the strength of our nation is our army. the strength of our army is our soldiers. and the strength of our soldiers is our families. and this is what makes us army strong. thank you very much. and i look forward to your questions, mr. chairman. >> thank you very much. general, mr. secretary. last year, we passed the deficit reduction act that was the -- that took a two-pronged approach to attack the huge deficit problem that we've built

the strength of our nation is our army. the strength of our army is our soldiers. and the strength of

growing the army. and so we both growing and equipping all the additional combat teams to lead those demands in theater. our total request is down about 27% from that high mark in 2008, and oco is down almost 59% from that high mark in 2008. and so we look at the height of military operations in 2008, oco represented almost half of the army's budget. now that's less than 25% as we continue to draw down. next slide, please. on the military personnel operation, the budget request funds the total and strength of almost 1.1 million soldiers. that's 552,100 that are on active duty and another 563,200 in reserve components. in fy 13, the active component rate funded three ways. and mr. haile touched on those. one is the enduring part, 490,000 will be paid for on the base. the 490,000 that we're going to end up with by the time we get to the end of fy 17. we also have a non-enduring part of almost 49,700 that we're going to pay for in oco as we go to the drawdown. we also have a new category of temporary stre

a fourth of his army. in doing so, he was somewhat disappointed that he didn't get the resounding victory that he'd planned for. he wrote his wife our success has not been as great or as complete as i could have desired, and in his official report to the confederate war department he stated under ordinary circumstances the federal army should have been destroyed. this is a word you see in lee's communications throughout the war, destroyed. oddly enough, it's that word that so frequently emanated from abraham lincoln, i want the rebel army destroyed. not discouraged. destroyed! but the army of the potomac was not destroyed. in fact, it continued to be quite a potent force. and although they had suffered themselves nearly as many casualties as the confederates, 15,000, a distinguished historian that we just heard from in his marvelous book entitled "battle cry freedom" said that although mcclellan's men had fought with admirable courage during this week of battles, mcclellan was a whipped man mentally. follo

when the army needed that support. i didn't think this was a prescription for a really effective military. and i understand now that because of limitations and air strips in afghanistan, that we don't have enough c-27 js, and one source said you're flying the blades off the 47, to meet the demand there. if we're involved in conflicts like afghanistan in the future, are you confident are you the air force is going to be able to meet your needs? >> thank you, sir. first, in terms of our -- you're touching on our intra-theater lift in terms of strategic lift. we're confident in the c-5 mikes and the c-17s, they'll be able to help us move our forces strategically around the globe in order to meet our requirements. in terms of intratheater lift, which is the subject you focused on, it is important that we have the capability to move in intratheater. when i was the commander in iraq, we conducted the test for the c-130 that was then attached to the army, in order to meet its missions. and we found it to be an incredibly succ

the department of army must finalize and implement jurisdictional and support relationships of the army national cemetery's program. as we look to our inspection this summer we intend to conduct assessments in several areas. first of all, compliance with army direct live 2010-04. progress addressing the recommendations from our 2011 report, compliance with the executive director's campaign plan, the grave site accountability process validation, and we're collaborating with the army audit agency, the v.a. and the united states army force management support agency for their participation as well in this year's inspection. inconclusion, arlington remain as priority for the secretary and for the army. the significant progress observed by the army i.g. validates the secretary's approach to creating the process in systems and management that we found to be lacking at arlington in 2010. this strategy executed according to the executive director's campaign plan with the support of the army, the defense department, other federal agencies and congress has set the conditions for continued improvem

he wished to rejoin his army. they summoned him to meet before them, and they told him, quote, we have nothing particular to give you and have appointed this audience only to assure you of our esteem and confidence and to wish you happiness and success. happiness and success was all that he carried north, back to the army. there at the encampment just north of the city, the american army was busy watching the british. the british in new york were under the command of general sirguy carlton. general carlton had recently arrived. he was his majesty's commander in chief and sirguy's instructions were to take no offensive action against the americans. indeed, sirguy's instructions were to prepare for evacuation. at the same time, while washington was watching now carlton, there arrived the french. the french army under general roshambo had spent the winter in virginia near the yorktown battlefield. come the spring, it was time for them to move. the french army was coming north to come here to boston to depart for the

