army it is the army of -- america, yes. but what element? certainly part of the american revolution. >> the united colonies. >> yeah, the united colonies. so when does the continental army begin? it's not necessarily with the start of the revolution. but we are going to pick up the story with the beginning of the war. so, a couple classes ago, we were talking about the french and indian war. and the french and indian war was a world war that fundamentally altered several different nations, but primarily, france, moved from the north american continental, britain and the british colonies. and many americans had fought alongside british soldiers and british officers during the war. does anyone recall what were some of the things that transpired when the two groups interacted? >> the british -- >> okay, a lot of ways, the british are looking down on the colonists for a number of reasons and that had to do with tactics. that had to do with lack of formal military training. some of it had to do with how they dressed. so, we know there's lots of r

they make the stand as the army melts away. the army melts away. they make this desperate rearguard stand. they are able to reform at the bottom of harlem heights. there is a small victory. the marvel headers that are involved, some really t interesting operations duringn this time where they conduct raids against the british line. in many ways, they are precursor to special operations units that weur know today. they are doing things that are really special and extraordinary. they launch fighter ship against the british prior to the battle against brooklyn where they nearly take out what is equivalent to a british battleship had they also have what is known as the guard. the commander-in-chief's guard or the lifeguard. an extraordinary unit. a precursor many ways to the secret service. washington's hand picked men that guard him. it is not a small group of men. it mushrooms up to 200 men. these men are involved in operations and battles, but they also guard papers. they actct as aid to camp in may ways. a marvel header that leads this unit and sha

you're right the army reserve is part of the federal army. national guard is the confederate army. always thought that was good. i think a lot of, a lot of towardsmen in alabama and georgia -- guardsmen in alabama and georgia still think that. [laughter] anyhow, so i go to the central command, 3 11th signal command, was there for a year and a half and was promoted major general and was brought back to atlanta to be the deputy commanding general of the united states army reserve command. i am a, if you will, ima, they had a deputy commanding general. i was the part-teem deputy commanding general. but my second -- i had two jobs. that and i was also the commander of the army reserve readiness command if at fort jackson. i wasn't a traditional reservist. i didn't go to drills really. i was on active duty, of course, whenever i went someplace, and that was a good assignment. and and i enjoyed that. the readiness command was a great job, i enjoyed being part of the army reserve command. the senior, the top leadership in the army reserve and was there for a couple years, and then was a a

you're right the army reserve is part of the federal army. the national army is confederate army. i think a lot of -- a lot of the guardsmen in alabama and georgia still think that. anyhow, so i go to the signal command. 311 signal command and was there for year and a half and promote today major general and was brought back to atlanta to be the deputy commanding general. the united states army reserve command. ima, a full-time deputy commanding general. i was the part time commanding general. i was commander of the army reserve at fort jackson. i wasn't a traditional. i was on active duties orders and that was a good assignment and i enjoyed that. the command was a gate job. i enjoyed being part of the army reserve command. the senior, the top leadership in the army reserve and was there for a couple of years and then assigned as the regional of support command in little rock, arkansas. the 90th regional support command headed reserve command that was located outside of the gates sam houston in san antonio and what happened there were 22 army reserve demands and general max barre

inoculate the army. one historian claims that washington's greatest strategic decision to inoculate the army. then there able to fight and continue the battle. before his the man that was initially was the man that was initially labeled a loyalist dies. he perishes from his own, from basically inoculating the army. those are some of the characters in the book. along with eldridge gary, forgotten founder. my favorite word for eldridge gary rumble terry. he's kind of an ornery guy that was birth. he was the and intellectual mainspring in many ways of the early revolution. eldridge gary that believed in republicanism for small arms. it's service to country over self. and he takes abstract concepts and really makes them reality. he also takes one of the largest trading fleets in the colony which he and his family own and converts them into supply line. as i mentioned earlier, the necessary and was gunpowder. all of the major operations at the british were conducting at the early part of the war were to take

army it is the army of america, yes, but with element of america? it's certainly part of the american revolution. the united colonies. so when does the continental army begin? it's not necessarily with the start of the revolution, a couple of classes ago we were talking about the french and indian war. the french and indian war was a world war that fundamentally altered several different nations, but primarily france, moved from the north american continent, and the british colonies. and many americans have fought the world, the british soldiers, british officers during the world. what are some of the things that transpired when the two groups interacted? >> the british looked down on the colonies? >> in a lot of ways the british are looking down on the colonists for the number of reasons. that was, it had to do with tactics, it had to do with a lack of formal military training. some of it had to do with how he dressed. so we know there's a lot of resistance. there is also a large aspect over who holds the higher rank. there is a colonial officer ou

