army reserves. national guard -- it is not only higher than 2017 funding level, consistent of the regular army seeks to restore readiness and based operation support as well as continuing to support families and programs of the well being of the army's valuable assets and people. u.s. army reserve of 2.9 of 77 functional ber golden gate gates -- bergades. having spent a few minutes discussing army near term readiness, lets now transition to army modernization. the army's fy 18, research development and acquisition budget requests, $26.8 billion represents an increase of $600 million from the fy 17 enacted level. that's an enacted level that includes a pretty sizable uptake because of the amendment that was recently include inside the fy 17 appropriation act. however, i would say that the majority of this increase is more so in research development testing evaluation that it is in procurement accounts that you will see. this budget request represents modernization priorities that we must pursue in or

the army leaders took a look at the army and said the army we have is probably not the army we want toeal with the soviet union. we are coming out of vietnam, although we had some unbelievable aerobic activity on the battlefield -- heroic activity on the battlefield we are consumed the noncommissioned officer corps in vietnam. we do not have training, and modernization program. our leadership said we need to change the army. we need to change it from a we had in vietnam to something to deal with the soviets. they forme trad -- formed training and doctrine command. as we went back into iraq in 2003, i was a brigade commander at the time. i tend to reserve criticism for myself and the organization i'm associated with. i was an armored brigade commander at the time with the lead force that invaded. i could tell you probably one of the problems we had as i look back on it was we thought we knew what we were dealing with. i was pretty sure i had good intelligence, satellite photos, things like that. a false sense of understanding of what it was. i will leave it at the level i was as a kerne

that is december 7 into december 8 wendy armie -- when the army crosses. the british will arrive minutes after the last boat crosses. they will look for votes and boats and come up empty. that protects the american capital of philadelphia and gives washington valuable reading room. both sides are very well informed, through spies, of the other's positions. he has good information about trenton. he is desperate to get a victory going. he is also under the burden that comes with the first of the new year, january 1, nearly half of his soldier's enlistments are going to expire. he is going to lose about half of his army without fighting a battle by january 1. he is desperate to use the army before it dwindles away. he will cross here on christmas night, eight miles north of trenton, to get the army across undetected. he waits until darkness. it is a very dark knight. there is ice in the river. there is ice freezing on the banks. they have to break it away so the boats can land. it is a long night. nor'easter0, a snowstorm kicks in. andzing rain, hail, snow, w

the army crossed during the night. washington's army had about 2400 men, 18 cannons, 100 horses. washington was hoping to have everyone across by midnight. it wasn't until about 4:00 the next morning on december 26, the army was across and ready to march to trenton. the prelude to our story is the new york campaign in the summer and fall of 1776. the british landed an army on staten island shortly after the declaration of independence. there were a series of defeats for general washington, beginning with the battle of long island, followed by harlem heights, white plains, the capture in new york as well, and the defeats at fort washington and fort lee. really, fort lee was an abandoning of the fort and important supplies, and that began in late november the retreat through new jersey. washington fell back through new jersey. he was hoping to defend new jersey, but because of the defeats, morale was sinking fast. he was counting on the new jersey militia as well as pennsylvania militia to come forward and strengthen his army. they were not turning out in any significant numbers. h

the army nurse corps. although the war is not on the battlefield, we nurses must remain on the battlefield to be ready in case of emergency to care for the wounded. and in peacetime, to fight the eternal battle against disease and sickness. ♪ when a new group of nurses arrives at the airport, it is always something of an event for the newcomers as well as the new timers. but there is usually not much time lost between arriving in being assigned to a hospital. there is plenty of work to be done here. each new nurse has a job waiting for her. but first, and korea at any rate a new nurse is given a proper , outfit for protecting against the cold of the korean winter. the keynote of the costume is not fashion, but utility. it is not mink, but it is warm. for once, it is nice to try on a hat and not wonder whether it is the right one. does it do something for you? you bet, it keeps you cozy at -5 . the new nurses are on the roster, and the routine of work in the wards has begun. all over the world, wherever our