army, you are now commanding the army of the potomac, and the rational is we want you to concentrate on the job at hand, defeating the confederates down here in virginia. don't worry about the rest. we'll take care of it at the war department. secretary of war stanton will issue orders from the president. we do appreciate your opinion, general mcclellan. lincoln and secretary of war stanton also in that order specifying him as commander of the army of the potomac, and before any order took place, he would be ordered to leave 40,000 troops in defense of the washington area. well, what about his plan? with the withdrawal of joe johnston's forces from the northernmost part of virginia, the initial concept that he had, move down the chesapeake bay, bump off of fortress monroe, head up the rappahannock to urbana and move inland probably wasn't going to work as well as he'd hoped it would. because he wasn't going to catch the confederates napping up in northern virginia. so, as i pointed out here, he comes up with a plan two, if you will. they will start the action at fortress monroe and t

second, the army and the v.a. have their own stuff policies and systems to determine the real eligibility and scheduling and managing the terri hail as an example arlington has more restrictive eligibility for the embrum burial than the va. third, arlington's appropriation structure is different than the va should you make a jurisdictional change the congress may wish to determine what is the right course of action. fourth of arlington provides military funeral honors that the v.a. does not. fifth, arlington hosts many special ceremonies every year some involving the president and visiting heads of state. in six, arlington as one of the most visited destinations in washington post in over 4 million visitors a year. finally, we do think opportunities exist for the army and the va to collaborate more for the mutual benefit of both organizations but most importantly, for the benefit of our active duty service members, our veterans and their families. here are some examples. va staff, the it staff dedicated to establi

returned to the army

budget request for the army. it's down from 2012 and includes a 1.7% pay increase for soldiers and the total request is $525 billion, that is a decrease from 2010. >> committee come to order. we just got notice that the rule voice voted. they were going to have a vote about 10:00 so they said final votes will be at about 10:45. so we will get started and try to get as far into it as we can and we will go vote and with your pairs we will be back as quickly as we can. >>> good morning and thank you for joining us today as we consider the president's fiscal year 2013 budget request for the department of the army, second mchugh and general, thank you for being here. secretary mchugh, it's great to see you again, thank you for your continued service. general, 38th chief of staff of the army, welcome to your first of many posture hearings. i'm sure you are glad to hear that. our nations fortunate to have the two of you leading our army during these challenging times. we clearly understand the challenges that the depart

so finally, the fy army -- the army's fy 13 budget request, it does begin to take into account the discretionary spending caps, but it does so without any risk to continuing to support our essential roles. as has been said and i will add my foot stop to it, the army is the best led, best train and best equipped ground foersz in the world and nothing our leaders or department would allow to do anything to preclude that. so we are continuing to meet our commitments in afghanistan and around the world. we're developing the army for the future. we're continuing to care for soldiers and families. one of the most important commitments we could possibly have commensurate with their sacrifice and service. hopefully doing this in a measure waand with solid attentn how to restructure our force to be a more capable force than before we grew the army and before the drawdown began. we're supporting the transition by using base budget dollars for the first time of the reserve component active -- army national guard and the united states army reserve into and operational force and we are supporting as i've des

the strength of our nations our army. the strength of our army is our soldiers. and the strength of our soldiers is our families. and this is what makes us army strong. thank you very much and i look forward to your questions, mr. chair. >> thank you, very much. general, mr. secretary. last year, we passed the deficit reduction act that was the -- took a two pronged approach to attack the hunl deficit problem that we have built over decades over making promises that were difficult to keep and spending money that we had to power to spend. the first prong was the almost trillion dollars that came out of, was supposed to come out of discreti discretionary spending and there was appear call after the last election that everything should be on the table. and i understand that defense was a big target and i repeatedly said, if we cannot find some savings within a budget of $600 billion plus, shame on us. and i think you have done a great job on that beginning with the hundred billion dollars of efficiencies and then the $78 billion and then the -- what we find now is $

for example, arlington has agreements with the army information technology agency, i.t.a., and the army analytics group to help manage its i.t. infrastructure. while these agreements spell out the services that i.t.a. will provide to arlington and performance metrics against which i.t.a. will be measured, these are all very positive steps. these agreements do not specifically address i.t.a.'s contract management rules and responsibilities in support of arlington requirements. although officials told us that they were aware of their roles and responsibilities, the question is what happens when personnel change? going forward, sustained attention on the part of arlington and its partners will be important to ensure that contracts of all types and risk levels are managed effectively. third, with respect to dedicated contract staffing arrangements, three contracts specialists positions have been identified for arlington, but have not been filled. arlington is presently receiving support from fort belvoir, contracting office in the form of ten positions. five funded by arlington and five by