bond to inoculate the army at the time that the virus was killing nearly 20% of the army and people were devastated by it. dr. bond sets up all the inoculations and he supervises and manages the entire process and inoculates thee army. one historian claims washington's greatest strategic decision was to inoculate the army. they were ablele to fight into e battle and it was initially canceled but the man that was initially labeled at loyalist died from basically inoculating inoculating. these are some of the characters in the book along with the forgotten founder. a favorite word for elbridge gerry is rumble terion kind of an ornery drop -- ornery guy. he was the intellectual mainspring in many ways of the early revolution. eldridge jerry believed in republicanism. its service to country over self and he had the abstract concept that really makes the reality but he also takes one of the largest fleets in the colonies which he and his family own and converts them. as i mentioned earlier the two of them necessary and was gunpowder. all of the major operations that the british were conductin

to save his army. now, i'm no art critic, but you know every time i look at this sketch of of sheridan's ride, which is one of the first real quick artistic depictions of it. it looks less like phil shared and looks more like stonewall jackson to me, but in any event. you know this sketch of the ride. and the accompanying article this helped. take that ride a little bit further into the realm of an american legend. and the article stated in part it will go down in history. as one of the most important and exciting events. which have ever given interest to a battle scene? so you are going to have sketch artists. you're gonna have alfred what soul eatings eatings and a handful of others. producing some initial sketches of this but nothing is going to place the ride. more in the popular consciousness of the north then thomas buchanan reads poem sheridan's ride. now most previous discussions about the inspiration for the poet artists. poem stated that the inspiration for thomas buchanan read to write the p

washington's army was defeated. the marylanders who i drew a book called washington's immortals had bought us an hour more precious in our history than any other where washington with a rearguard action washington's army was able to retreat into fortifications at brooklyn heights. the british army which had surrounded the american army there was about to come up with the east river and also siege lines were creeping forward. it was a perilous time. it was a time in our history when all could be lost. washington had a decision to make. was he going to retreat or fight and washington decided to retreat. this is the time when all could be lost. the entire army could be surrounded and destroyed and everything rested upon the shoulders of the men in the book that i've written about, the marblehead men. washington decided to retreat and he had to cross a mile long river, the east river and this is -- let me take you back in time to august 30 . there had been a massive nor'easter that had pelted both armies for two days st

the army was a -- in a position to defend itself.clash of visions is i think what sparked it and in some quays made the point that the ethiopian military was one of the most -- in the area. it was. and what the prime minister did by taking the country to this war without meaningful -- about the consequences would be to undermeanwhile not only the reputation of the military but almost state institutions. it presents about 110 million with the support of if army was followinged bitch a defense force that represents a region of six impact and i think that sends a very negative snap to friends of them in the region. so although the mill tommy is fairly strong recently, i think it has no longer in a position to even defend itself from organized forces within the country. it comes on if allegations of human rights and the report. and i think the report actually only begins to scratch the such as. the abuses we have heard about. things which were not acceptable have been in the media. it was shocking. the fact that the military that is resp

they're serving as breadbaskets to the confederate armies armies for much of the war. but the truth is that the union is not only an industrial powerhouse. it's also an agricultural powerhouse as well indeed by the time of the civil war. the union in many ways is out producing the confederacy. both in terms of agricultural crops and in livestock. why well, first of all the union the north is larger, it has more of these farms all over its territory, but the other thing is that the union the north is by the time of the civil war taking a much more effective advanced approach to agriculture then the south south still depends largely on manual labor. of that unfortunately. falls on enslaved people the north however is using new agricultural practices, including much more mechanization, and they're lit able to produce more of the same acreage. so by the time of the civil war you have a north that is both in agricultural and industrial colossus, and they're able to combine those two strengths to accomplish things that are very beneficial to the north during the civil war. i

they make the stand as the army melts away. the army melts away, the marvel headers make a desperate stand and are able to reform at the battle of harlem heights and there is a small victory. the marvel headers are interesting operations during this time, they are a precursor to special operations unit we know today. they are doing things that are special-interest ordinary. they launch fighter ships against the british prior to the battle of brooklyn where they nearly take out the equivalent of the british battleship, they launch -- they also form what is known as the guard. the commander-in-chief's garden the lifeguard. the secret service, washington's hand-picked men guard him, not a small group of men. it mushrooms up to 200 men in these men are involved in operations and battles but also guard his excellency's papers, act as his aide-de-camp in many ways. of marvel header leads the unit and shapes it and it is quite an extraordinary story but not only do they save and protect the unit but there's a little bit of mystery inv

