army reserve. we will take almost a 40% reduction in our current brigade combat teams once we're finished. sequestration will result in delays of every one of our modernization programs, stretch them out longer and longer. it will have an inability to reset our equipment in a timely fashion if we are asked to deploy, and it will impact our ability to train individually the units. these reductions will impact every army base at installation across the entire country. such a rapid decline in our ability to train and maintain the force will result in extremely low levels of readiness inside the next six months, which will cascade into fiscal year 2014 and 2015. no matter how this all turns out, which is still somewhat of an unknown, fiscal constraints are here to stay. we understand that. we have to play a role, because the status of our economy and our fiscal capacity is a key piece of our strength and a nation, and we understand that. but our domestic fiscal constraints do not diminish budding threa

the conventional army, the big army has been very resistant to that kind of mission, and we have paid, i think, a very heavy price in our recent military history for that resistance. because we went into vietnam with a fairly arrogant attitude such as, you know, a u.s. army chief of staff in the early 1960s who famously said any good soldier can handle guerrillas. this notion that, well, you know, if we can fight the red army, we don't have to worry about guerrillas, but, in fact, guerrillas fight in a very different manner. and the same armed forces that wiped the floor ultimately wound up losing to the viet cong. along the way, however, i think the army and the marine corps learned a lot of very valuable lessons so that by the end of the vietnam war, they were actually pretty formidable counterip jury cement -- counterinsurgents. the manuals were literally thrown in the waste paper basket, and they said, whew, we're done with that. we never want to do this again. let's get back to fighting the red army. so when the army went into afghanistan and iraq, the big army, and i'm not talki

army reserve. this is on top of an 88,000 cut we're taking right now. my guess is -- that is about 190,000. i guess in the end it will be over 200,000 soldiers that we will have to take out of active components of the national guard and the u.s. army reserve. we will take almost a 40% reduction in our current brigade combat teams once we're finished. sequestration will result in delays of every one of our modernization programs, stretch them out longer and longer. it will have an inability to reset our equipment in a timely fashion if we are asked to deploy, and it will impact our ability to train individually the units. these reductions will impact every army base at installation across the entire country. such a rapid decline in our ability to train and maintain the force will result in extremely low levels of readiness inside the next six months, which will cascade into fiscal year 2014 and 2015. no matter how this all turns out, which is still somewhat of an unknown, fiscal constraints are here

the conventional army, the big army has been very resistant to that kind of mission and we have paid i think a very heavy price in the recent military history for that resistance because we've run into vietnam with a fairly arrogant attitude on the part of some such as u.s. army chief of staff in the early 1960's who famously said any good soldier can handle carless, the notion african fight the red army we don't have to worry about them but in fact they fight in a very different matter and the same armed forces that were locked will end up losing to the vietcong. along the way however i think the army and the marine corps colonel of valuable lessons so that by the end of the war they were pretty formidable counterinsurgency they knew what they were doing. the tragedy is what happened afterwards because then the counter insurgency manuals were thrown in the wastepaper basket and they said we are done with that. we never want to do this again let's get back to fighting the army so when they went into afghanistan and iraq, not talking about the special forces, the army wasn't well-prep

a lot of people in the army didn't like petraeus.ey didn't like officers who were too bookish or who stood out too much and petraeus was very much on many counts. zero he was sent to ft. leavenworth kansas and a lot of people are thinking the fair-haired leg, they are sending them out to pasture. he gets to ft. leavenworth and he realizes something. he realizes that this is actually the intellectual sector of the army. they write doctrine. they form the curriculum and command general staff college. they organize the national training centers and they loop these together the lessons from one affects the lessons of the other which affects the patterns of the next. he says to himself as he is learning all this, and the powers he potentially has. he says holy cow and he talks like that. he says things like holy cow and jeepers. he says holy cow they have put an insurgent in charge of the exchange. he viewed himself as an insurgent. meanwhile -- though there are a lot of meanwhile's. been while there is a professor at the school of nation