the army crossed during the darkness. men,ngton had about 2400 18 cannons, 100 horses to get across the river. washington was hoping to have everyone across by midnight but it wasn't until or :00 the next morning that the army was across and ready to march to trenton. prelude to our story is the new york campaign somewhere in the fall of 1776. on british landed and army staten island after the declaration of independence and there was a series of battles and defeats for general washington, beginning with the battle of long island, the capture of new york and the defeat at washington and for lee. that began in late november. the retreat from new jersey. washington fell back from new jersey and was hope into defend new jersey but morale was in fast. newas counting on the jersey militia and pennsylvania militia to come forward and strengthen his army, but they were not turning out in any significant numbers. when he's halfway across the state, he orders the gathering of the boats along the river and send men forward to the r

the regular army, the national guard and army reserve. and there's a breakout across the major defense appropriations. wwe'll talk about each appropriation in more detail in such slides. however, i take this opportunity to point out at the aggregate level where much of the growth is represented. the 2017 national defense authorization act reversed a previously planned in the strength decline and authorize a total army and a strength of 1,002,000 soldiers. a much appreciated start to ensuring the army has fully manned formations. the increase in this fy '18 request goes to covering the readiness requirements of that growth both military pay and funding for training the force. additionally i know is able to leverage the growth to address recurring readiness shortfalls primary and her own in the funded operation in your training and infrastructure. only a small portion of the growth remain to apply to our future modernization accounts. i will walk you through the details in subsequent discussions. so i will start with our mail count because

and republican said rebel armies had become blackened armies. the situation is simple -- war is upon us by acts of traitors. i am showing you the area that was burned. either two destroyers of the residence of the calvary, the people suffered but what not star and they would. -- the people suffered, but would not starve. people watched their barns he said ablaze. they turned their hatred on grant and sheridan. not against the confederacy. the burning seemed only to deepen their for the yankees instead of the confederacy. as long as they have the railroads coming to them, they could survive. by that measure, sheridan had failed. if he had managed to break the virginia central, the work at it ended months earlier. no telling how many lives might have been saved if sheridan broken the railroad rather than burn the valley. in retrospect, knowing how the war turned up, the burning of the valley, like the burning of chambersburg, seemed like mistakes. either accomplished military -- but foster deep and enduring resentment. people in the valley so talk

women would serve with the army, not in the army. this meant that members of the wac had no official military status, they would have a separate system of grades and ranks different from men, they could not be placed in charge of any job or mission that involved men, and they couldn't give orders to men, and they did not rate a salute. it would soon be apparent that the women in the waac -- just like the women in the army and navy nurse corps -- could serve in combat zones but were not afforded the military protections, privileges and rights enjoyed by males in similar situations. meanwhile, legislation to create the women's sea services had come to the attention of congress. this bill would establish women's branches in the u.s. navy, marine corps and coast guard. edith north rogers along with eleanor roosevelt had put the fear of god into the navy admirals back in december of 1941. so the navy supported the bill that passed, and it was signed into law on 30, july, 1942. of now, guiding the creation of these new women's military bra

to save the army. we cannot let this army be destroyed. and look how far we are from our supply line. only one rag -- only one wagon train made it to hunter. that's how much the guerrilla presence was. he's not wrong. they literally ran out of ammunition. they are waiting, taking the time, doing things like burning down large parts of lexington and so forth, so the supply trance can keep up with them. we think about the union army being all-powerful and equipped, but by this time, they are the ones in enemy territory. hunter, to his credit, says he is saving the army to fight again another day rather than the captured by an army that they think is much larger. you can see lynchburg is even more important because lynchburg has a canal and a railroad. this railroad runs all the way down into tennessee and is a major supply line for lee. grant says if we can just get lynchburg for one day, that's all he needed, if we could break a for that long. one of the union generals said that would not happen. they would not allow them to take lynchburg.

