have the power constitutionally to do the things i want to do. congress needs to do it. that is why when he takes a step in the emancipation proclamation he is still pushing the 13th amendment to have congress, the lawmakers decide. congress after lincoln's death continues to try to dictate reconstruction policy. they think it is their role. to decide how the nation is supposed to be reconstructed. they start passing various pieces of legislation. one of the first ones is the freedmen's bureau bill. an extension of the freedmen's bureau. the idea was to create an agency that was going to help african-americans adjust to freedom. provide money for schools, provide people who can negotiate between former slaves and former slaveowners, for them to work together. economically, get jobs, to be able to help resettle them on millions of acres of land. and johnson vetoes it. this came as a shock to many of the republicans. the author of the freedmen's bureau bill was a moderate. the definition of a moderate republican. he specifically has written the bill try to keep it as conservative as possible to bring on more conservative republicans to support it and so johnson would sign it. he was surprised that it got, that it was vetoed, along with many other republicans. republicans had to go back to rewrite the bill, make it even more conservative so they could get enough votes to override johnson's veto. they ended it -- ended up limiting the effectiveness of the freedmen's bureau. this set a pattern going on into 1866. one of those patterns is johnson's interaction with congress and vetoes. some of you may notice the formatting. this comes from the old faithful wikipedia. i don't suggest you always trust them. they are useful for getting charts and graphs. this is a summary of vetoes from george washington through andrew johnson. here is the number of vetoes, the total number of all vetoes and the number of vetoes overridden. what do you notice? >> johnson is double the next man. 29. prof. slap: johnson is equal of even the next two. he is more than the next two. >> most of them are overridden. prof. slap: most of johnson's get overridden. it is constitutional for the president to veto congressional legislation. that is in the constitution. but johnson is acting in a way no previous president had done with regard to that power in the constitution. he is acting in a rather radical, revolutionary way compared to all previous presidents. what he does is consistently vetoing congressional attempts at reconstruction. first the freedmen's bureau bill, civil rights bill, trying to guarantee civil rights for african americans and other people in the united states, and eventually congress decides it needs to be more aggressive in reconstruction. what they turn to is article 4, section four of the constitution.

extradition but let's go live now to hong kong andrew thomas is outside a police station there which is surrounded by protesters where we spoke to you an hour ago andrew there was a pair of tension but at least things were calm what's the situation. where there are pigs and troughs a dreamer in a bit of a truck right now but just 510 minutes ago the place time outs and started using tear gas to play in the crowd this is night and rugs on the northern side of hong kong hall but in the area coke out this is normally one of hong kong's major chore streets one of its major shopping streets b. you can see it's been really like you know. this most of them wearing helmets probably a majority wearing deaths last since they came prepared for the place to use tear gas just in the last minutes or so. sorry we appear to have. lost our signal there from but for andrew thomas live in hong kong we'll try and get him back. so that he can finish what he was telling us about as he said. was. sort of. waxing and waning of tension there among the protesters said that the standoff with police that we've got on your back and are you telling us about he was just about to sa