molecules, okay, but atoms are what we're gonna talk about today. atoms are big or atoms are small? - very small. - small ormall-small? - small-small. - small-small-small small. we'll talk about how big, how small atoms are. anyway, we have all the atoms arranged in our textbook. open to the front cover and you will see the periodic table, periodic chart of the elements. and this is the periodic chart, gang. you guys have gotta memorize that by next time. will you learn any physics at all if you do memorize that? no. you'll learn no physics, none. all you'll know is a lot of names and a lot of chart, okay? but what is this chart? this chart is an enormous detective story, put this together. what it does is it lists all the atoms by atomic number, starting off number one with hydrogen, jump over to the page, helium, then lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, what comes after carbon, gang? nitrogen. guess which is heavier, carbon or nitrogen? nitrogen. see, they keep getting heavier than ever, then oxygen, fluorine, neon and so forth. let's talk about those atoms. let's talk about some n

every atomic nucleus above atomic number 83 is unstable. and in that environment, you have then the ejection of alpha, beta and gamma particles. so it's almost simple geometry. right now, this particle we'd call an alpha particle. this is a helium nucleus. and i'll write that helium nucleus like this. and i'll put a two down here and a four here. and this nomenclature, i hope you're familiar with. this is simply the atomic number. it tells you it's atomic number two in the periodic table of substances, yeah? it's got two positive charges. and the four refers to the atomic mass unit. and that's the number of nucleons altogether. i call this, by the way, nucleons. i can call you a people, a person, but a person can be a male or female. nucleon can be a proton or neutron. see what i'm saying? but there's four nucleons altogether, so it has a mass of four and atomic number two. so that would be the configuration. if i put another proton in there, then it would now be-- does anyone know? it would be the element lithium because now it would have

they're made by hydrogen atom. you're gonna squash, squash, squash, fuse right up the periodic-- when you get up to iron, they start squashing them together, your star stops growing. your star starts to cool down, because when you start to fuse heavy elements like this, energy is required, not liberated. and your star then cools. all these elements here are made in catastrophic reactions when stars-- [makes sounds] --blow up. supernova. these elements are a lot more air than these elements down here. this is simple fusion, the sun and the stars, don't they? beyond there, takes different reactions all together. neat, how-- how we figure this all out. at least to this level. now, why haven't we figured it out yet? it keeps going, going, going. beautiful. now, it turns out the sun, the sun is burning, converting matter to energy every second. every second go by 4 1/2 billion tons of matter are not there anymore. [makes sounds] that's sunshine. 4 1/2 billion-- every time you-- if you look at the sun today, you notice i

we have to because they have the atomic bomb. if they have the atomic bomb. we need a badder bomb. we are going to be developing the hydrogen bomb. we are starting at arm's race with the soviet union. >> we are going to start it lately. >> fair question. i think they are looking for who will offer them economic assistance and help them rebuild? they are always wary of the chinese and wary of the soviet union and the united states is reaching out and offering an olive branch and a lot of assistance. we will take it. an arms race is say by product of the cold war. you have this weapon and we have to have another weapon. all of which brings us to dr. seuss. you all read dr. seuss growing up. anybody read the butter battle book? it's about the cold war. i'm not talking about the book and the abc book and all the classics. dr. seuss wrote a book about the

in fact, helium stays in the atom form, just one atom. doesn't gang up into molecules, and a helium atom is very fast. and let's see if we can see why. let's suppose we have some helium gas in the room here. would that have the same temperature as the air in the room? let's have a helium balloon here and it's in contact with the air in the room. won't it come to the same temperature? yes, it will. the air in this room all has the same temperature. that doesn't mean every molecule is going exactly as fast as the other. it means on the average they are. the average kinetic energy per molecule is the same for everything that has the same temperature. so helium atoms move faster on the average than others because they are... smaller. let's use the equation to guide our thinking. remember we talked about kinetic energy before, gang. let's get in a little physics here. now, this is kinda-- this is a little deep physics. that's the expression, kinetic energy. that is also proportional to temperature. to say two volumes of gas have the same tempe