army was formed. the army was formed as a national, federally organized force to fight this war but of course that army has gone on to have global significance and the politics of forming that army were a fraud to put it mildly. george washington wanted a standing army. a lot of people didn't. in the context of this war, the little-known -- doesn't figure in the popular imagine the same way, little-known founding indian war, our army was created and in fact takes place, the warfare takes place largely in the midwest. it was the conquest of what became the american midwest which so quickly after that started to become the industrial heartland, industrial economic driver that helped make america a great force around the world. i thought it is funny we don't talk about this or. i got into it here and it is interesting how the two books in a funny way combine. once we fought the war, it begins to open up the entire conquests of what became the bigger american west. what peter -- epic, sweeping. this is th

regular army divisions, what does that mean, they are not regular army divisions. they will be mostly draftees. and and good news to be a lieutenant. the bottom line is it is a regular army person. when you do world war i genealogy you can never figure this out. going from corporal to sergeant major overnight. and national guard units. the national guard units and pull them regionally into divisions. and regular army officer on top of that division. the hardest fighting divisions of world war i, the sixth division. it is from this area, created a national guard unit from massachusetts, connecticut, maine, new hampshire, they put a guy named clarence edwards in charge of it, to the congressional delegation up here. they going to combat, the office into 100 series offense but they are very much linked to the national guard heritage. you can supplement them with draftees and the core of the national guard, people who have been starving -- serving in the state militia. national armies moved the new deal, 76-99, that is drafting and the office -- those people from a new

he brings his army to new jersey in order to keep it between the british army and philadelphia and he winds up retreating across new jersey, 80 miles or so across new jersey. he gets to trenton about december 1 or 2nd of 1776 and he had been in new jersey from us to month before that. then he crosses over into pennsylvania in order to keep between the british and philadelphia. the big concern was that the british were going to try to take philadelphia before the end of the campaign season and the armies generally didn't fight in the winter. they were generally in their winter quarters but even know was december they thought maybe they would try to push it a few more weeks and take philadelphia. so that was the main concern but he did go to pennsylvania and the british took over all of central new jersey including trenton and established their winter quarters here. they decided not to go on to philadelphia until the spring but they establish their winter quarters here and of course banned its washington coming back and attacking those winter quarters that gave trenton its place in hist

he had three previous commanding general who served and his fresno army in as east, the army of the potomac had endorsed five principal commanders. the current commanding general of the union army was hallock. he was a major general and the regular army with a minimal actual field command experience. lincoln was not very satisfied with hallock's performance and by the end of august 1862, he had come to the conclusion that hallock was not going to get it done. after the defeat of manasses, lincoln said of him "he broke down, nerve and pluck all gone and he is ever since evaded all responsibility." lincoln considered hallock "little more sense than a first rate cleric." thatwould not be my epic -- epitaph. at heart, hallock was a scholar and not a leader is the point you do not appoint scholars in these positions because we tend to be devoid of it. he was unwilling to resume a spell ability -- assume responsibility and make difficult decisions, he evaded the burdens. in 1864, lincoln decided he needed a new commanding general before he deported ulysses s. grant at the deposition, he vetted gr

the army needed food. trenton became because of its geographic location, it was used as a supply depot from before the battle of trenton all the way through 1783 and kept the army going. one of new jersey's main contributions to the revolution in this area with can nation of its militia. militia was a state function, not a con mental congress fashion. new jersey passed a law that required men to be in it. however, new jersey because of washington's army being here, because at the british consulate in new york and for a year and philadelphia, they were called out very frequently. he was virtually every other month or every third month sometimes it very lucky every fourth month that a man might get called out. this was very, very strenuous trying to keep the local economy going. one thing we don't currently think about the militia is as part time soldiers were full-time civilians with jobs that they had to leave to go out on militia duty. militia duty was always considered to be a last resort defense. during

army nurses.n world war ii and during the korean war, we heard, read, and how the armyw nurse went there great hardship in her duty. the same hardships of the troops that she accompanied into combat. the relatively little has been reported of the army nurse in peacetime. yet she still serves, not only in mistakes, but all over the world. today on the big picture we would like to talk about an army nurse overseas. -- not only her work, but how she spends her leisure time. and something of what she thinks and feels as she serves her troops and our country in the far-flung corners of the world. korea is no longer on the front pages of the newspaper these days. it is a poor country, much like it was before the war. but with the mark of war upon it. american troops are here still. to ward off possible aggression, we are here, too. the army nurse corps. not on thewar is battlefield, we must be ready in case of emergency to care for the wounded. and in peacetime, to fight the eternal battle against disea

