and the apollo 11 signals nobody figured what they were. it took apollo 12. the difference was the apollo 12 astronauts landed in a different place, took another system with longer power sources then left the moon again. but the seismologists had asked nasa for permission when the astronauts docked with the command module in lunar orbit and didn't need the ascent vehicle anymore to send the assent vehicle back to the moon where it was li it would crash but it would crash and create seismic waves and crash in a known place at a known times. for the first time ned a seismic source, the characteristics of which any knew, they knew the energy, time, location. and it produced size mow grams like on apollo 11. it was an ah-ha moment. this is what seismic grams looks like on the moon but it took another experiment, cooperation of the flight folks at nasa to recreate an event so that we could understand how different the moon is from the earth. it's different for a the variety of technical reasonsle. it's different because the outer tens of kilometers are fractured a

we had the anniversary of the launch of apollo yesterday, apollo 11. this saturday, we will have the anniversary of the landing. 1969,vening, july 20, late afternoon was the landing. i would say there were probably billions of people around the world watching that event all over the globe. together toumanity look at a technological achievement in a largely apolitical way. less than eight years after president kennedy announced in his speech in houston in early 1961 challenging the country to go to the moon before the end of the decade, to send humans to the moon and bring them back safely. we did that. 1961 was such an early phase of the space program. the first humans had orbited the planet. it was only four years after sputnik. yet in eight years, we could carry a apollo 11. really extraordinary. the backing of the country, it had resources, and really amazing engineers who figured out very challenging problems. one of the things the scientific community realized is they were witnessing a remarkable event in history and a remarkable achievement. scie

he mac apollo 11 houston, there is contact. >> apollo 11, houston to arrive standing by. over. >> apollo 11, this is hornet. he mac apollo 11 read you loud and clear. 130, 6915. 11 hornet copy 13301675. over. >> three, 30. nine, 15. [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] >> what was it we were really celebrating? three men who had done what no man before had done? a technological feet was believed to be on the realm of possibility? >> the fulfillment of an age- old dream? were we celebrating simply because it had been a long time since we had anything to celebrate? or, was this something that touched an ear rational unthinking instinct in the fall. in us all. [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] [ music ] >> going to take a trip goodbye mother. goodbye mother, so long mother. so long mother. goodbye mother, goodbye mother earth. >> the treasure of the ages, stones from across the night. on rubbed by wind. unwashed by rain. scattered on tranquility. bombarded by solar particles from billions of years that unchanged in any other way, a moon rock is l

and apollo 11. we will see whether that is -- i won't see it, but that may either case. host: is it true that armstrong took of peace of the flyer with him? guest: he did. it's upstairs here today. -- neil's dedication was to the practice of flight. whether it is airplanes, rocket planes or spacecraft. the museum loaned him some pieces of the wright flyer to take to the moon to demonstrate that historical continuity. host: our conversation with john logsdon. he is author of "john f. kennedy and the race to the moon." founder of george washington university's space policy institute. thank you for your time today. we are there from the national air and space museum today as we talk about the 50th anniversary of the moon landing, the apollo 11 mission. we are doing this program in conjunction with our associates at american history tv today. if you go to our website, the wreck in history tv website not only can you see everything we have taken in for this event, but also want american history tv all we

" and "apollo" 11.ll see whether that's -- well, i won't see, but i think that may be the case. >> is it true armstrong took a piece of the wright flyer up with him? >> he did, indeed. it belongs to this museum. it's upstairs here today. and he did take -- i mean, neil's dedication was to the practice of flight, whether it's airplanes, rocket planes or spacecraft. and so the museum loaned him some pieces of the wright flyer to take to the moon with him to kind of demonstrate that historical continuity. >> our conversation with john logsdon. he's the author of "john f. kennedy and the race to the moon." the founder of george washington university's space policy institute. thank you for your time today. >> it's been a pleasure. >> we are live from the national air and space museum today as we talk about the 50th anniversary of the moon landing. the "apollo 11" mission. we're doing this program in conjunction with "american history tv" today. if you go to our "american history tv" website, not only can you