we have atomic weapons, the soviet union has atomic weapons. they have an atomic bomb, we have to have one. we have to have a hydrogen bomb that takes an atomic bomb to detonate, set it off. dr. suess. anyway, it's an arms race now. what is the soviets' response? here we go. it's not enough. they want to have the largest standing army in the world. they're going to develop one that encompasses nearly 3 million men. that's a lot of folks. they're going to escalate their atomic weapons program. if we're working op a hydrogen bomb, then they're going to be working on it as well or something else. the most interesting thing in terms of soviet response is this -- support for their satellites and i use that term in quotes because i mean not only their countries. they're going to ensure that their control of eastern europe is solid, solidified. no threat -- is going to pour a lot of money into their weapons development program as well as their space technology program. and they will put into space rockets and satellites and in 1957, they're going to d

we have successfully detonated an atomic bomb. it works. and so he goes over to stalin and says to him, yeah, hitler's been defeated. we want to cooperate with you, but i need to let you in on a little secret. the secret is, we're going to end this war with japan because we have an atomic weapon, the likes of which, again, the world has never seen. that was supposed to be news to stalin. it wasn't. he already knew. really ironic, our own vice president harry truman was sort of kept in the dark about the whole development. yet, stalin already knew. we already have soviet spies in the united states who had passed information along to stalin that we were working on it, we were close to it. he already knew we were very close to having a successful nuclear weapon. well, what truman's going to do then is to give the japanese an opportunity to surrender. when they don't, we've talked about this, we dropped two. the first on hiroshima august 6th. when there still was no surrender, we dropped the second on nagasaki on august 9th and the japanese sur

this time, we will replace one of theydron atoms with a cyanide group. this is e monomer acrylonitrile. the polymer is polyacrylonitrile, a tough fiber which is woven into clothg and carpets. this is polyacrylotre. it's much too tough to tear. what's going on here? why should the addition of a cyanide group make his material so tough? the difference is a result of polarity. the acrylonitrile is more polar than the ethylene unit, so the polymer chains containing cyanide groups are attrted to one another more than the chains with just hydrogen atoms. that's why we walk on tough polyacrylonitrile and wrap sandwiches with flexible polyhylene. acetylene is a highly combustible gas used in cutting torches. polyacetylene is a solid with some interesting properties. when we remove two hydrogen atoms from ethylene, we get acetylene, which polymerizes to polyacetylene. en polyacetylene is mixed with certain metal compounds, it conducts electricity. notice the alternating double bonds. this system of alternatingouble bonds allows electrons to move freely through th

remember the soviet union has an atomic bomb, 1949? atomic? we need to figure out how that happened. it couldn't have been that they developed a technology themselves. they had to have help. where did the help come from? it had to come from within the united states. one of the classic examples of searching through and figuring out who was involved. it focuses on the husband and wife team of ethel and julius rosenberg. >> i have a question. >> yes. >> why is the woman's name first? >> i decided to put it first, alphabetically. they will be charged separately and both convicted of espionage, passing along atomic secrets to the soviet union in 1951 and executed for espionage in 1953. this is serious business now. the united states has been infiltrated by soviet spies. nothing more serious than the atomic weapons program and the rosenbergs paid the price. what we have then in the united states is a full-fledged red scare. we talked about this after world war i, in the 1920s. this is really a second red scare. we are afraid that the united states,

fix the off switch on its last atomic reactor a year after the fukushima disaster took the country to the brink of devastation. next artie's sophie shevardnadze guides us through parts of the kremlin the public don't get to see and meets those who's a visible effort to keep the wheels.

and japan prepares to flick the off switch on its final atomic reactors you think she would disaster to the country to the brink of devastation. hello welcome this is r.t. it's five pm here in moscow when is kevin know in our top story suicide bombers the thoughts of carried out the two blast that killed at least eleven people and wounded scores of others in russia's southern dagestan republic the terror attacks took place within twenty minutes of each other at a police checkpoint. in the north caucasus. so continuing with what happened in the republican thursday has already been classified by local authorities as a terror attack so five least eleven people have been killed and eighteen more injured there were two explosions the first occurred when police stopped the car at one of the checkpoints in the capital city. and drive it was a suicide bomber police important later medically after that a fire began and emergency teams and real and says doctors five brigades have started coming to the scene as well as look at people trying to help those injured and this is when the second blas