army.there hadn't been one for 20 years. and he draws on this group from the basin harbor conference to be his inner circle, to be his aide, to the people who helped him write this conference. in other words, outside the usual channels within the army. so for things happen at the end of 2006. one, this midterm election, democrats when, bush fires rumsfeld, hires robert gates. two, it's an as petraeus we going back to iraq as the top commander. number three, bush announces that he is ordering a surge of troops in iraq. sending another 20,000 troops. and number four, that he is changing strategy essentially a counterinsurgency strategy. he calls it clear, hold, and build, an old phrase became of some these books. the idea being that you clear in area of insurgents, then you stay there, you hold it. you don't just turn over to the iraqis right away. they are not yet capable of holding a. you stay there any help to build an infrastructure, help the government provide basic services, build trust

army reserve. combined with previous cuts already approved a missile result in a total reduction of 189,000 personnel from the army but will probably end up being higher than that, closer to 200,000. a reduction of 14% will equate to almost 40% reduction in our brigade combat teams and access u.s.-based installation infrastructure. sequestration will result in delays to everyone apart 10 major modernization programs. since 2008 the total army budget will have them reduced by over 45%. the sequestration enacted will be greater than 50%. that is the number following any war we've been involved with since world war ii. in my opinion from a sequestration is not in the best interest of our national security on the placement rates will burden on the shoulders of soldiers and civilians. we will not execute and are compromising future readiness of the short course, army and ability to provide security of our nation today. i understand the seriousness of our countries fiscal situation. we will continue to d

in the army. since 2008, if we implement the 2014 budget without sequestration, it'll be a 45% reduction in the army budget. if we implement sequestration it will be over 50%. that is a significant cut. these are not insignificant numbers that we are talking about. and it'll have an impact on our capabilities as we move forward. so for fiscal year '14 and beyond, sequestration will result in a loss of a minimum of additional 100,000 soldiers and are active national guard and u.s. army reserves. this is already on top of an 88,000 cut we are taking right now. my guess is, so that totals about 190,000. my guess in the end it will be over 200,000 soldiers that will have to take out of active proponent, the national guard, and the u.s. army reserve. we will take almost a 40% reduction in our brigade combat teams. once we're finished. sequestration will result in delays to everyone of our 10 major modernization programs, stretch them out longer and longer and longer. it will have an inability to reset

a lot of people in the army didn't like petraeus. they didn't like officers who were too bookish or his stood out too much and petraeus was very much guilty on both accounts. shiva sent to fort leavenworth, kansas. a lot of people are thinking that's great. we're sending him out to pasture, literally. he gets to fort leavenworth and realizes that pain. he realized this is actually the intellectual center of the army, the doctrine. they form the curriculum at the command and general staff college. feature will look to all of these together. one affects the other, which affects the patterns of the next. he says to himself as he is learning what kind of powers he potentially has. he says holy cow and a toxic that. he says things like holy cow, jeepers, super. he says holy cow, they put an insurgent in charge of the engine of change. he views himself as an insurgent. meanwhile -- there is a lot of meanwhile. meanwhile there is a professor at the school of advanced international studies in washington d.c. and eliot cohen and as an eminent

secretary john mchugh, and army chief of staff general ray odierno.are specially liked to be joined by the iron horse division. we welcome you to the ranks. you may have a sense that clinton is a pretty humble guy. we just spent some time together in the oval office. he grew up in lake city, calif., population less than 100. we welcome his family, including mom and dad, tisch and gary. i hope you do not mind that we share that he was actually born at home. these days, clinton works in the oilfields of north dakota. he is a man of faith. and after more than a decade in uniform, he says the thing he looks forward to the most is just being a husband and father. in fact, this is not even the biggest event for clinton this week. because tomorrow, he and his wife, tammy, will celebrate their 13th wedding anniversary. this is probably not the intimate kind of anniversary you planned. [laughter] but we're so glad that you are here, along with your three children. colin is not as shy as clinton. [laughter] he was racing around the oval office pretty good. [lau

