hassan can n g, the director of horn international institute for strategic studies in london, anthony goldman, he's the head of pro media consulting, which advises companies and institutions on business and political risk in africa. and some beijing, china we have and democracy in the research fellow at the center for china and globalization. a welcome gentleman to all of you, mr. can you just give you the 1st question? i mean, to understand china's contact with africa, we have to sort of go back to its origin and 1st contact you might say between the 2 continents that the 500 years ago, back in the 15th century, early trade was that initial contact that they had it was very important and it still remains important to day. it is indeed true that the interaction between china on the continent go back hundreds of years ago at the time of cause that preceded colonialism. and this is something that he thought to be an established based on the evidence of any questions along that and call and leased up in quote that actually go back about a 1000 years ago. now the actions were significantly mortif