option two, atomic energy would be reduced to a lower level subject to review after 2030. option three, it would be maintained at a certain level such as 20% to 25%. and option four, government leaders won't make the decision. consumers will. and this is basically like letting the market decide. and chie yamagushi has been following the discussions and the debate. tell us about some of the points the committee members talked about. >> the economy ministry wanted the committee to decide the percentage of energy sources that will be used in japan in the year 2030. the committee also gratified a long-term revision on nuclear power. >> what are the pros and cons of each of the options we just mentioned. >> the dereliance option is aimed at preventing another nuclear accident in japan where earthquakes occur frequently. it would also stop nuclear waste from building up. but japan's utilities would have to increase electricity output by using thermal power generation for the time being, meaning carbon dioxide emission would rise. japan would need to quickly switch to renewable e

option two, atomic energy would be reduced to a lower level, subject to review after 2030. option three, it would be maintained at a certain level, such as 20% to 25%, and option four, government leaders won't make the decision. consumers will. this is basically letting the market decide. our reporter chie yamaguchi has been following the debate. she has more on the points the committee members discussed. >> it would prevent another nuclear accident in japan where earthquakes occur frequently. it would also stop nuclear waste waste from building up, but they would have to increase electricity output by using thermal power generation for the time being, meaning carbon dioxide emission would rise. japan needs to quickly switch to renewable energy for this option to succeed. the second option is in line with the noda administration's policy of decommissioning nuclear plants within 40 years of operation and holding off on building new ones. this plan delays the decision whether to abolish atomic energy and if sufficient efforts have been made to promote renewable alternatives a

atomic energy commission head shunsuke kondo was among those who attended the first four of the closed door sessions. critics are demanding members of the government advisory panel explain what was discussed at the meetings with industry representatives. >>> the fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster fueled worldwide doubts over the merits of nuclear power. in japan, political leaders are debating whether or not to restart nuclear plants. at present, the country's electricity supply is for the first time in 42 years nuclear free. another dilemma japan faces is whether to abandon the decades long objective of establishing a self-sustaining nuclear fuel cycle. in today's nuclear watch, we take a closer look at what has been a pillar of japan's nuclear policy. given its limited natural resources, japan decided in 1956 on a policy to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and use the plutonium extracted in that way. the plutonium was to fuel fast breeder reactors, which theoretically produce more plutonium than they consume. but plans to put fast breeder reactors into use have been stalled since an acci

atomic energy commission head shunsuke kondo was among those who attended first four of the closed door sessions. kritdices are demanding members of the government advisory panel explain what was discussed at the meetings with industry representatives. >>> the fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster fuld worldwide doubts over the merits of nuclear power. in japan, political leaders are debating whether or not to restart nuclear plants. at present, the country's electricity supply is for the first time in 42 years nuclear free. another dilemma japan faces is whether to abandon the decades long objective of establishing a self-sustaining nuclear fuel cycle. in today's nuclear watch, we take a closer look at what has been a pillar of japan's nuclear policy. given its limited natural resources, japan decided in 1956 on a policy to reprocess spent nuclear fuel and use the plutonium extracted in that way. the plutonium was to fuel fast breeder reactors, which theoretically produce more plutonium than they consume. but plans to put fast breeder reactors into use have been stalled since an accident

japan prepares to flick of the switch on its final atomic reactor a year after the fukushima disaster took the country to the brink of devastation. germany's foreign minister has labeled iran's nuclear energy program an enormous danger that an atomic armed iran will never be accepted despite that berlin's had just sold israel a fourth nuclear missile capable submarine at a discount a key concern now is whether that submarine could be used in a strike on iran an attack that the pentagon claims would be one in just three weeks as our team is going to come reports the pentagon says they're just doing some contingency planning in case you ran attempts to close the strait of hormuz or attack u.s. ships in the persian gulf but analysts say it's the kind of planning that drives the tensions whole new level now it doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure out that iran is encircled militarily here is the rand and here are the countries in red where the u.s. has military presence we've tried to put on the map those u.s. bases which have been reported about flashing blue here here you have the