>> the union army is like the north. it's divided. the north is divided over this in the union army is divided. this anti-slavery generals and soldiers. if there is a general resistance on the part of soldiers who are democrats as making this war and anti-slavery were. but that said, there is also in the army, and they surprised me, more than i realize, a commitment to the idea of civilian rule and if congress passes a law and of the war department issues these orders, we have two of these disorders. and it is not too much resistance in the confederate states, and associated states. the border states is a mess because the state laws presumably are still in existence and yet there are policies and unit from washington they contradicting things. and so most of the conflict we see within the union army about implementation, but the way the union armies treated in the border states, maryland, kentucky, missouri. generals in the states are the ones he's been a supplemental literature when i talk about these things. it's relatively clear cu

world out there we go now starting with pakistan where an assault on an army outpost in the northern part of the country has now left thirty five dead including twelve attackers the pakistan taliban was quick to claim responsibility ten civilians all from the same family and thirteen soldiers were among those killed a spokesman for the armed group said it was in retaliation for a drone strike on two taliban commanders last month and another blast yesterday just about sixty kilometers to the north left twenty six dead. the spanish prime minister has been forced to deny that he received more than two hundred fifty thousand euros worth of secret payments over a ten year period speaking in front of his conservative party not in order hoyer said he will post his tax declarations online to prove the allegations are false the scandal erupted last thursday in the national spanish newspaper published records allegedly showing prominent members of the ruling party taking hidden donations. a quarter of a million twitter users have had their accounts hacked at the company's information security

while reports of extra doodoo killings by the merely an army have escalated all the way to the un the blocks and genocide and force says he's deeply concerned claims by activists that the army which is largely backed by french troops is committing ethnic reprisal attacks and other atrocities and this comes as francois hollande is on a visit to the north african country where his forces are fighting islamic radicals a strasbourg a base journalist a robot harness believes the french president's simply trying to score cheap political points with the trip. he may regard this is a window of opportunity to present this is a great french excess which militarily technically tactically certainly looks like let's be honest but it sees an opportunity because clearly in the background there is considerable american assistance there now british troops coming in there talking about eight thousand african troops it's not going to be further out i may say the french are very reluctant to approach the algerian front you know too closely because algeria and france as you know have a long history with.

by the army and raise eyebrows at the u.n. concert rather on what the french leaders crusade visit to the north african state . of justification of. terra russia's top diplomat hints that the inconsistency of the west's approach could be behind the deadlock in syria's ongoing standoff. for now though america's forces in afghanistan may have been running on iranian oil that's clear violation of washington's own fuel embargo against the islamic state the pentagon has admitted it can't vouch for the source of years worth of fuel due to a very complicated supply system. picks up the story. the u.s. gives money to the afghan government to buy fuel for its forces now u.s. officials especially spoke to general for afghanistan reconstruction say they cannot verify that the fuel purchased for afghan security forces in recent years did not come from iran it could be their way of saying that it was probably for the wrong and it could mean that the u.s. has violated its own chanst there by letting us taxpayer dollars go to remain coffers

earlier is also posting her own updates and still to come in the program alleged atrocities by the army in mali raise eyebrows at the u.n. and cast a shadow on what some see as the french leaders crusade a visit to the north african state. plus the justification of terrorism while waging wars on terror russia's top diplomat hints that the inconsistency of the western protests could be behind the deadlock in syria's bloody standoff. america's forces in afghanistan may have been running on iranian oil in a clear violation of washington's own fuel embargo against the islamic state the pentagon has admitted it can't vouch for the source of years worth of fuel due to a complicated supply system he's going to check on picks up the story. the u.s. gives money to the afghan government to buy fuel for its forces now u.s. officials the special inspector general for afghanistan reconstruction say they cannot verify that the fuel purchased for afghan security forces in recent years did not come from iran it could be their way of saying that it most probably did for the wrong and it could mean that