and the army need food. [laughter] and trenton became, because of its geographic location, it was used as a supply depot from before the battle of trenton all the way through 1783 and kept the army going. one of new jersey's main contributions to the revolution in this area was the organization of its militia. militia was a state function, not a continental congress function, and new jersey had passed the law that required member to be in it. however, new jersey -- because of washington's army being here, because of the britishing with constantly in new york -- british being constantly in new york and for a year this philadelphia, the militiamen were could out very frequently. it was virtually every other month or every third month, sometimes the if they were lucky every fourth month that a man might get could out. this was very, very strenuous on trying to keep the local economy going. one thing that we don't normally think about the militia is as part-time soldiers, they were full-time civilians with jobs

army signal corps during world war i. she also explores how their service impacted the women's suffrage movement in the u.s., and she discusses the six-decade fight by these women to be recognized as military veterans. the national archives in washington, d.c., hosted this 50-minute event. >>> after the united states entered world war i, women as well as men eagerly volunteered to serve their country. although women were prohibited from joining the regular army or navy, they found ways to contribute, often taking up jobs once performed by men, now going overseas. one group of women, however, possessed a skill much needed by the army, fighting a war required reliable communications network but more than two and a half years of war had devastated the french telephone system. general john j., commander in chief of the american expeditionary forces called upon the expertise of women telephone operators. more than 1700 women applied and just over 200 served in europe with the army. their service is documented in their official

they had regular army uniforms.t was the uniform that ended up being the crucial piece of evidence. did you know, it is illegal to impersonate an officer or military person? by wearing the uniform, by giving them these uniforms and treating them as soldiers, they had made them soldiers. other questions? i really enjoyed watching the series "the great war," by pbs world experience.

army and winning. when i thought about writing this book, this is my seventh book, i thought i would be writing about the past and i thought this was interesting, i have never written a book about women and perhaps now is the time. i thought it was about the past and then i discovered i was writing about the present because in 2016 during a , hillaryial race clinton could have been the first woman president, but that moment in history did not happen. 2016 was happened in it that the army decided women who served in world war ii could no longer be buried at arlington. these are the same women they got on the world war i bill in congress. the world war ii women, there were still a couple left and last year the family of one wonder to bury her at arlington and they said they were not real soldiers. these were women pilots who had towed targets. congress had to pass new legislation's paying these women theselegislation sayig ng women were really soldiers. progress is never a straight line, it is always a l

army signal corps during world war i. she also explores how their service impacted the women's suffrage movement in the u.s., as she discusses the six-decade fight by these women to be recognized as military veterans. the national archives in washington dc hosted this 50-minute event. >> after the united states entered world war i, women as well as men eagerly volunteered to serve their country. although women were prohibited from joining the army or navy, they found ways to contribute, taking jobs once performed by men overseas. one group possessed a skill much-needed by the army, fighting a war required a reliable communications network. but more than 2.5 years had -- of war had devastated the french telephone system. called upon the expertise of the women telephone operators. more than 1700 women applied and 200 served in europe with the army. their services are documented in the personnel files in the national archives at st. louis. after the war, these women because they were women, they , were not deemed eligible fo

army during this period. these were trusted soldiers who went up san juan hill, all four regiments, alongside teddy roosevelt who would become president of the united states and would posthumously honor. would receive the medal of honor. possibly he would not have made that charge and that great leap to become commander in chief without those four regiments of regulars helping bring him up to the san juan hill battle during those dramatic battles. at fort logan, there was also an individual who i might say was the buffalo soldier's buffalo soldier, a sergeant by the name of jeremiah jones. jones had spent all his adult life, for all intents and purposes, as a black soldier in uniform. he had risen through the ranks as high as you could go as an enlisted man to become the sergeant major of the ninth cavalry, and ultimately became a specialist, an ordinance specialist. the man in charge of firearms, ammunition, all the things soldiers need in battle. and he would serve his last post here at fort logan, dying on

