but the greatest attention came in mid june of 1865, a few months after appomattox. and in norfolk, virginia they down 37nia handed former public officials and military officers tried for treason. and you know many of the people on the list. it included robert e lee, two of his sons, and a nephew of his. lee greeted the news with judged byion, just -- his very quick decision to file for a pardon with the government. some say it was lost or stolen, the secretary of state ended up with it as a souvenir and gave it to a friend. it was not found until the 20th century in the archives. lee did not receive his pardon until 1975. by themselves, the paroles created very little obstacles for trying these men for treason. this was a big surprise to me, a shock in fact. legal experts easily set it aside. the attorney general said so in an opinion he gave to the president. he and other legal experts -- this is his reasoning, not mine -- grant and other generals had acted as military officers. the terms encompassed on the -- only military action and did not secure the parolees fr

lee retreated and one week later surrendered his army at appomattox effectively ending the civil war. this hour-long talk was part of a symposium hosted by the emerging civil war blog. >> there is something to the saying the best for last. of the many books we have talked about and the authors we have talked about, i have never seen a more solid piece of writing come across my desk then i did when this first rap of "the dawn of victory" appeared in my inbox. we develop a manuscript and chris will work on history and when edward sent me "the donna victory" it was pristine. i've never said that about a manuscript before. remember, i get paid to help deconstruct people's writing. i've never seen a piece of writing more magnificent and believable. a story that is often overlooked. forget about petersburg. it is so overlooked and so underrated and edward does such a magnificent job doing justice to an incredible phase of the civil war. literally, the make it or break it point. it is the breaking point that leads to the end. without further a do, i would like to introduce you to my friend,

they are studying poetry and history and appomattox and music and that is considered a useful thing too. so we are going to redefine the nature of work. you greeted mobile devices and that could give you 100 activities that didn't exist five, 10 years ago. >> does this ultimately create far less customers which to say what happened as a function of all the things. >> we are becoming wealthier and a lot of our activities and gratification in terms of beauty and creativity. if you look at the statistics of the fashion, it has gone up. it used to be a very small percentage of the population. we are going to be very wealthy. people say when i point out this exponential growth of the value of information products, people say as i said before, you can't eat information products. so i mention 3-d printing of clothing that were also going to be producing food, very inexpensively using agriculture, basically artificial intelligence, controlled food production at low cost. ard is a demonstration put together three story put together three story office buildings snapping together modules printed

and what happened was people woke up after appomattox and realized there was a court with the 3/5 compromise. you can count slaves as 3/5 of a person for representation. what happens when slavery ends? how you count that person? -- how do you count that person? as a full person. what does that do for southern representation? it is going up, absolutely. white southerners can now count on black people as a whole person for representation, but if the south did not do this and this was invoked, they would see their representation in congress go from 83 to 47. 83 to 47. significant, right? let's look at this further. why does the labor specify the whole number of persons? in the second line, counting the whole number of persons in each state. why doesn't that say citizens there, or voters there? language matters, and how it is put together does matter. youou use the term "voter," will reduce the number of representatives in new england. votersengland only male voted, but they were losing migration into roads and there was a female majority in new england. seats if going to lose they count citizen

i look at it this way, five years after appomattox, a war broke out in europe in which both the french and depression werearmed -- prussians armed with a small on superior to the rifle musket. it only had a 10 year episode before it was grossly outdated. far from being revolutionary, it was a little blip on the radar. i argued that the tactics used were still effective. 143 larger conclusions wostorians-- one or t conclusions, i came away from this with more respect for the concept of the american soldier. many soldiers knew nothing about the tactics before they joined up, but through hard work, the vast majority became super experts in them and it paid off in success or failure on the battlefield. if you want to think that the citizen soldier is ideal in america, you must admit in the war of 1812 and spanish-american war, they did not do well. and in the civil war, they not toy did well, they decided -- america. and a larger conclusion was that the civil war -- a resounding no, it is as old-fashioned as you can get. they are using linear tactical systems that have been around for at l

family at breakfast to find his eldest son, robert, just returned from witnessing the surrender at appomattox. robert todd lincoln: general lee, stately, elegant. his uniform spotless. with a jeweled sword and shining spurs. and general grant, so shabby in a muddy blue uniform, borrowed from a private. abraham lincoln: [laughs] robert todd lincoln: it, it was great. oh and here is lee. tad lincoln: papa-day, let me see! can i see it? can i have it? mary todd lincoln: wait a moment, tad. abraham lincoln: now that is the face of a noble man. and brave. listen to me, robert. you must lay aside your uniform. return to college. read law for three years. and at the end of that time i hope that we will be able to tell whether you will make a lawyer or not. robert todd lincoln: yes, sir. and i will, sir. tom hanks: shortly before 11 am, lincoln sees secretary of war edwin stanton at the war department. abraham lincoln: mr. stanton! mrs. lincoln has invited general and mrs. grant to join us at the theater this evening. and general grant already hints that they will decline in favor of taking a train t