there was an army nurse there named ruby bradley. and the first bombs fell in the philippines about six hours after they first started to drop on pearl harbor, so it was almost immediate. c-span: what did they do? >> guest: well, ruby bradley was up that morning getting ready for a routine surgical case. she said she was scrubbing in the operating room for a hysterectomy. and a -- a soldier came to the door and said, 'stop. there's not going to be any surgery today.' she couldn't figure out what was going on. he said, 'go to the surgeon's office.' she went over to meet the surgeon whom she'd worked with, and he said, 'look, i've just been notified they've bombed pearl harbor. they may bomb us at any time.' she said at that moment, they heard the drone of the planes. they went to the window, 'cause they didn't know, looked out, and there was a whole squad of japanese zer -- zeroes coming in on the base dropping bombs. c-span: what happened next? >> guest: well, the first thing -- and it's actually one of my favorite stories in the boo

his own army was out to get him. if you have two weeks, it would be a shocking seven days. 999 times out of 1000 think that's exactly how things would've played out for saddam would've not survived. unfortunately for the bush administration's perspective, george h.w. bush's dave, saddam rolled the dice and made it, but given the question and i began, they would take the same bed again. >> i do think the breadth of the coalition to play a role in that calculation. it is in many ways a strange calculation. my vantage point is from romania were only a few months before in 1989 had been overthrown and the only violent overthrow and eastern europe after the fall of the wall. such esco had been in romania and then a big holiday of saddam hussein and also a variant. and his successors -- many of them came out of the communist party apparatus. they were not the closest associates, but were nonetheless communes. by mr. meanie imports anyway? romania haven't haven't had 11 of 13 seats on the council. so we really needed, even

committed by the opposition troops opposition forces within syria there against the the army against civilians now he also went on to ask the question of who decides which state is a candidate for regime change it seems that some are wary some aren't looking at the ongoing situation in syria where it's been deemed that bashar al assad must step aside by foreign powers not once again reiterated today by the united states vice president joe biden in his address here in munich where is some states aren't considered candidates thinking more here about the gulf monarchies where we've also seen protests in public uprising there of foreign minister lavrov spoke direct to those western powers when he talked about furthering international discussion saying that if well they kept their promises to speak to all sides in the syrian conflict that not conflict could well be over by now. now and foreign minister sergei lavrov also met privately with the leader of the key opposition group the syrian national coalition for the first time myers our said there was a mountain to climb before the rebel g

reports of extra judicial killings by the modern army of escalated all the way to the un the blocks and the genocide envoy says he's deeply concerned the claims by activists that the army which is knowledgably backed by french troops is committing ethnic reprisal attacks and other atrocities when it comes as force on hand is on a visit to the north african country where his forces are fighting islamic radicals while there the french president announced the mission won't be long and will wrap up in several weeks after which paris will weep the rewards according to you for those maji from the council who development of social science research in africa. what this intervention does is strengthen the arm of a group of junior officers who took control of the state and who are just simply. i mean the reports we get from mali from bamako is holies troops just simply control everything and not interested in any kind of development they're only interested in acquiring wealth for themselves they go in they rock banks complete impunity they control the economy now with complete impunity they are n

army reserve. combined with previous cuts this will result in at least 189,000 personnel from the force, but probably more than that. these reductions will impact at the army base and every insulation in the army. sequestration will result in delays to every one of our 10 major modernization programs, the ability to reset our equipment and unacceptable reductions in unit and training. these cuts will be felt across the entire country. since 2008, the total army budget will be reduced by 37%. if sequestration is enacted it will be greater than 45%. in my opinion, sequestration is not in the best interest of our national security. it will place an unreasonable burdenen on the shoulders of our soldiers and civilians. we won't be able to execute the strategic guidance as we developed last year. i understand the seriousness of the country's fiscal situation. we have and will continue to do our part but the significance of these cuts will reduce our ability to sustain readiness today and into the future.