he also made him chief of ordinance in his army. he held both posts in johnston's thatand under re lee after . he served in both capacities through much of 1862. he did so during the peninsula campaign, second bull run, and during the maryland campaign of 1862. he was also frequently called upon to perform engineering tasks. he was really smart. smart. he was really you could tell he probably found ways to let other people know he was really smart. he was really smart, so people valued him and asked him to do things that were not necessarily related to his official portfolio within the army. lee was one of those. lee and the others figured out while he was doing these things figured out where his real aptitude was, was with artillery. we have no more accomplished officer, wrote the chief of and recommending alexander be promoted to command one of the battalions of artillery in james long street's first corp. he gathered the batteries into battalions in the autumn of 1862, a much more efficient way to deploy artillery. it is one of t

very important to save the army from the british pursuit. 8, the army escapes across the river into pennsylvania. the british will arrive minutes after the last boats are crossing and arrive in trenton. and thel look for boats

army. but it was not just because of the boredom. there was plenty of boredom out there. their teeth hurt. these guys had really bad teeth. two things really, really hurt. rotting teeth, whiskey is helpful in those days before aspirin. europe is going through these little revolutions and rebelling against russia and russian occupation of 1863. a russians are phrased the serfs. in one of its -- and one of the great military sweeps of all time that we do not study, leaves an army to sicily, lance, armedfeats 20,000 well soldiers. is beginning its march towards unification. the world is -- these men perceive their world as modern. just as we proceed hours as modern. and understand when i write these books, better technically fiction, but are very accurate -- i prefer to call them dramatized history because they are accurate, but i am trying to get into the heads of the men and women who fought, or supported those who thought. it is important not just to see them in uniform, but what else were

army. they were the professional soldiers. many of them had served with him in 1916 into '17 when he chased after pancho villa in northern mexico after villa had crossed over in march of '16 into new mexico. so when the war was declared, we relied on the regular soldiers, but there were only roughly 120,000. not even remotely close to enough that was going to be needed when the u.s. would go overseas, so then president wilson, he federalized the national guard like this caller had mentioned. they were the militia troops, they were funded by the state governors. once they became part of the regular army they were given the same nomenclature, they were given united states army uniform guns and also trained the same way. it's interesting about the national guard is the fact this most of the regulars including pershing didn't really care for them. they felt like they were weekend warriors, or they would get together monthly in these fancy national guard armories around the country and didn't ta

the stem of the army, the roots of the army, were the continuing fficers and soldiers, in nco's, who it stayed with the colors after 1918, 1919. marshall is not a bad example himself. he went over as a major. home as a kernel and principle eight to general john pershing, and after that was promptly reduced to the grade of captain again, salary was about the same. they let them keep their rather pittance of compensation, but to a large extent, the small cavalry hung in there. many of you are familiar with -- name henry steele, if you went to a good college and took a course in american history between 1955-1980, there is a good chance your text was the growth of the american republic. well, in the summer of 1960, he noticed there was a saturation gossip all over the country about the quality of the presidential candidates for that year. feature ofontinuing our politics. richard nixon and john f. henry steelebeing commager, he was moved to examine the phenomenon back to the beginning, and further move to essay a trip into a subset of history that is the study of groups allied in a comm

army. >> once you the united states instituted the draft, was it continu continuous. >> it was. there were three stages and by the time they had the last stanl, they were lookistan stage, they were looking at men well into their 40s. alvin york, he was well into his 40s, older than most troops. he was drafted. the famous story about him is because of religious reasons, he didn't want to serve. he felt his church, like quakers, they were against fighting. he applied for deferment through conscientious objector status was twice turned down. ended up serving as part of the 82nd all-american division. the rest is history. he would go on to win the distinguished service cross and this was upgraded to become a recipient of the medal of honor. gary cooper plays him in a movie during world war ii. >> you mentioned deferment, during the civil war, the last great war the country had fought, people were famous for being able to buy their way out of service. they could con script someone to serve on th