while for the army's, the el alamein is about the 40 mile while for the armies, the el front of 30 miles either way alamein is about the 40 mile in-depth. for the royal navy, the front up to a depth of 30 miles either way desert air force and their. for the royal navy, the desert air force and their access counterparts, and access counterparts, and indeed for the bombing forces in the middle east at that time, that small patch of sand is only a very small part of this. indeed for the bombing forces in the middle east at that time, that small patch of sand is the air and naval campaigns are taking place over a much wider canvas and in fact in order to really understand what happens at alamein, we need to think about in terms of supply and that goes further to consider the ships, factories and workers, which go almost across the globe and send forces and material to the egyptian desert. next slide, please? only a very small part of this. and that's brought into stark relief with ronald's final attempt to reach the delta in august of 1942 where he commits his army to movement without having

the agenda is i want to go back to the army and if mead's not going to let me back into the army. maybe we can help get me to removed and that leads that leads into the gettysburg portion of the joint committee of the conduct of the war in the spring of 1864. now i hate hearing the joint committee referred to as the mead hearings on the battle of gettysburg joint committee had been going on for a long time. it goes on basically to the end of the war. gettysburg is only a portion of their testimony. but yeah, the guys running it the radical republicans for for a host of reasons. don't really like me me and they would be happy to me get removed from command and ironically get replaced with. joe hooker right and for anybody who says oh that could never have happened. how many times did george mcclellan come back to the army? so yeah, i was possible. so sickles is what he what mead calls and i meet i think meat is right sickles is what made calls an agent an agent of the joint committee of the conduct of the war and he testifies when he can you know in his behalf against sort of gener

the confederate army had increasing problems supplying their armies as the war went. on particularly, as confederate farmlands, livestock, and other things, were either captured or destroyed by union troops. so, that in turn caused conditions of near starvation or actual starvation among many southern armies. the fact that the confederate armies could not get the food supplies they needed was a major factor in the desertion rates that were starting to occur in those armies, particularly toward the end of the war. indeed, it might be said that the unions ability to merge its agricultural might and supply its armies as opposed to the confederate failure to do so was one of the major decisive factors in the outcome of the war. we talked about food, animals also played immensely important roles and supplying the primary materials needed during the war. to start out with, will. wool comes from sheep, and wool was used during many things in the civil war including uniforms. the uniform i'm wearing today was made out of wool. most uniforms worn by both sides were from wool.

i don't know any army in the world it has tougher learning curve in the british eighth army, originally western desert force, and the british eighth army. the three el alamein don't just pop out of nowhere, do they? same army handled roughly in june. >> yeah, so i'm going to be scathing of the british army here in the sense the british western desert force actually is very well trained, it has very good doctrine, it knows how to fight in the desert far better than the italians or indeed the germans when they first arrived. but against the german doctrine, the german panzer divisions, they find nothing works. and they get trapped into a cycle of improvisation of trying new things constantly, and every time it fails, so they keep switching, they keep changing, and it has to be said the british forces in the desert have weaknesses, in particular equipments that are really vital in desert fighting. one of the most important, actually, is their radios. the british can't use combined warfare in a way the germans do because they simply don't have the range. they get trapped into this cycle, th

as this is happening, pleasanton wants to expand his army. he's gone -- he has two divisions but he wants this guy. he wants, this is not a soldier, he rides around in a wagon. he should not be commanding troops in battle. finally he gets the go-ahead to incorporate this division and is back to three divisions and who does he elevate? not a friend of mine. joe patrick who i consider very rash. he will promote three of his captains to generals who do very well later on. each of these is going to have a mission. buford is going on the west. they are looking for stuart, screening the army and moving but they are separated. you can see that here comes buford on the base of south mountain. greg is moving toward manchester and westminster and kilpatrick is right in the middle. it is kilpatrick who is past finding stuart. here is stuart. riding into hanover. it is june 30th. you see the yankee rearguard moving through hanover and you know you have to find lee. what do you do? let him go or attack? kilpatrick is with custer, further north. he will re