second, the army and the v.a. have their own staff, processes and systems to determine burial eligibility and scheduling and managing burials. as an example, arlington has more restricted eligibility for in-ground burials than the v.a. third, arlington's appropriations structure is different than the v.a.'s and should you make a jurisdiction change congress may wish to review that and determine what is the right course of action. fourth, arlington provides military funeral honors but the v.a. does not. fifth, arlington hosts many special ceremonies every year, some involving the president and visiting heads of state, and sixth, arlington is one of the most visited tourist destinations in washington, h t hosting over 4 million visitors a year. we do think opportunity exist for the army and vanchts to collaborate more for the mutual benefit of both organizations, most importantly for the benefit of our active duty service members, our veterans and their family. here are examples. v.a. staff, vanchts has staff dedica

however ibelieve the army must do its part. and i do believe that the army must actively support the readiness of our organic industrial base. and specifically, my question then regarding this particular issues, what is the army's plan to work load the organic industrial base, including organic manufacturing base through the arsenals to ensure, really, that its capabilities are maintained in order to respond in case we do have another oco at some point down the road. and if there's a plan, how will it be implemented to ensure these critical capabilities are maintained? >> thank you for your concerns. and on a very important area. generally when people talk about so-called reversibility, i think they perhaps naturally think about reversing our end strength numbers. that's something we spend a lot of time on, and i think one of the more important components of the way in which the army has shaped itself through this budget is we retain those nco, senior nco positions and particularly field grade officers who would be so critical

he bumps into the union army that's pursuing the confederate army. we've discussed the maryland campaign and the sense of urgency the army of the potomac had. now all of a sudden they have a union prisoner who is only a few hours removed from being in confederate captivity. and they were begging moore to divulge some information. they said, colonel moore, good to see you. where are the confederates? he said, well, i can't tell you that. well, we're headed up over south mountain. and moore goes, you are? my goodness, be careful. and the general who questioned him said, oh. what do you mean by that? where are the confederates? he said, well, i've said too much. and so they were begging, begging moore to give up some information. but he would not. so this system of honor was extremely important. and it was really the thread that held together this first phase of how prisoners were treated. now, another aspect of the parole is what happens once you sign it. now, if you signed a parole as a prisoner of war, you were allowed to go home to sit, continue to

it was a war for mind, more than capitals and armies. i think you can make the case that washington is a much more moderate general than he is generally described. >> how big was the army went wh it went into valley forge and how big was it when he came out? >> at one point he counted in terms of men reporting for duty, not sick, not missing, not unaccounted for, about 2,300 people. but qualitatively, it also had been through this searing bonding emotional experience. i think it's safe to say washington was for all of his august qualities was probably more popular with the revolutionary army than it was with the soldiers on the virginia frontier. and i do think washington had his own hierarchal views put to the test. he clearly came to realize painfully that just because you were well born or well connected or well written did not mean that you were, a, a good soldier, or, b, a good person. i think probably the man he hated the most in all the world was charles lee. and the more you know about charles lee, he's pretty easy to hate. >> ha

the confederate army. and then once that exchange was made legal, you would receive notification to report to your unit within a period of time or else you would be found awol. and there was an elaborate system both sides had to agree to, to make these exchanges. so if you wanted to exchange a captain, you had to have six privates on the other side to make that exchange, or any sort of permutation. generals ran in the vicinity of about 40 privates. colonels, 15. lieutenant colonels, 10. majors, 8. captains, 6. then on down to one noncommissioned officer equals two privates. and making all this work because each side has a different number of prisoners in their possession early in the war, makes it difficult. so if you were captured in battle and you signed one of these paroles, probably you could expect to sit on your bottom for a long period of time until the government actually got around to exchanging you. because the negotiations could run for weeks, even months. so we discussed the things that this sy