we copy. >> apollo 11, apollo 11 eagle.mselves off from collins in the command module and for the two craft to pull apart. >> 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. houston out. over. >> okay. it's go there. okay. flight controllers, going around the horn, going to go for undocking. okay. retro. >> go. >> guide. >> go. >> control. >> go. >> dell com. >> go. >> cap come, we are go for undocking. >> hello, eagle. houston, we're standing by. over. >> eagle, houston, we see you. over. >> roger, eagle is undocked. >> roger. how does it look? >> the eagle has wings. >> the eagle has wings. on its own now, but with columbia near at hand, it coasted around to the backside of the moon and there while out of direct communication with the earth it fired its engine to slow its descent to a touchdown on the near side of the moon. collins and columbia continued in orbit, awaiting their return. >> flight controllers, go for landing. retro. >> go. >> guidance. >> go. >> e con. >> go. >> cap com, we are go for landing. >> you are go for landing. over. >> go for la

in this interview, he talked about the apollo missions . >> apollo 11, the lunar landing

so, i have been in eight/downs during apollo -- in eight splashdowns during apollo.unmanned spacecraft that came back. i was on the spaceship -- i was on the ship that recovered orion. that was in 2014. i had fun with that because when i left -- and i am consulting with the kennedy space center, who is in charge of landing recovery, like we used to do. when i left the team, i made a comment to him. i said, this is my ninth splashdown, and i am still eight ahead of you. and i hope you can catch up. after that, i became a flight controller for the approach and landing testing. i worked as a flight controller in four different positions in mission control during the first nine missions of the space shuttle, and was very fortunate to be selected as a flight director in 1983 and supported 20 space shuttle flights as a flight director, seven of those as the lead flight director. the most fun i ever had was by luck of the draw. i got to be the lead like director for when we went back to the hubble and restored its vision. that was a big thing, really enjoyed it. beyond that

it took apollo 12. the apollo 12 astronauts landed in different places. they took another system and left the moon again. the seismologists asked nasa for permission when the astronauts docked in the orbit and didn't need the assent vehicle anymore to send the vehicle back down to the moon where it would crash. it would crash and create seismic waves and crash at a known place at a known time. for the first time they had a seismic source. the characteristics of which they knew and produced seismograms like the ones they seen on aploollo 11. it was an ah-ha moment. it took cooperation of flight folks at nasa to recreate an vent so we could understand how different the moon is from the earth. it's different because they are fractured and broken up. seismic waves go on for hours instead of minutes and none of that had been anticipated before the apollo mission. the lesson was if you take a terres terresitial experiment to planetary body, you have to really think out of the box. >> these are fabulous sets of data. if you're really excited about these, you hav

recently conserved apollo 11 space suit. also with us is jim seamstresses who handmade the spacesuit that we are unveiling this morning. it took another large team to conserve the suit so that we can once again share it with the world after 13 years off exhibit. that team included our spacesuit historians, conservators, and collections experts, but their work is only possible thanks to the thousands of individuals who contributed to our kickstarter campaign. thank you to all of those people who did their part to preserve this vital piece of space history. the complexity of the suit in short it could support human life in the harshest environments. extreme heat and cold, radiation and the threat of cuts from sharp rocks had to be taken into consideration. as our curators note, these spacesuits were single person spacecraft. while they were designed to enjoy the punishments of a lunar walk, they were not designed to last half a century on display. we are happy that the work we have done will extend the life of the suit and ens

during our year long celebration, we highlighted the team that made apollo possible. it took 400,000 americans doing every conceivable job to make it happen. that included the engineers, material experts, medical experts, and the amazing seamstresses who handmade the space suit. it took another large team to conserve the suit so that we can once again share it with the world after 13 years off exhibit. that team included our space suit historians, conservators and collections and exhibits experts but their work was only possible thanks to the thousands of individuals who contributed to our reboot the suit kick starter campaign. so thank you to all of those people who did their part to preserve this vital piece of space history. the complexity of the suit ensured it could support human life in the harshest of environments, extreme heat and cold, radiation, micro meteorites and the threat of cuts from sharp rocks all had to be taken into consideration. as our curator's note, the spacecraft but while they were designed to endure the lunar walk, they were not designed to