officers they take the army and felt the current force structure so there isn't one single army division on the eve of world war i. arrange them for the border incursion but they set up just like this the regular army division. what does that mean they are not really regular army divisions. we will talk very quickly about the selective service but they are going to be mostly the cadre of one through 20 will be regular army people sergeant for 20 to 25 years and give the good news he's quick to be a lieutenant. when we do the world war i genealogy, people can figure this out. so it goes from corporal to sergeant major overnight. that's what is happening. the national guard is in some ways a little easier. it works in this way. there are those that have been around some of them are quite old. what they do is take the national guard units and pull them regionally into divisions and then they plan a regular army officer at the top of thate decision. but we give you the local. it's created from connecticut, vermont, maine, new hampshire, rhode island. he becomes very cozy with the congression

see fugitive slave inter-union army camps and see than the -- emtnter union army camps and be sent back. one thing union soldiers do is write home all the time, whenever they can and do transmit their changing perceptions of the war to the homefront. lincoln and republican officials in d.c. are getting a steady stream of pressure from the army, from certain segments of the army to do war against slavery and that pressure increasingly comes from northern civilians as well. there are plenty in the north who had the exact opposite the and said this should not be a war about slavery at all. lincoln is getting pressure from both sides. it is in july of 1862 that he announces that he has decided to issue a emancipation proclamation. july of 1862 --it is not until september that lincoln actually issues the emancipation proclamation. does anyone remember why he waits? >> he needs a victory first. >> why? >> he is worried that france and england will accept the confederacy. >> the war is going badly in september 1862. he gets it by for that if you emancipate now, you will be read as a last act o

of men, navy and army. he was an able man himself, that we've ever had in the presidency, including george washington. he was absolutely remarkable. and it is enormously to his credit that his first pershing like meeting with marshall had exactly the same effect on president roosevelt. 1938, he is called together all of the senior members of the administration, including the secretary of war, not yet mr. stimpson, but whoever was. marshall was brought in as a deputy chief of staff and one star general. fdr says the one thing we can do is build as many as 10,000 airplanes, perhaps more immediately. perhaps we can build as many as 50,000 airplanes. in doing this, we can demonstrate to our enemies or prospective enemies a real seriousness of intent. everybody on board with that? yes, mr. president. what about you, george? marshall later on quotes -- a pretty starchy fellow. i objected to this public representation of our intimacy. that's a quotation. now, mr. president, i don't agree with you at all. again, ev

to receive the report brigadier general scott perry, united states army. >> report. army all present. marines all present. united states navy all present. air force all present. coast guard all present. >> today's ceremony will feature six wreaths representing army, navy, marine corps, air force, coast guard and those missing in action. representing the united states army, brigadier general steve siver, and major tulsi gabbard. >> representing the united states marine corps, lt. general jack bergmann, and colonel al cook. >> representing the united states navy, commander tim murphy and lieutenant commander peel olsen. -- pete olsen. representing the united states air force brigadier general donald bacon and major adam kinzinger. representing the united states coast guard, ralph abraham and seaman steve blainye. to represent those held captive or still unaccounted for, command sergeant major tim walls and colonel joe wilson, united states army. ladies and gentlemen, we will now observe a moment of silence, followed by "taps." [moment of silence] detail, attention. [pl

there was roughly 385,000 african-americans in the wartime army. about 200,000 of them traveled overseas with the american expeditionary sources are it -- forces. 40,000 of those were combat troops and another 160,000 did mainly labor. the folks who roll home about their experiences from the labor battalion and from combat units talk about two things. the talk about the difficulty of fighting for democracy in a jim crow army. and they talk about the investments of many of their fellow white soldiers and making sure that they do not have rising expectations for their own citizenship rights after world war i. they also talk a lot about how france has opened up the world for them in a variety of different ways. their experience with french people fighting alongside the colonial troops of color, for a segment that was given over to the french army for this duration of the war, fighting under commanders who do not have the same kind of investment in american white supremacy, it often made them realize that the world could be, and in some places was very