army to use in the field just six years later. >> let's go to asheville, north carolina. one more call here for john mountcastle. good afternoon to jay. >> caller: yes, sir, thanks for taking my call. my question is regarding secretary stanton. was he not extremely exasperated from time to time with mcclellan and did he not say that if he had a million men, he would sit in the mud and whine until he could get 2 million? and i'll take my answer off the air. thank you. >> thank you, jay. >> yes, jay, that's a great point. edwin stanton had been very much in favor of the promotion of george mcclellan to commanding general of the army as opposed to the defeated irwin mcdowell and the aged winfield scott. but as soon as they began to work closely together, friction developed here. stanton was a republican. mcclellan was a -- what was then called a war democrat, someone who was in favor of certainly restoring the union, but not much else. and so they had different political views, different personalities, and stanton did complain, mcclellan always wanted more men and he wanted

could not trust his army. but there was one thing that washington did know, that generals may plan, but it is the line officers, the lieutenants, the captains, the majors, the men in actual command, two control the troops. he in conjunction with his staff, colonel brooks, who later becomes governor of our commonwealth, so he colonel brooks, his secretary jonathan tremble begin to lay out a plan. and the plan is they will all call of these officers together, that is the lieutenants and captains and the majors, and speak to them directly. they must also prepare an address, a speech. several days now spent in writing what is probably the most important speech ever given in american history. all in secret because, of course, washington has already announced that he's not coming to the meeting. noon saturday, the 15th of march, about 30 officers crowd into the temple of virtue. the building by the way, the reconstruction of the building is there today on that historic site. general gates entered the room, everyone

it was called the army of the gulf. first under benjamin butler but then from december 1862 onward who took command in the army in the campaign that captured port hudson north of baton rouge. while the confederates planned a couple of different campaigns to recapture new orleans, they were never strong enough or to put it alternatively, the union force there is were always too strong for that effort to succeed. the attack on baton rouge in august of 162, i alluded to in my talk, when the arkansas moved down there to try to help the confederate army to recapture baton rouge, that was to be a first step toward an effort to recapture new orleans but when the confederate attack at baton rouge was repulsed and unsuccessf unsuccessful, it ended that chance and later on the confederates undertook a couple efforts but they were never able to organize a strong enough army to carry it through. >> the program there at the library is about to get back under way. we'll take one more quick call from glen in downey, california. hi, th

the army had already started on that. but you raised the bar as to a requirement that the sarcs be at the brigade level and the victims advocates. we have two vas at every battalion level and company level. that provides the kind of alternative that the chief had just spoken about. if the victim feels uncomfortable going into their chain of command. but that really, as you noted, ms. davis, that's the critical part of fixing this more fully, making those commanders sensitive. making them understand that if they don't get it right, they're not going to be in this army much longer. as the ucmj, it provides the prosecutors the opportunity to take action against people who are perhaps not violent sexual offenders, but inappropriate touching. the kinds of actions that probably in the civilian sector nothing is done. and we take action against them as well. there is an article 15 or a holding off a promotion or pay cuts. >> thank you, mr. secretary. my time is about up. i did want to make one comment if the chairman would let m

let's get serious are you happy with the state of the army of the russian army today. of course i would like to see. a lot has been done to create a new. sim time i have to see my chess to be done in the future so you'll see that if you look at the article which was written by prime minister mr putin you can see that he didn't fulfill just only on achievements but he has decided to draw attention of our people to the problems we should we face and we should we have to solve and i hope. there is a lot of capabilities and abilities of us to to to create a new army well since you've mentioned the article premise to put. well he is pretty worried he pretty concerned about the. well do we consume here this is the prime minister and they're one of the main candidates through russian presidency. do we all including the russian leadership consider the united states as a potential threat to russia to the. it goes without seeing the united states is not a potential threat to the russian army or the russian federation and goes without saying that the problem is there. some elemen

army reserves ready to go. and what it also does is it will enable sustained readiness across the force over a long period of time. so that's the intent of our process. we're working through the details of this and how it's funded and how we sustain them over time. and i think we're going to be able to do this. we're working very closely with both the national -- mainly the national guard, but also the u.s. army reserve on this concept. >> with the readiness reporting program that you have morph into something side of the table where we are at any one point in time with respect to those? >> it's going to have to. and it's going to have to do it for the total army. >> right. thank you, mr. chairman. i yield back. >> thank you. mr. hunter? >> thank you, chairman. and thank you general and mr. secretary. there is one thing bothntio ofd. i want to run through a few things. the new requirements don't reque otecon to the same stringt requirements that they were originally stated. the first question is why relax the r