the other one was dave scott apollo 15. he was a tremendous student of geology, is still around today and did some amazing things around the site. operation, which was tonned, was also designed return specific scientific results that helped us to learn what we now know about the moon. was a tremendous breakthrough in our knowledge. john: thank you. let me follow up with some questions. negligent to i am remind everybody in the audience that as soon as we are finished, i've been asked to ask you to move quickly to the exit, so the next crowd can come in for the next presentation. thank you in advance for that. i want to get you -- to you, mr. schmidt. could you talk a little bit about how the lunar rover, why it needed to have direction finding equipment? astronauts seee it anywhere they were. there were no force or buildings impeding their view. when you talk about the peculiarities of navigating on the lunar surface? mr. schmidt: sure. but first, i would like to tell a story. in the ssr, the science room, his colleagues we

among armstrong's personal effects aboard "apollo 11" were pieces of the wright brothers flyer. they succeeded in making humanity's first powered flight some 66 years earlier. in paying homage to this other set of pioneers, armstrong demonstrate aid pro found truth that we must continue to remember even today. he understood that humanity's meteoric rise from the ground to the sky to space and on to the moon was not by chance. it was, in fact, by choice. a choice to boldly push the limits of science and technology. a choice to further discover the almighty's creations and use our newfound knowledge to elevate the human condition. ultimately, armstrong knew that space exploration was a matter of choosing greatness. every day, no matter the risk, no matter the danger. the 1960s had leaders in the white house whose vision of american space exlor ration enabled the historic success of the "apollo" program. likewise, today, our nation is fortunate to once again have leaders who are challenging the united states of america to live up to its true potential as the world's preeminent spac

whereas apollo 11 on the other hand was serious business. we crew felt the weight of the world on our shoulders. we knew that everyone would be looking at us, friend or foe. and we wanted to do the best we could, put our best foot forward. and that required a great deal of work on our part. but not too much time left over for any of the things we might have more enjoyed. >> so having the weight of the world on your shoulders. i know you went threw extensive training. can you tell us a bit with about the training? how did it prepare you for the mission. >> i think the simulators were the heart and soul of our training. they were very good machines, excellent duplicators of what we would see in flight. the one failing was that they can't duplicate particularly well the view out the window that we saw. but 99% of our work, throwing switches and communicating with houston, 99% of our work we really didn't need to simulate the view out the window that -- with great fidelity. and so the simulators were very powerful instruments. and we spent a lot

in this entrier he talked about the apollo missions. >> apollo 11. you were what, the lunar landing flight director, weren't you? >> yeah. >> you were in charge of that c but you also took in the whole thing? >> yes. >> let's go back over apollo 11. that's a big project. >> there's many things that stand out. the person says where were you when -- i had sure had an awful lot of great breaks in my life. i mean, whether they be in college. whether they be in flying airplanes. but one of the ones that i

we will hear just part of the apollo story, the road to apollo and how scientists at caltech and other institutions teased out some of the moon's greatest secrets. if you are watching our live webcast you can submit questions by the youtube chat. jpl is proudaker, to have an -- an emmy award-winning speaker on its staff. the first nationally broadcast television series ever made about the space race. one of his key advisors was an apollo 11 astronaut who called spaceflight the real stuff. astronomy.ed to he was the executive producer of the astronomers. is now he joined jpl and a fellow, working full-time on films about jpl's historic role in the expiration of space. among his many honors, he is the recipient of the highest offer -- highest honor nasa bestows upon a civilian. enough, hiswasn't birthday just happens to be july 20, which is the very day apollo 11 made the first human landing on the moon. -- willelcome bette complain. -- welcome blaine. >> good evening, it is fantastic to see you all here. i'm delighted to see so many of you. my birthday serves as the day we first landed

the older i get the more i get tilted toward apollo 8 rather than apollo 11. i think the concept of outward bound, i think it was lord tennyson in poems he worked that phrase in and that has always rung a bell with me. outward bound. apollo 8 was the epitome of that. past escape velocity off you go. i hear what you are saying about it. >> i'm going to close with an advertisement. that was so beautiful. for some in this audience who were too young to be around for apollo, we are trying to re-create it for you on the national mall. if you haven't had a chance yet, please come out after 9:30 pm tonight through saturday night and take a look at the saturn five rocket on the washington monument, it is beautiful and awe-inspiring. i cried when i first thought. >> that you cry all the time. >> i cry all the time. he knows me. >> we have two criers. >> me to a little bit. >> let me release the panel. >> we have a special guest, a surprise guest for all of you. i will let john release the panel. [ applause ] off we go. [ applause ] >> thank you. >> we made this program