army war college. before that, he taught at the air force academy and then at university of southern mississippi. he writes widely on both world wars. he is recipient of numerous prizes and honors for his work such as the tomleson prize for the best english language booshgs in world war i, a book on the second battle of the mar, and the choice outstanding academic title award for fighting great war or american history. he has edited a number of important collections like arms of the man, reference works like the atlas of world war i and the great war reader. dance of the furies, europe and the outbreak of world war i, the end of world war ii and the remaking of europe and the blood of freeman, the liberation of paris 1944 are his books. and making citizen soldiers, rotc and american military service. in his free time, he is a self described service to a dog and three cats and a fan of all pittsburgh sports teams and bruce springste psteepringsteen. the book he is working on now traces our nation's corr

the army there are people like that in it. the issue on our court then was was this protected speech. and the majority -- by the way, you're being very plight. the the case was 41. and i'm not very good at math, but i know when i'm an army of one. and one thing i do believe is judges speak with their opinions and not with armies of speeches. what i don't think is fair game is if you want to know what my views were in wilcox, you should not read wilcox. what i don't get to do is then characterize my position as this glowing wonderful thing and mischaracterizing the majorities position. it has problems of its own without my mischaracterization. but here is the issue. the majority's view was -- and it's fair to say there are two questions. which was there evidence legally proficient to prove to prove discredit. second, if there was evidence legally efficient to demonstrate that offense was it otherwise protected by the first amendment? and the split between the ajort and the disrupt was first the aadminister jot applied the good

army. this is going to be the first challenge. and here i want to think a little bit about the process by which men actually come into the american military in the first world war. so when we're historians, we like to look at evidence and kind of use that to tell a story. we like propaganda posters. we've seen a lot of them, and we see a lot of posters like this, unfortunately, it's a little washed out here on this screen. but hopefully, you can kind of see -- maybe not so well -- that this poster says enlist. and actually at the bottom of it the captioning here is on which side of the window are you. and this is the kind of perfect encapsulation of a moment of individual choice for men in american society. you have a man, again, it's a little hard to see here, but he's actually very well dressed, and he's hiding in the shadows, and he's contemplating his decision, should he enlist. and he sees outside these men walking, they're in the sunlight, they're walking together, they're part of a community, they're under the american flag

she still has, her brother is serving in the german army. his children are serving the german army. she is petrified by some queer accident of fate her son will end up being the person that killed her brother. so she makes him promise when he finally gets to the front, he essentially pretend to shoot but not really. shoot up in the air. he shoots to the side but he is the shooting a way that he kills no germans. had this is what she makes him promise as he goes. he promises this to her. i won't do it. this puts him in a terrible position. they know everybody is looking at him. is he really going to fire on germans. he is caught between these two worlds. he keeps his promise, at least he claims until the sent 29th. this is the beginning of the offensive. his unit, he is covering a infantry battalion going forward. sees german machine gunners firing on them, he says, okay, my loyalty to my comrades has to outweigh my promise to my mother and he actually goes ahead and fires on this german machine gun nest. they kill the three german gunners who are operating it. so then the, his unit

the i.r.a. >> the british army are the terrorists.d a terrorist situation, not us. >> the army will stay in northern ireland as long as any faction seeks to terrorize or intimidate ordinary people. [ siren ] >> there was bad trouble in belfast, northern ireland today, and the only word to describe it is ghastly. the irish republican army set off more than 20 explosions for an hour and a half, creating a scene of bloody carnage without parallel in the long history of northern irish violence. 13 people are known dead, more than 120 injured. >> that day became known as bloody friday. it was part of their campaign to try and undermine british rule in northern ireland and to make northern ireland effectively ungovernable. >> no warnings were given, and the targets seem to have been chosen precisely because they would be crowded with people at that time of day. >> what they managed to do was make the percussive regularity of bombs going off the norm in northern ireland during the 1970s. >> what do you think will happen? >> i think they'll j

