hayes,- arthur garfield a member of this organization went to berlin to observe. in the years just after brown. board of education, southern scores refuse -- schools refused to desegregate. brave children and parents, assisted by hundreds of lawyers took on those cases at financial reputational and personal risks. later on, lawyers defended those for protesting other manifestations of races. we may remember cb king in georgia. and johnson in columbia, south carolina. many of those names are now forgotten. in apartheid south africa, i worked with dozens of lawyers, black and white, whose efforts toppled the apartheid government. they stood up while the organized south african bar accepted apartheid. saying in its bar journal, "we must take the law as we find it. it is not our job to oppose apartheid." among my legal heroes is della omar, nelson mandela's lawyer and the minister of justice in the mandela government. tonight's program honors the victims and the valiant. we know that for every germany -- lawyer who started in germany or south africa, hundreds kept silent. the struggle against inju