9 through apollo 17 and then it was out where the apollo 9 and subsequent poker and on apollo 11 so i got to see armstrong step on the moon and the rest of the eva . >> nasa had a process by which if they had an uncertainty in particular areas they would often put you contractors to work and so the first one that came up with a good solution, you are in to the rest of it and the other guy that was paid moved on to other things, in this particular case, the problem was the injector they did manage to make it work but it turns out you could only fire the engine once so no engine was ever tested other than the development period by fire complete parts until launched from the moon. so to me, that is kind of interesting thing. but, it was simple but you knew it would work once and that was all it needed to work [ laughter ] and every one of them did. there was another do you want to speak to that >> i wanted to chime in on the comment about being in the ssrs i was in what they called the mission evaluation room, working background to those guys, and we helped them look good. [ laughter ]

for apollo 11. it did everything except land. it had gone through a weight reduction program to get the weight down to work it could land and take back off. apollo 11 was the first lunar module that had gone through the weight reduction program. the lunar module on apollo 10 was to have the anyway. about fuel articles offloaded so they wouldn't land. [laughter] that's really not true. use theffloaded to vehicle until we got through the where reduction program. >> that weight reduction program affected the thickness of the skin on the lunar module itself so it was more like an oil can than anything else. we would hear a pop will be pressured it up. in the weight reduction program they went from 18 gauge to 22 gauge wire. guess what. when the people working on the vehicle touched those things, they broke. they broke the wires. it was a massive amount of time spent troubleshooting where the break was. question orrivia statement was the lunar module was a unique vehicle. it only flew a vacuum and only h

through apollo 17. i started out in the ecs back room and was out for the apollo 9 and subsequent. on apollo 11, my shift was right after the landing shift. so i waited in the ssr for that to happen and then came out immediately thereafter for the eva. so got to see armstrong step on the moon and the rest of the e.v.a. the subject of this was issues and there were quite a number of them, i think, on all the vehicles, commanding service module. should i -- >> sure. >> -- as well as the lunar module. everyone is, of course, probably aware we had the apollo 1 fire. that set things back a little bit, but we kept progressing and managed to get past that, rebuild the interior of the command surface module. lunar module was running parallel with all that. source of a number of interesting things to me, later on, in areas that were not my specialty, but in particular the limb engine. nasa had a process by which if they had uncertainty in particular areas, they would often put two contractors to work. so, the fi

and also was a vital communications backup during apollo, especially during the tense days of apollo 13. cal tech long a world leader in the field of geology contributed to the field training of the astronauts and to the study of the samples they returned. tonight we'll hear just part of the apollo story. the road to apollo and how jpl figured into it and how scientists at cal tech and other institutions teased out some of the moon's greatest secrets. if you're watching our live web cast, you can submit questions via the youtube chat. we are fortunate to have an emmy award winning producer on the staff. blaine baggett had space flight, the first nationally broadcast series ever made about the space race. one of his key advisers was apollo 11 astronaut michael collins who called space flight the real stuff. blaine turned to astronomy. he was the executive producer of "the astronomers". in 1999 he joined jpl is now a jpl fellow working on films about their historic role in the exploration of space. he has received the distinguished service medal, and his birthday just happens to be jul

through apollo 17. roomrted out in the back and was out for all of the apollo nine and subsequent. ship -- shiftmy was right after the landing shift so i waited for that to happen. came out immediately thereafter. got to see armstrong step on the moon and the rest. issued,ect of this was and there were quite a number of them, i think, on all of vehicles. as well as the lunar module. of course, everyone is probably aware, we had the apollo one fire that set things back a little bit. we kept progressing and managed to get past that, rebuild the interior of the command service module. the liver module is running in parallel with all that. a number of interesting things to me later on, they were in areas that were not my specialty, but in particular, the asset engine. nasa had a process by which, if they had uncertainty in particular areas, they would often put two contractors to work. the first one that came up with a good solution, they said, you are it, you do the rest of it. and the other guy that was p

