without arapaho. recognizing the thousands of tribes and arapaho.iences that they were neighbors say. having. and, the pair say. depending on who the europeans arapaho. were and came in nay when. per se. knee here we back c. focus on the english coming here. nipsey. but i am curious. how arapaho. many of you knew that the spaniard were here first? cree. seminal. that is good, mi'kmaq you are all. members and seminal you? good, yes. the spaniards were here first, the french. it is the magma. first permanent magma. english colony. that has taken mi'kmaq. over the american narrative without fully appreciating the fact that the french were in the areas of louisiana and the mississippi delta, you had french coming in through the great lakes regions, you had germans and dutch in what we now call new england. and so forth. the point, and the point that we are thinking a lot about here at jay why f is how do we help our guests understand that diversity of culture has always been an american thing on the shores of north america? there has always been differe

. -- i know in the state of colorado, we had a school shooting at arapahoe high school, and claire davis lost her life and appearance just wanted hice help and the clair davis rule was passed by legislators. they just want to know. they are entitled to know. >> that's a law preventing shootings. there have been all sorts of ideas thrown around. there always are after a shooting. what do you think about hardening schools? arming teachers? making it one entrance point? when i think to columbine, i remember looking at the sprawling campus. there could not have been one entrance. >> no. we had many. and it was very interesting -- we probably -- parents were concerned about the safety of the school. and i told parents, columbine was probably the safety school in the world after columbine. but what was interesting to me was that some students came in and they said mr. deangelis, we know you want to keep a safe but this is no longer like a school. we get more anxious through seeing all this extra security. there are ways to do things. but the thing about arming teachers -- i'm not a proponent o

amounts of cash to native americans, specifically we are talking about the lakota, the cheyenne, they arapaho the man dam, a couple of others i am forgetting off the top of my head. the crow, yes. cannot forget the crow. where the black foot also involved? i am not sure. recognizing their territory in exchange for allowing safe passage for settlers, with the idea that they were not going to stop, you can pass through our territory to the willmott to valley, that is perfectly fine with us. in exchange for you not staying when the trading is negotiated it is a 50 year and a lucky. chuck's in 1901 the u.s. government paying the nations for the land. congress changes to a ten-year pace game without tending the people who signed the treaty. of course when they find out for they know it is not okay. the treaty is broken immediately. people are refusing to go the rest of the way to oregon. they are stopping unsettling chunks of land. they are homesteading, we'll come back to that as a concept. . on top of that the u.s. army is not doing what they said it would do. either help people along or stop th

specifically we're talking about what the lakota the cheyenne the eureka the arapahoe the mandan. a couple others. i'm forgetting off the top of my head with crow. yeah. can't forget the curl right the black feet also. i don't know. anyway recognizing their territory in exchange for kind of allowing safe passage. for these settlers with the idea that they weren't going to stop. right you can pass through our territory to the willamette valley. that's perfectly fine with us. all right. in exchange for you, not staying you recognize in our land claim a little bit of money, that'd be nice. now originally when the treaty is negotiated, it's a 50 year annuity, right? so the idea is that until 1901 the us government will be paying these these tribes nations for the right to go across their land congress changes it to a 10-year pacing. without telling anyone who signed the treaty. now, of course when they find out they're like no that's not okay. but regardless the treaty was basically broken almost immediately. in part because people are just refusing. to go the rest of the way to orego

cash to native americans, specifically were talking about the dakota, the cheyenne, the arikara, the arapaho, the mandan. the quote, the black sea as well i? don't know. anyway, recognizing the territory in exchange for, kind of, allowing safe passage for these settlers with the idea that they weren't going to stop, right? you can pass through our territory to the willamette valley. that's perfectly fine with us, in exchange for you not staying, you recognizing our land claim, and a little bit of money, that would be nice. now originally, when the treaty is negotiated, it's a 50-year annuity, right? so the idea is that until 1901, the u.s. government will be paying these tribes and patience for the right to go across their land. congress changes it to a tenure pay scheme without telling anyone who signed the treaty. now of, course when they found out they are like, no, that's not okay. but regardless, the treaty was basically broken almost immediately, in part because people are just refusing to go the rest of the way to oregon. they are stopping. there is settling chunks of land, they are h

short we all know that the sand creek massacre of the arapaho and cheyenne peoples took place in 1864 and not in 1862. i would also like to thank [inaudible] barnes who conceived of these to round tables and the 1862 idea as was mentioned earlier, she could not be here, but she is the one who commandeered all of us in this panel and the earlier one to address this issue. so without further ado, let me introduce our panelists in the order in which they will speak. each panelist will speak, as i said earlier, for around ten minutes, and then we'll open up the discussion here first amongst themselves, and then to the audience. and i'll introduce all of them in one goes so that they can continue, we can continue with the order of the program. hilary n. green in associate professor in the department of gender and race studies at the university of alabama. she is the author of educational reconstruction, african american schools in the urban south, 1865 to 1890, which was published by the university press in 2016. she's also the author of articles, but chapters and other scholarly publicati

and they're cheyenne and arapaho allies at little bighorn was tremendous, but it also brought the full weight of the us army down on the lakota afterward ulysses s grant, you know ordered and was fully in support of those campaigns many lakota surrendered others followed sitting bull to canada in the moment though their actions delayed and finally scuttled the northern pacific railroads plans brought about the panic and depression of 1873, which is an interesting moment here because jay cook had been so obsessed with this plan that he had actually loaned money from his own investment bank to the northern pacific and in september of 1873 in the middle of a very unstable chaotic economy. his investors came calling and he had no money to give them and his bank closed and launched the panic and depression lakota actions also presented tourist traffic and scientific explorations of the yellowstone. after 1873 until after 1877 the lakota though. we're not the only tribal nations lane claim to yellowstone, so i wanted to be sure to show you this map of the major groups that were moving in and

that victory that lakota had, near cheyenne, arapaho i little bighorn tremendous. and also brought the full rate of the u.s. army down on the lakota afterward. ulysses s grant ordered and was fully in support of those campaigns, many lakota surrendered. others followed sitting bull to canada. and the moment, though their action delayed and finally scuttle the northern pacific railroads plans, brought about the panic ed depression of 1873 which is an interesting moment here. jay cook had been so obsessed with this plan that he had actually loan money from his own investment bank to the pacific, in the middle of a very unstable uncannily, his investors came calling. he had no money to give them has been closed and launched the panic and depression. lakota actions also presented tourist traffic and scientific expirations after 1873. until after 1877. the lakota though, we're not the only tribal nations that laid claim to yellowstone. i want to be sure to show you this map of major groups that were moving and in around this area and using yellowstone to move back and f