so you'll get it to how embattled is the ethiopian army? at this point, i mean it's been a challenge, i have to admit, but i would have to disagree with all low in terms. so this a more you that signed by p, p, f and or les being the beginning of the end of the prime minister. if that's an indication start, it says the end of his euro. i think that's wrong on the wrong assumption. but you know, in terms of the ciocca army, they did face challenges. but you know, the children army is one of the strongest within the south africa. and i mean, it's will, you know, the prime minister has called for, you know, young people to join. you know, it's a challenge to drive remains to be a big, challenging aspect of the new prime minister. was just the next that i mean, we can disagree on how the process of the nation and so on. but i'm just saying in terms so him being and like that. but i think they feel been government is that determination is there. they have the numbers. but you know, they can really make a comeback. and but, you know, i have to re

but you know, in terms of the ciocca army, they did face challenges. but you know, the children army is one of the strongest within the africa. and i mean, it will, you know, the prime minister has called for, you know, young people to join. you know, it's a challenge to great remains to be a be challenging aspect of the new prime minister was just the next that, i mean you, we can disagree on how the process of the election and so on. but i'm just saying in terms so him being and like that. but i think they feel been government is the determination is there they have the numbers, but you know, they can really make a comeback. and but, you know, i have to recognize in terms ofa, lets get into different regions including the regions regents as the, as an indication that the army is not really performing a plan according to the children government. i want to pick out on that samuel about the talking about the army have not performing as it should. you did refer to as one of the strongest on these on the, in the region. a new amnesty report came out, i be

sheridan's arrival, once the army was reorganized, thousands of the soldiers in the army of the shenandoah -- and this is an army around 32,000 -- these men are writing just how bolstered they are by sheridan's presence. a veteran wrote simply sheridan possessed in a degree unequaled to raise the morale of his soldiers, that causes men to attempt impossibilities and to disregard and overcome obstacles. well, shortly after 4:00 that afternoon, october 19th, the army of the shenandoah, launched the counterattack, successfully driving the army off the field, south toward fisher's hill. and as so many of you know, this is the last major significant action in the battle. there will be confederate troops who remain. there will be some scrapes that happen but nothing of this magnitude. in the aftermath of the battle of cedar creek, the soldiers praised him, but sheridan was getting all kinds of praise heaped upon him by the northern press. and it was this praise that really began to catapult sheridan, whose star was, quite frankly, already on the rise, because of what he did at winchester and fis

it's going to take a couple of months for the armies to get ready which mean americans armies aren'tg to enter until september or october. why is that problematic? logically. >> canada in late fall. >> why is that bad? >> it's cold. congress doesn't know what's going on. they can't make up their mind what to do. so they adopt an invasion of canada. the order says if the canadian inhabitants don't mind. how are you going to know? are you going to ask them? there's going to be two prongs to this invasion. it's actually very smart. one prong led by benedict arnold is going to lead an army through the main wilderness. and the theory was, they would attack quÉbec city directly. they would emerge out of the wilderness and attack quÉbec city. this is benedict arnold. if you look at this painting, this is quÉbec city in the background. and arnold's march to quÉbec turns out to be a nightmare. winter sets in earlier than they plan. he has about 1,100 men. the final 400 have most of the supplies. they turn back. they take all of the supplies with them so the other 700 are trapped in the wilder

and the american army persists in canada until the spring, but the american army in canada's finish.talk about that a little bit more next week. horrible epidemic. it destroys what is left of it. but the invasion of canada fails. canada will become the 14th colony, not a bargaining chip. they try like crazy. but it does not happen. now i ask you guys to read a document. this translation of this british report on who collaborated. if anybody had the time to do that, throughout the documents called the journal of francois gabriel and jenkin williams, it keeps talking about these people called the boston a. who's the boston a? does anybody know? yeah. anybody? you are basically right. >> i think it's americans in -- americans in general. >> yes, americans in general. it's funny because people think all americans are from boston. -- because of the nasal accent, it's not be oh, it's be a, boston. who are the habitats? anybody pick that up? >> there are the french. >> yeah they're the french canadians. the common people and the farmers. those are the people if you don't know will help the

both armies are exhausted. let's come to a resolution.ine, i can't give you jerusalem. jerusalem will never forgive me for that. after all is said and done and all the bloodshed, we are going to have to agree to sheer the casharethe city of god. that's what they agreed on. >> an agreement is made. >> solodyn realizes that the element to power and war, whatever the muslims at that time had control remains in the muslims' lands and whatever rae ma whatever remains in crewcrusade hand. the treaty of jaffa, the first in history. richard rushed back to england to rescue his kingdom. finally, 1197, in the middle of the battle, he was hit in his chest and ultimately killed. richard was a great king who lived by the sword and died by the sword. >> solodyn is able to return to damascus where he's given a hero welcome. he spent years and years fighting, physically and mentally he's shattered and sisix or seven months solodyn came home, solodyn fell ill. this was a man who united all of these muslim roots and took back jerusalem from crusaders. and