these are my apollo bloopers. the reason like to show these is because we're going back to the moon. we've been there. and we had this amazing suit. can you imagine that 50 years ago and i do have the honor to be the apollo program professor at mit. and i've been waiting 50 years. we have to get back there. now we're going there to do a lot of science this time. again, world's smallest spacecraft spacecra spacecraft shrunk around a person. it is heavy. it's not very mobile. hard to do your science. that is the current nasa suit that flew on the shuttle and is flown for 19 years now on international space station. we have the build space station. we're going a lot of experiments out there. amazing amount of science. you take all the systems of a spacecraft, provide your pressure, give you your oxygen to breathe, you have to krub out the carbon dioxide and worry about thermal temperature control and now you want the person to stay alive, be safe and get their work done. and on the right, that is actually a nasa goin

i would like to make one more connection between jpl and apollo and, it has to do with apollo 12. as you probably, if you have been watching, the great documentaries airing this weekend on the news, you probably know, now, it was not well known united space x 1985, but apollo 11 landed with only 20 seconds of fuel left. something like that. that was because the computer overshot where they were supposed to land, and they were headed towards a fuel of boulder. so they had to find a safe place to land. the mission planners were not going to let that happen again, they wanted a pinpoint landing for apollo 12, and they wanted to make sure they had a landmark to know where they landed. so, they chose it, on the moon everything was the same. he decided to land next to another surveyor, surveyor 3. that is it, what you see in front of you with pete conrad. and, my favorite all-time astronaut. and behind on the horizon, you can see the lunar module they landed in. and they used a hacksaw to take off the camera of the surveyor 3 , and a piece of the scoop, and brought it back. there was a

. >>> 50 years after the moon landing, apollo 11 astronaut michael collins reflected on the apollo program's impact at the time as well as on today's politics, diplomacy, foreign policy, and space initiatives. >>> welcome. it is truly a thrill to see space diplomacy a topic near and dear to me draw a wonderful crowd. thank you so much for joining us this evening. i'm a historian of science and technology and a curator at the smithsonian national air space museum. 50 years ago this week there was a call to land humans on the moon within a decade and return them safely back to earth. i hope you've been celebrating all week. a greater percentage of effort's population followed their flight than any other event in human history. after their flights the astronauts toured. president nixon proclaimed them the best possible am baz dors america could have on the earth. today we're looking back and asking what was the political and foreign relations significance of the apollo program, and what is its enduring legacy. we're going to look forward questioning how apollo era space diplomacy should inform

the apollo 11 mission to the moon. this panel was part of an event john: good morning everybody and welcome to the 50th anniversary of the apollo moon landing. [applause] i will say that periodically throughout the day so that people will applaud. you can here that atmosphere is charged and the dingling in the background. [laughter] special day, very auspicious day. we are honored to have with us today a panel of important engineers. my personal heroes growing up. 14 when you all did the miracle in 1969. i tried to get here as quickly as i could. we have a panel that is going to talk about lunar module landing operations. if you want to know what that is, they will tell you about it. the panel here is jack knight, bob nance, hal loden, and bill reeves. instead of me going on about them, i will ask them to identify themselves, say what they did, and open it up a little bit for questions. by the way, i am john charles, a resident here at space center houston. i would like to turn the microphone over to mr. knight. it's t

that was apollo 9 to apollo 11 and everything that had a lunar module on it. >> i will pass it on to bob. [ applause ] >> good morning this is a big day. i started this morning with a prayer just like 50 years ago the lord please help me not to screw up today. [ laughter ] my name is bob and in 1962 i heard president john kennedy tell the world that we were going to go to the moon by the end of the decade and i wanted to be a part of that and everything from then on went on and i went to georgia tech and the astronaut john young was there and through him and it appear from georgia tech to man the spacecraft sooner in lunar module potion -- propulsion. i was so blessed to live my dream of eating on the consul of the lunar module when we landed on the moon >> i think we will talk a lot about that later. [ applause ] >> good morning. my name is hal loden, i grew up in texas and my dad was a methodist preacher and we worked around a lot. i was in florida working on a space program in 1963 through 1964 which was a langley project and he said, why don't you go to houston and man the spacec