could not trust his army. but there was one thing that washington did know, that generals may plan but it's the line officers, captains, majors, men who command who control the troops. he in conjunction with his staff, colonel brooks, secretary jonathan trumble begin to layout a plan, they will call all the officers together, lieutenant, captains, majors, and speak to them directly. they must also prepare an address, a speech. several days now spent in writing what i probably the most important speech ever given in american history. all in secret because washington announced he's not coming to the meeting. noon, saturday, 15th of march, about 300 officers crowd in the temple of virtue. building by the way reconstruction building is there on that historic site. general gates entered the room, everyone snapped to attention. convenes the meeting the officers take their seats and then from outside comes the noise of thundering hoofs it is general washington's body guard, in a moment they are literally standing in

>> go back to the army. >> you'd like to go back to the army. right. so you'd like to rejoin your comrades. would some of them have qualms about this? yeah. if honor is important to you, you're going to tell lee he's got to go away and he has to honor this system that's in place. and the troublesome thing for the union soldiers was there was a union general who was captured along with them. they were debating among themselves about whether they should sign the parole. a lot wanted to go back home immediately but the general, named general graham said you can't do that men. you are union soldiers. it essentially created a riot among the union prisoners while lee is trying to take them back down to virginia because they didn't know which of those decisions they should adhere to. and it was easy for the general, general graham, he'll be exchanged right quick. but if you're a private you can expect of course to be in confederate captivity for some time. now, another important issue involving the cartel phase was the question of african-american prisoners.

german army. meanwhile outside these divisions america had many trained and able men, a proposal for a new division of national guard units from as many states as possible was vigorously advocated by major douglas macarthur. it was spread over the whole country like a rainbow, the idea of a rainbow division, the 42nd was his, and his duty to see that if well equipped for the ball it that waited for it in france. the rainbow division moved up to the front. it's full readiness through the efforts of colonel macarthur was to prove fortunate indeed. it was during this period too that an impressive battlefield technician began to foreshadow a great military future. soon known for brilliant decisions on the battlefield, colonel macarthur was also to gain a reputation as a man who faced danger completely unafraid. he was the youngest american division commander in the war. twice wounded, twice gassed, he won more awards for valor than has ever been awarded to an american soldier. acclaimed as the greates

we still have the nukeluss of the army of 35 -- nucleus of the army 35,000 men, buehl was on the other side of the river, he said, it's now or never. the reinforcements will never come. he stalked the battlefield all hours, he went to general polling, he tried to get the southern -- polk, he tried to get the southern coma convinced that they had won, and the next morning all they would have to do is push these few remnants, this lowly colonel who had terrible grammar, couldn't read, trying to get the ariss to crats and the -- aristocrats and the successors to johnson do something. and he realized the pattle was over when the -- battle was over, when the new troops came, they plowed into the south. there was a third incident that changed his life and changed our own lives here tonight and one was that in the final rear guard action as the southern army was leaving the battlefield on the third day, the battle was over beings they were leaving the battlefield, nathan forest took itn earp was not pursued. if the north pursued this army, they would have destroyed it. they were so sh was so

the army retained those. >> okay. is there any trouble like we're experiencing in arlington at any of these other cemeteries? >> we have not audited anybody beyond the activities at arlington, so i really can't say. i certainly have seen some press accounts, but we have not -- our audit was focused on arlington. >> prior to what was reported -- what's that? almost four years ago. had there ever been an audit of arlington's recordkeeping prior? >> i am not aware of one by gao. i do not know whether the inspector general had ever done one, but we had not, to my knowledge. >> was arlington's -- we'll call it, for lack of a better term, management required to report at the end of fiscal years or at any point back to the army budgetary processes, anything that had happened during the year? >> i am not aware of that, but ms. condon may be in a better position to answer that than i am. >> sir, arlington -- the management of arlington, as you do your resource, has to report to the department of the army. >> so -- but it's jus

army reserves. and what we will do is for an active unit, cycle would be 24 months and they spend six months in reset, 10 months in training, 12 months available and then for the reserve component a bit expanded because maybe over 60 month period but allow home to rotate through so we would always have a portion of the national guard and u.s. army reserves ready to go. and what it also does is it will enable sustained readiness across the force over a long period of time. so that's the intent of our process. we're working through the details of this and how it's funded and how we sustain them over time and i think we'll able to do this. we're working very closely with mainly the national guard but also u.s. army reserve on this concept. >> would the readiness reporting program that you have more events that can show us this side of the table where we are at any one point in time with respect to notice >> it's going to have to and have to do it for the total army. >> right. thank you, mr. chairman. y