>> there are many things that are promising that the army has it not been using as an organic piece of our formation. as we develop this multifunction electronic warfare capability there are many things inside there which are promising. there are airborne electronic attack capabilities that the army has not had, so aim very excited by its inclusion in this greater integrated electronic warfare enterprise that we're working our way through now. i am most concerned, of course, about the enemy's ability to maneuver inside of anywhere in the electromagnetic spectrum which we can't defending a gains. so that's where my concern is. >> colonel pryor. >> i agree. i think one of the things that the entire ew profession is concerned about, if i were to compare and contrast what we used to deal with, from just as simple as a ground threat in the high day of the cold war to modify a ground threat to operate somehow differently in electromagnetic spectrum required changes the boxes and an actual building of something different, where as today the modern threats that i think we will be facing in tha

doing the exact same thing as the army. but they got there early because as soon as the north koreans invaded on june for the joint chiefs. they immediately start mustering troops and less than a month. they came with their own aviation. so what this meant in the critical first battle to stop in advance that the marines were doing was called combined operation. they had their own flying overhead. that to arrive immediately and be ready for combat right away is exactly what marine said was important after world war ii and other services are saying you'll do that anymore. >> host: you mention political lobbying, how did that occur? >> guest: after world war ii world war ii, all the services do away with the navy department has the principle cabinet position and instead create the department of defense. in the start of this process, all the other services were on board with radically reducing the national defense. they thought the marine had come to her world war ii. the marines took some of their smartest and most connected o

army chief of staff talks about the future of the army. and then president obama on gun legislation and the plan to help the middle class. democratic leaders outlined their plans to avoid federal budget cuts. >>-saturday, we are in savannah at 4, georgia for live coverage of the book festival starting at 10:15 east turn on the future. a former navy psychologists on lessons i learned that combat hospital. the chief washington correspondent on the war in afghanistan from the outpost. a presidential historian, and of 4:00, and gary wills asks, why priests? live saturday on c-span to. >> he thought she was the smartest person he ever knew and he knew how much she loved him. he knew that she would tell him the truth. she wasn't going to sugar coat. one of the tapes that i love that came out is the one where she is analyzing his speech. she was really tough on him. mother always was startled. i think you should do that. it would tell me all the time, your mother has the best judgment of anybody. always listen to your mother. he was just devoted

anti genocide envoy says he's deeply concerned it claims by activists that the army which is largely backed by french troops is committing ethnic reprisal attacks and other atrocities this comes as faso or land is on a visit to the north african country where his forces are fighting islamic radicals while there the french president announced the mission won't be long and will wrap up in several weeks after which paris will reap the rewards according to photos manship he's from the council for the development of social science research and after i spoke to the learner. what this intervention does is strengthen the arm of a group of junior officers who took control of the step and who are just simply. i mean the reports we get from early from bamako is whole these troops just simply control everything they're not interested in any kind of development they're only interested in acquiring wealth for themselves they go in there rob banks complete impunity they control the economy now with complete impunity they are now the sort of. i guess you know the servants now of all. of the french i

a (bleep) army, an ass-wipe army? is it a penis army? [laughter] because if a penis army is attacking my house, i want to know. trust me, i know all their weak spots. [laughter] [cheers and applause] but kudos to stallone for speaking out against guns, and by the way don't miss his new movie "bullet to the head" in theaters now. it's like rhinestone but with bullets to the head. but sylvester stallone isn't the only actor promoting a new movie who has views on gun control. >> i think that you can't start to pick apart any of -- anything out of the bill of rights without thinking that it's all going be become undone. if you take one out or change one law then why wouldn't they take all your rights away from you. >> right, in the same way if you take away die hard 2, die hard 3 is just a confusing series of explosives. so that's one for, one against, any other action stars want to step up and settle this? >> hi, i'm chuck norris a black belt pate rovment if some thug breaks into my home, can i use any roundhouse kick but i prefer to use th