and i flew all the apollo missions from remote site in australia, apollo 9 through 10, 11, 13, all the way through 17. i was in mission control for the lunar module. specifically on apollo 11, i was the control guy on consul for the ascent from the moon. the descent was exciting. i was there sitting behind our good friend karlton who is no longer with us. passed away a few months ago. i was a little hesitant as to whether we were going to make it or not when bob was calling out the fuel remaining because we didn't have a lot left, did we? but, you know, when i got on the ascent, we had problems too. i hear people say the ascent was more risky than the descent. i find that hard to believe. anyway, that's my story and i pass it over to bill reeves. [ applause ] >> good morning. my name is bill leaves. this working? okay. my name is bill reeves. i grew up in arkansas and went to oklahoma ou to get an electrical engineering degree and wound up in texas here as fast as i could. when it came to football season, i didn't have a chance growing up in arkansas and ou and texas. when i hired on i

apollo nine through 10, 11, 12, all the way through 17. specifically, on apollo 11, i was the main control guy on the console for the ascent on the moon. the descent was exciting. i was there behind our good friend bob carlton. he is no longer with us. he passed away a couple months ago. i was hesitant as to whether or not we would make it when bob was calling out the fuel remaining. we didn't have a lot left. when we got to the ascent, we had problems too. i have heard people say that the asccent was more dangerous. i find that hard to believe. anyway, that's my story. i'll pass it to bill reeves. [applause] bill: my name is bill reeves. i grew up in arkansas and went to oklahoma to get an electrical engineering degree and went to texas as fast as i could. in football season, i didn't have a chance growing up in arkansas. when i was hired on in 1967, i was hired on as the flight controller operations director. we were in charge of all of the power systems and the power distribution systems. we were also in charge of the pyrotechnic system

the most important apollo mission catherine worked on was apollo 13. three days after apollo 13 launched planning to hand on the moon. an air tank exploded. putting the three astronauts on board in mortal terror. >> it took me a few hours to find a way to send the men home. the astronauts would have to fly around. and the moon's gravity would shoot apollo 13 back to earth. the astronauts would have to use the limited amount at specific times. my calculations brought the men home safely. >> catherine's success didn't end there. in 2015, catherine was awarded a presidential medal of freedom from president barack obama. mrs. johnson, mathematical skills and persistent to acquire equal treatment in the workplaces laid the ground work for future women scientists and mathematicians. nasa would never have been able to be right back their talent if she hadn't been so determined. america may have never had such triumphs which would have been a very tragic loss to the scientific community. as eloquently stated by mrs. johnson, some students will drop out of the

however, the most important apollo mission katherine worked on was apollo 13. three days after apollo 13 launched claiming to land on the moon, and air take exploded, putting the three astronauts on board in mortal peril. >> i waited through these calculations. it took me a few hours to find a way to send the men home. the astronauts would have to fly around the far side of the moon. astronauts had to use fuel at certain intervals at specific times. my calculations brought the men home safely. >> katherine's success certainly didn't end there. in 2016, prep -- katherine was -- in 2015, katherine was awarded a medal of freedom from president barack obama. this laid the groundwork for future women scientists and mathematicians. nasa would never have enabled this talent if she hadn't been so determined. due to the unfair treatment, america might never have had such triumph, which would have been a very tragic loss for the scientific community. as eloquently stated by misses johnson -- >> we will always have stem with us. some things will drop out of the public eye

in this entrier he talked about the apollo missions. >> apollo 11. you were what, the lunar landing flight director, weren't you? >> yeah. >> you were in charge of that c but you also took in the whole thing? >> yes. >> let's go back over apollo 11. that's a big project. >> there's many things that stand out. the person says where were you when -- i had sure had an awful lot of great breaks in my life. i mean, whether they be in college. whether they be in flying airplanes. but one of the ones that i remember that is related to apollo 11 in a very direct fashion was the day that i got the assignment to do the landing phase. cliff charles worth was the lead flight director. one of the responsibilities of the lead flight director is to identify which flight director is going to cover which phase of the mission. and moving in there, this was the first mission where in apollo now, where we had been flight directors on gemini, we were coming back together again. so you had probably the three most experienced people at the koi council, and it was a questio