the american army from getting overseas. we will be so effective, that even when america enters, they will never get enough material and troops over here to make a decisive difference. it that promise from the navy that encourages germany to push the envelope. >> we got into that war against germany because of the submarines. they used the summary. -- submarine. when they used to the submarine they did the only thing that could have involved us in war with them. we were cut off from them. britannia ruled the waves and not only the german military, neutrality was tilted because the allies were the only ones we could sell to. the germans, a lot of financiers in new york, a number of german-americans would be delighted to sell to the germans but they could not get the stuff through. the germans made two huge blunders with the submarine. first of all, using it in the first place. >> it was a new technology. >> right. >> sorry, jennifer. i think you have there a early example of the fascination with military technology, the new m

to receive the report, the brigadier general of the united states army. >> marine corps all present. >> air force? >> all present. >> coast guard? >> all present. >> today's ceremony will feature six wreaths representing the army, navy, air force, -- representing the united states army, the brigadier general in the major toby that's -- and major toby. >> representing the united states marine corps, general jack burton. >> representing the united states navy, commander tim burton. >> representing the united states air force, brigadier general and major adam kinzinger. >> representing the united states coast guard, ralph abraham and seaman steve blaney. >> to represent those held -- >> to represent those held captive or still unaccounted for, major tim walz and colonel joe wilson, united states army. >> ladies and gentlemen, we will now observe a moment of silence, followed by "taps." plays] ♪ ♪ >> ladies and gentlemen, that includes today's ceremony -- that concludes today's ceremony. thank you for attending. announcer: tonight on c-span, we will take you to arlington national cemeter

brigadier general scott perry of the united states army. >> air force. >> all present. >> coast guard, all present. >> today's ceremony will feature six wreaths representing the army, marine corps, navy, coast guard, and those missing in action. representing the united states army, brigadier general stivers and major tulsi gabbard. >> representing the united states marine corps, lieutenant general jack ferman and colonel paul cook. >> representing the united states navy commander tim murphy and lieutenant commander pete holt. >> representing the united states air force, brigadier general donald bacon and major adam kinziger. >> representing the united states coast guard, ralph abraham and seaman steve blaney. >> to represent those held captive or still unaccounted for, major tim walz and colonel joe wilson, united states army. >> ladies and gentlemen, we will now observe a moment of silence, followed by "taps." [playing taps] >> ladies and gentlemen, that concludes today's ceremony. thank you for attending. >> this holiday weekend on book tv on c-span2, tonight at 8:30 p.m. eastern, c

army. which basically means i went on to become a helicopter pilot. in fact i attended flight school right here in alabama at fort rucker, in the southeast part of the state. i have very many fond memories of fort rucker. it is where i experienced true southern hospitality. i immediately fell in love with the state and with the people. alabama has always held a special place in my heart. i went on to serve almost eight years on active duty as an army the niceoften having opportunity to come back to alabama for advanced aircraft training. i would like to share with you a couple of things i learned along the way that i hope you can apply to your own life as you head out to the real world. the first, and i think most important is to be open to new experiences. i had no idea becoming an army pilot would profoundly change my life and impact me. as someone who has moved 21 times in her career, i have constantly had new experiences thrown at me. a lot of those experiences to be -- experiences moved me way out of my comfort zone. if you are willing to be open

called "the first republican army," was published in 2016 and study the ideological conflict among northerners over union occupation and civil war virginia. other examples of his work can be found in the prestigious journal slavery and abolition. let's give a warm welcome to professor matsui. [applause] good morning.. matsui: richmond indeed is a hard road to travel today, and yes, i will be talking about commissary banks. in andrmies operated activated the shenandoah valley of all four seasons of american civil war. people tend to focus on stonewall jackson's campaign. i want to focus on all four of valley protestants. union forces in the valley from 1862 were led by republican generals who applied their ideological vision of what the world ought to be about two their occupational policies with direct effects on the valleys. robert milroy, david hunter, and citizens cobled -- held citizens as clickable. ns culpable. troops confronted citizens in the valley. the majority of pro-confederate civilian 2000 cells surrounded by un-welcomed men were women. they found themselves more often than not,