claims the government's actions are heavily influenced by the army. the surface interpretation of what's happening definitely that there are groups who are willing to sabotage anything and try to embarrass the government specifically morsi and the military. on the surface however the deeper into positions of what's going on some of the interpretation goes as far as that the military council or the military is behind all of this so that they can have. the grip over this waste canal and intensify their presence militarily over there probably don't want to see an economic development of this specific strategic area because it would hand over to civilian oversight of the canal rather than military oversight of the canal according to a new constitution something called the national defense council this council in most countries and previously had an advisory stature now it has more of an executive that has a military members on this board than civilian. which outnumbers the civilians including be commander in chief the president which means they can force

the syrian president bashar al assad says his army is able to confront any aggression aimed against his nation he also says israel is trying to destabilize the country that's after comments made by the israeli defense minister ehud barak today hinting for the first time that his forces were behind this week's attack on its northern neighbor. as the details. it does come from the israeli defense minister it would be iraq and he has said that it is proof that when israel says something it means that he did stop short of actually a third being israel's involvement now u.s. officials have said that the strike targeted an arms convoy that was carrying anti aircraft weapons from syria to lebanon according to the israeli defense minister ehud barak he said that we do not think and i'm quoting that syria should be allowed to bring advanced weapons systems into lebanon it is important to make the point that his comments does not constitute acknowledgement of israel's involvement in the strike but it certainly does suggest the possibility that it took place and it was responsible for it but also

well reports of extra do killings by the million army have escalated all the way to the un the blocks anti genocide and force says he is deeply concerned that claims by activists that the army which is largely backed by french troops is committing ethnic reprisal attacks and other atrocities and this comes as francois hollande is on a visit to the north african country and for his forces are fighting islamic radicals a strasberg a base journalist a robot harness believes the french president's simply trying to score cheap political points with the trip. he may regard this is a window of opportunity to present this is a great french excess which militarily technically tactically certainly looks like let's be honest but it's his opportunity because clearly in the background there is considerable american assistance there now british troops coming in there talking about eight thousand african troops it's not going to be further out i may say the french are very reluctant to approach the algerian from here too closely because algeria and france as you know have a long history with. bitter

army joint special operations army command in the marine corps and army command. as well as thousands of special operators and their families. admiral mcraven has noted repeatedly that there is a greater demand for special ops forces today than at any point in our history. as we prepare to drawdown in afghanistan, special operations forces will likely remain. additionally, as long as al qaeda and its affiliates remain a threat to our nation, our special operations will remain engaged abroad. i understand the combined impact of these issues, they could cut approximately 23% and the special ops operations and 9% in the investment accounts, essentially returning to command fiscal 2007 levels, low the budget request for fiscal year 2013. doctor carter, general dempsey, if these cuts go forward, how will the impact the readiness of our special operation forces? >> well, it is devastating. i will let the chairman speak to it more. but the reason this is hit especially hard, it is the same reason that general odierno and the army gets hit especially hard. mainly that the

what i hear now is how this surprises me i mean that first of all the mali an army does hold a grudge against the people who are stemmed from the northern part of the country and secondly the soldiers of very low paid and have very little armaments and such as a they're not really a regular army in that sense there's only. hardly a state apparatus functioning how can you really just have people and examine what they do you can't you just ground in a country like that so the only thing you can do correctly is if you think people might be terrorist is hold them and arrest them and detain them what you certainly will do is say this is kind of actually judicial executions but eternally surprises me that this is going on right now this country needs support yes this country needs are we why is it that this help only comes in the form of military invasions that's a basic question usually we should ask ourselves. wednesday news of israel's as try can see were broke the arab league slammed israel for its alleged air strikes describing it as flagrant aggression and a violation of serious sover