apollo 13. planning to land on the moon an air tank exploded putting the three astronauts onboard in mortal peril. >> it took me a few hours to find a way to send the men home. the astronauts would have to fly around the far side of the moon and the moon's gravity would sling shot apollo 13 back to earth. however, the astronauts would have to use the limited amounted fuel at certain intervals at specific times. my calculations brought the men home safely. >> katherine's success certainly didn't end there. in 2015, katherine was awarded the presidential medal of freedom from president barack obama. this award was a representation of how mrs. johnson's astute mathematical skills and persistence to acquire equal treatment in the workplaces laid the groundwork for future women scientists and mathematicians. john -- nasa would never have been able to find the proper talent if she hadn't been so determined. due to the unfair treatment america may never have had this triumph which would have been a tra

>>> apollo 11. the lunar landing flight director were you? you are in charge of that you also took part in the whole thing, didn't you? let's go back over apollo 11. what a thing to go back over. that's a big project. >> there are many things that stand out. where were you when? >> i had an awful lot of great brakes related to apollo 11. it was the day i got the assignment to do the landing phase. one of the responsibilities of the lead flight director is to identify which flight director is going to cover which phase of the mission. i'm moving in their, we would have been flight directors on gemini and are actually coming back together again. you had probably the three most experienced people at the consult and it was a question of who was going to get to do what. -- had been to the moon a couple of times. i had the lunar module experience. so you had no particular driver that says this person ought to be doing this phase of the mission. the division chief at the time had been really on top of us to nail down who is going to do what, until f

liftoff, 32 minutes past the hour, liftoff of apollo 11. >> oh, boy.e younger than me, how many of you went through the experience of having a television rolled into the elementary school classroom to watch the launch. every launch. that happened on challenger by the way, traumatized a generation of children, but how nervous were you three guys when this thing went down? >> you mean when it occurred? >> yes, when the launch took off. as opposed to 72 seconds after the launch of challenger. >> yes. >> i was there. >> you went to florida? >> yes, i was there. we were seated in bleacher like high school football stadium stands a distance, good distance from the actual launch site because of the power of the 7.5 million pounds of thrust. and president johnson was there, he was in the front row. he had been brought there, thanks to richard minixon who st a newly refurbished air force one to pick up president johnson and his wife as gesture of thanks for what johnson had done for the program. when the actual ignition occurred, being at the distance we were,

, apollo had a twin sister. her name was artemis. she was the goddess of the moon. this time when we go to the moon, we go with a very diverse highly qualified core of astronauts that includes women and it is long overdue. so we're very excited about this. [applause] mr. bridenstine: and then lastly i think it is important to remember the moon to mars. when we think about what we are doing next, the reason that gateway is so important is that it is absolutely a gateway to the surface of the moon, and we want to do long durations on the surface of the moon using the gateway. it is also evolvable. it is an opportunity for us to take humans deeper into space than we have ever gone before, in human history, and in fact, that is our ship to get to mars. and by the way, if we have the right investments today with advanced propulsion -- i know we are going to hear maybe little bit about nuclear thermal propulsion -- advanced propulsion and the ability to do entry dissent and landing with 20 metric ton payloads into the

when the apollo program came to an end there was still some hardware left over. and nasa thought, what can we do with this? we have developed this tremendous capability to launch space craft all the way to the moon. we still have a couple of the powerful rockets on hand. can we repurpose them and do something else? and so the decision reached was to take the third stage of the gigantic saturn five rocket that powered the space craft away from earth on a trajectory to the moon and turn that into a habitable module a sort of miniature space station that crews could live in while they were getting in experience of living and working in space. and the actual element that's behind me is the full cylinder that is marked by this wide white band here. and you can see from the cut away there that it's two stories on the inside. and those were two floors where the astronauts could actually live. in the missions to the moon and the missions in earth orbit they had been in space craft that were essentially cockpits. they had no more room in them than a sports car. but sky la