when you talk about whether it should be an army or a va facility, who in the army was in char charge? and this is way beyond the realm of gao and folks like that and your excellent witnesses and i appreciate the limits on your supervision, but this hearing is about accountability at arlington. and the best i can tell, there is none, at least in terms of holding the wrongdoers accountable. so what are we going to do about this? this is years into the investigation. members of congress have run for office hoping to hold hearings on cemetery accountability. presumably this will be handled responsibly, but i'm getting tired of waiting years into the investigation. now, want to be fair to all involved. but this is years have passed. is it going to take three years to find out what happened to the ashes of the airmen that were apparently dumped in a dumpster? what is going on here? so, i hope that these committees will not be part of any sweeping under the rug, any white wash. but as the years click by, shouldn't there be not just an accounting but accountability? thank you, mr. chairman.

his family has been army all the way.utenant, i believe that your family, as a matter of fact, goes back to the revolutionary days, and i can't think of anybody more qualified than yourself to explain the tradition behind this uniform, which these members of the ceremonial color guard wear today. >> thank you, sergeant. the uniform worn by the members of the color guard of the 3rd infantry is an exact replica of the uniform worn by the third infantry regiment in 1784. this is to remind the members of the old guard of the long and proud history of the 3rd united states infantry regiment. you will notice a certain distinctive item of the uniform such as the powder box, canteen on the man's left side, the regiment crest of the 3rd infantry from the period 1784. the knapsack strap on the left shoulder of the uniform is a holdover from the war of 1812 when the 3rd infantry stood up before the regiments of the british only, in the color of buff and black, whisper pet waited today in the knapsack strap, a quarter strip of leathe

the same thing happened with the army. the u.s. army was a disaster for the first couple of years. it was then reformed by madison. madison got new leadership, he brought the age of the leadership of the army down 20 years. our generals were 36 years old instead of late 50s and early 60s. and one of them was named winfield scott, and it was, it was these army generals who ran the army after the war, another one, another famous leader was named brown, general brown. and they are the ones who trained the people who fought in the civil war. so it had a huge impact on them. the united states army right at the end did quite well against the british. they redeemed themselves for the earlier defeats under this new leadership. >> when did this war become known as the war of 1812? >> well, i think right from the beginning. it was called, also, the second war of independence. and a lot of, a lot of historians have pooh-poohed it in the sense that we for the first time fought a war, the first big war under the institutions that had been created in, under the new constitution and did it succes

lou wallace is going to come around to the rear of the confederate army. you might think that is ludicrous or suicidal but you might also think that could save the entire union cause on the first day by having a movement to the rear unknown to the confederates. people that afterwards said that the confederates would have known. but maybe not. but the problem was right when he got to crossing the bridge, frantic messengers came from grant and said what are you doing? and he said i'm going to the right to reinforce sherman. sherman is all through. you took the wrong road. they made him reverse and go all the way back all the way back a 167 mile round trip. and lou wallace refused to turn the army. he made it make a cart wheel. it took an hour to do. he insists that the proper order be maintained and he did not get to the battlefield by 7:00 in the evening and the union army was not 40,000 men. it was 20,000 hiding under the cliffs and about to be pushed into the river. and grant was tearing his hair out where is my 7,000 men? the next morning lou wallace did

the reality is that blacks served in both armies, that of the union and that of the confederate army. about 186 thors blacks -- 186,000 blacks served in the union army. and i tell of accounts of extreme valor performed by these black union soldiers. what about on the confederate side? we do not have good data to give you a firm number. you see estimates as low as 10,000 in the confederate army of blacks and as high as 930,000. i don't know what the correct number is. probably somewhere between those two. even if blacks served in the confederate army, they only served in nonmilitary roles. myth or reality? another myth. i learned early on, by researching the official records of the rebellion, those volumes, those 128 volumes published by the united states government following the war that it contains the official records of the war. battle reports. you don't have to do a whole lot of research when you get in those and you'll find battle reports where a federal officer will report that his troops were fired on by black confederates. it's in the official records. so, it's surprising to m