and mexico and ninety four led to a massive impoverishment of mexican farmers creating an an army of desperate unemployed workers in the in the slums which u.s. companies were able to go in and exploit the cheap labor now europe's trying to do exactly the same thing through this free trade agreement to egypt and. create and the european council on foreign relations a report from twenty eleven very explicit that they want to turn egypt into a low wage manufacturing zone to help european companies their economic crisis play though down the people there don't want that to happen we're seeing that ag now in the streets do you think protesters could succeed in actually bringing down morsy. well i don't know i mean things are in flux for the moment but i think was the one of the lessons of two years ago that's really important to take on board is that focusing only on a demand for a single individual leader to be removed doesn't necessarily change the underlying problems or the underlying policies so i think i think there's a lesson there that they missed and should should not necessarily

the sierra leone army.he thinking was that there simply could not be any meaningful development unless there was security. that retraining of that army was a resounding success, actually. the army and police force that were put in place have partly led to them attracting a very large amount of foreign investment, building lots of new roads and so on. it is a success story and it would not have been if the army had not been retrained. >> critics would say that that is one isolated case. the wider argument, surely, is that if a defense job is to be done, that should come from the defense budget and the eight budget should be on things like schools, hospitals, training lawyers and that kind of thing. >> but they will do. that comes down to the inter- department fights for the department of international development here in britain and the defense ministry. aid agencies are going to be clawing back on whatever money they can. on the ground what affects people, like mali, for example, what really affects people

troops morelian army troops are exposed. that does not bode well for the future when the french intend to withdraw. >> gunmen in nigeria have shot dead at least nine health workers in two locations in kano state. the victims were working for a polio vaccination program. kano has been regularly targeted by poco from, which -- by boko haram, which has denounced the use of western medicine. this video appears to show shelling in the city in the southwest. it was one of the first to rise up against president sought -- assad's government. there has been a mixed reaction to the offer of talks. how do people feel about the possibility of talks? >> it has been days since the syrian jet destroyed two buildings in a rebel-controlled area of aleppo city. they are sifting through the rubble of what was once their homes. many have already died. so much has been destroyed. that is why the opposition leader says he proposed talks with the government, but there are some people, even those who escaped death, who are not interested. >> we don

meanwhile, it was painfully clear that confederate armies were everywhere benefiting greatly from the forced labor performed for them by slaves. building fortifications and placing artillery as you see in this sketch, carrying weapons, it tending horses, driving wagons, cooking and cleaning, raising the crops that that the population and that the army. more and more republican leaders now therefore concluded that attempting to fight the war with understanding the enemy was impossible. included on the contrary that union armies must become more aggressive, must become more ruthless stories that confederate leadership and his supporters and in particular, concluded union armies best free slave systematically and in large numbers ms takes place away from the confederacy and use them to strength in the union war effort. slaves like these working on fortifications in savanna. how did the union come to this understanding of the significance of slavery as a military factor? the courageous initiative of slaves themselves helped immeasurably to bring the union to this basic change of policy. a

her courage saved lives during a massacre on a texas army base, so why is she now claiming presidentbama betrayed her and other victims? >>> keep it right here, america. "nightline" is back in just 60 seconds. [ male announcer ] with citibank it's easy for jay to deposit checks from anywhere. [ wind howling ] easier than actually going to the bank. mobile check deposit. easier banking. standard at citibank. makes it easy for anne to manage her finances when she's on the go. even when she's not going anywhere. citibank for ipad. easier banking. standard at citibank. >>> from washington, this is "nightline" with terry moran. >>> there's breaking news. for that we go to the abc news desk. >> thank you, terry. i'm rob nelson at abc headquarters in new york. we begin with breaking news from southern california. investigators have located charred human remains within the debris of that burned-out cabin where it's believed christopher dorner was holed up. investigators tell abc news identification will be attempted through forensic means. if dorner is positively identified it would bring an