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army general command at fort leavenworth. going back 13 years to when the january, 2008, library was ramping up what would become this nationally renowned signature speaking series, we have been fortunate to draw from the command of general staff college's deep lineup of knowledgeable insightful, very , plugged in experts in military history. jeremy maxwell who is here tonight, is with us for the first time to discuss and -- and inspiring and important , milestone in the integration of our country's armed forces. jeremy was originally scheduled to join us in february as part of our observance of black history month but was forced to postpone. we were thrilled he was able to reschedule and we are more than happy to extend our celebration of black history month. we also remain grateful to pnc bank, which graciously supported a series of our black history month programs in february and is our corporate center again tonight. jeremy maxwell has been an assistant professor in the department of military history at since september, 2

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army commander at fort worth. over more than 13 years now, going back to january 2008, when the library was just ramping up what had become this national renown the speaking service, we have been fortunate to draw from the commander in the statute -- deep line of knowledgeable and insightful very high experts on military experts. jeremy maxwell who was here tonight with us is with us for the first time. with his inspiring an important milestone in the immigration of our countries are forces. jeremy was originally scheduled to join us in february as part of our observance of black history month, but was forced to postpone. we are thrilled that he was able to reschedule and more than happy to extend our celebration on black history month. we also have been grateful to peace fee grand who was able to support us. is our co-presenter tonight. jeremy maxwell has been an assistant professor in the department of military history at the commander of stuff college since september 2019. he is a specialist in 20th century his

by october of 63 he's ready to come back to the army of the potomac. the army is in virginia.d it meets with general meade, i am back. when you think meade says? exactly. it is really i think the refusal of meade to let sickles back in the army in the fall of 63. it's the second battle of gettysburg. now, people often say why would they court-martial sickles, why did it mean shoot sickles? this is not the kind of army where we do that, right? you screwed up today you're gone. the american army does not do that, right? or do they? i hope they don't. if you take what meade wrote at face value in his report in october of 63, he talks about finding sickles not fully apprehending the instructions given to him. the act of advancing in that nature. talks about sickles misinterpreting an errant that is fatal in battle before they received enforcements from other troops. so now sickles has been denied reentry to the army and the official reports being filed what an error he would have been annihilated if we had not saved him. how do you think a guy of sickles eagle while ego and temper

army of shenandoah and this is an army that is around 32 or 33, 000, these men are writing about this in the aftermath of the battle and just how bolstered they are bu sheridan's presence. the one wrote, simply sheridan possess in a degree the power of raising the hearts of his soldiers, transmuting itself into action that causes men to attempt impossibilities, and to disregard and overcome obstacles. shortly after 4:00 that afternoon the october 19th the army of the shenandoah launched its counter attack succesfully driving he the army off the field south to richardson. so many of you know this is the mask the last major -- in the valley. confederate troops if there's some that remain there will be some scrapes that happen, but nothing of this magnitude. in the aftermath of the battle of cedar creek, sheridan soldiers understandably, they praised him, but sheridan was getting all kinds of praise heaped upon him by the northern press. it was this praise that really began to catapult sheridan, whose star was on the rise already, because of what he had done at winchester and at fisher h

you are going to be an army officer right? >> yes, i think what john said up there you take the oath you got to do what is handed down to you. >> i think your absolute right. you have to execute the orders. there's not much you can do about it. so it is a complicated world and the very difficult one for lots of military people. because sometimes these orders will challenge you to your heart and soul. you're very moral fiber is being tugged on. because you disagree with it. when i was at west point, shortly after the second goal for the original invasion of iraq broke out a lot of army officers were bothered by this. because the u.s. does not start wars. we do not invade countries. they felt like when they entered the military they took an oath but there is a passive agreement the u.s. government would utilize them for sensible or important causes insensible causes. many of them felt like there been put into combat in a situation that really did not warrant invasion. now, all of them obeyed it but it bothered them. so you see h