prays by lincoln and frederick douglass as the most effective exponent of the union cause was anna dickinson the first woman to address congress in a courageous order who stood down pro slavery mobs in the same way. immigrants and catholics left. no doubt that day two willingly risked everything for their country by the time the war ended in 1865 a consensus has spread through the country that those previously denied the rights of citizenship had proven that worth and deserved full legal inequality. the result was a trio of amendments that sought to correct to glaring contradictions in the constitution. it's unstated support for slavery, and it's failure to define citizenship. the first issue was resolved by the 13th amendment which ended slavery in the united states. defining citizenship proved a little bit more difficult difficult and contentious resulting in the 14th amendment which became part of the constitution 1868. its opening words appeared to make clear the legal inequality of all americans in eloquent and precise language and is worth quoting. all citizens excuse me, all persons b