most of us in this room were influenced by the apollo program. changed direction of our careers in the course of our life and we need to ensure there will be an artemis effect. i want to believe the next boot will be worn by a woman on the moon lunar surface but they will not only fit her but inspire the next generation of explorers. it is time to see the world through a gender lens. when we achieve this goal we are taking a major leap toward mission success for everyone that will enhance space exploration and our daily lives on earth. thank you for your time and attention today. [applause] >> doctor elizabeth turtle and then we will go to questions as time permits. doctor. >> thank you, mr. vice president. members of the council and distinguish guests, i appreciate the opportunity to discuss the next steps in robotic planetary exploration. science and technology the desire to explore uncharted territory have driven innovation since time immemorial. this is devastated by nasa's history of innovation for the purpose of exploration beyond our earth

apollo, and we had it just so happens that in greek the fellow g apollo had a twin sister, bernie wasemis, the goddess of the moon. this time we go with a very diverse, highly qualified astronaut corps that includes women, and it is long overdue. we are very excited about that. [applause] and i think it is important to remember the moon to morris. when we think about what we're doing next, the reason the gateway is so important is that it is absolutely a gateway to the surface of the moon and we also evil -- it is the ball. it is an opportunity for us to take humans deeper into space that we have ever gone before in human history and that is our ship to get to mars. and if we have the right investments today with advanced propulsion -- i know we will hear about nuclear thermal propulsion and the ability to do entry dissent landing with 20 into then payloads martian atmosphere and onto the martian surface. that are investments not much more than what we are already spending and we can put together a robust mars plan. so mr. vice president, things have changed and we are moving rapidly

apollo was a monumental achievement and last month we separated the 50th anniversary of apollo 11.er, apollo shows how not to conduct human space exploration because such a program based upon international competition is not sustainable. this is demonstrated by the fact that 2019 also marks 47 years since the last human walked on the moon. in order to have an enduring am a sustainable, multi-decade space expiration program two things are required. and the spirit of cooperation. on the lunar surface, to live and work productively off planet. space exploration, and taxpayer investments. and in an investment in the future of this country. the moon and the moon to mars program has been interpreted by some to be a stepping stone on the way to mars. and making the journeys to destinations beyond affordable and sustainable. this is a human presence on them and that will create a demand for unit resource products. what are the resources? they can be subdivided into those that can be used in situ and those for export. in situ resources include water ice and other resources. the regolith cou

he was originally scheduled for apollo 18 and he argued apollo 18 to land on the tar side of the moone was argue that in 1969, '70 and the chinese did it. yes, the chinese want to dominate the moon. india is doing some very interesting stuff as well and i would mention the israeli probe which is fascinating because it was privately funded. the israeli space agency provided tracking but it was funded by entrepreneurs, built by a private company. unfortunately crashed on the moon but got to the moon. what is interesting and this is something i have to talk to you -- if i can get buzz aldrin who has a chapter -- he advocates the used of a cycle ever, -- the idea of a cycler. you have a space ship that goes to me heaven and then gravity swimmings back to the earth and stops and then gravity swings back to the moon, and going like that and he says that would be a cheaper way of setting up a cycler and then all you have to do is meet it and -- and set up one for mars, too much the mars one is a little more difficult to do but a what is interesting is the israeli one sort of used that concep

it actually has a companion spacecraft, the apollo command module. and the command module, its service module and the lunar module together carried three astronauts, neil armstrong, buzz aldrin and michael collins to the moon. the command module very significantly also brought them back safely. this lunar module is an actual lunar module that never flew in space. it's lunar module 2. it was intended to be used in an earth orbital test flight. but the test was canceled as unnecessary. and so now nasa transferred this lunar module to the national air and space museum. it consists of two parts. the base which has the legs and the rocket engine in it. and then the oddly shaped top, which is the crew module or crew cabin. and this was attached to the command module for the flight from earth to lunar orbit. and once in lunar orbit, the two crewmembers who would descend to the surface, armstrong and aldrin climbed into the lunar module. it separated from the command module where michael collins stayed to orbit the moon and it began its descent down to the s