off its last working nuclear reactor leaving one of the world's largest industrial powers without atomic energy for the first time in over forty years it heavily relied on the source but the government bowed to immense public protests in the wake of the fukushima disaster physics professor dr howard hayden think this is just a matter of time before tokyo goes nuclear again. they have fifty four reactors and they have one of them operating but it will be down for refueling as it is what they're doing is burning a lot of residual oil and the the pact on the price of residual oil has been felt awful as far away as whole y. e where the price for electricity now is very very high because of that that decision to shut the nukes and but it's costing them very dearly they haven't got nearly ill enough electricity and they have actually called on some factories to cut back their operations quite a bit they will probably go back to nuclear in due time that's because money talks. and it was world news in brief twenty one minutes past seven o'clock moscow time crowds of protesters in jordan's capita

and in the wake of japan's crisis germany decided to scrap its atomic plans replacing them with ne a noble and greener energy sources but the rush to scale back nuclear energy has had consequences to the group is going off explains. green energy or bust in just eight years the german government plans for the nation to generate more than a third of its energy from renewable sources and powering up at least eighty percent in forty years germany. and restructure the whole energy to make less. oil along with solar power and biofuel five thousand new winter bines in nearly three thousand miles of power lines are said to be built but the perceived eco friendly future is giving some here the shivers. up lives in a village that's right next to wind farm field he says the machines are so noisy many locals complain of sleep disorders in even heart problems and property prices have already plummeted between thirty and fifty percent of the low frequency sound waves are a big problem some may get a high blood pressure or high points many can sleep one night and often drives five to ten kilometers

earthquake and tsunami in japan close to nuclear disaster forcing other nations to look at their atomic energy calls germany has since decided to scrap its nuclear plans replacing it with more sustainable sources and driven by fears some fear beilein may be may have been too quick to unplugging its power as r.t.c. corbis can offer explains. green energy. plans for the nation to generate more than. eighty percent in. germany. and restructure the whole energy. oil along with solar power and biofuel five thousand new winter bines nearly three thousand miles of power lines are said to be built but the perceived eco friendly future is giving some here the shivers. lives in the village that's right next to when. form fueled he says the machines are so noisy many locals complain of sleep disorders in even heart problems and property prices have already plummeted between thirty and fifty percent get the low frequency sound waves are a big problem some may get a high blood pressure or high points many can sleep one night and often drives five to ten kilometers away and sleeps in his car. what's

also to new plan germany holds atomic power but some voiced concerns the green energy which will replace it may not be as friendly a solution as it seems. that slater before that president medvedev prepares to leave the kremlin as he finishes his term of office on monday hunting over to vladimir putin although credited for liberal views and approach for reforms as well as steering a reset in relations with the u.s. made about its presidency also saw some of the largest protests in modern russian history and she's a nice an hour now takes a look at what legacy he leaves for russia very easy to. receive. not only do. one term in the kremlin was it too little time to make a dent mr medvedev is going to be remembered as someone who had genuine reform intentions and who was impeded on achieving all of those reforms through the political process through the structure of the political system. at the dawn of his presidency georgia attacked south is said here by the media and much of the world community blamed russia destress who was in this case that only but he did the actions on the georgian s

but also noting new pair germany holds atomic power but some voiced concerns the green entry which will replace them may not be as friendly a solution. that later before the u.s. secretary of state hillary clinton has told chinese president hu jintao that relations between their countries are stronger than ever her assurance appears an attempt to patch up the mounting serious differences during her visit as an extremely delicate time between the two beijing accuses the u.s. of meddling in its turn affairs after the american embassy briefings sheltered a chinese dissident activist and it's also annoyed by washington's military buildup in the asia pacific and apparent effort to contain china's growing regional clout dr khan hunt from the foreign policy in focus think timers alludes to us china corp it's forced of both countries of it's very bipolar kind of relationship because in many ways not china is their number one trade partner. and they hold trillions of dollars in u.s. bonds we are all kind of locked into an international market so on one level the cooperation is kind of forced on

on the sites close you've got more nuts story coming up also to know how to nuclear germany holds atomic power but some voiced concerns that the green energy which will replace it may not be as friendly a solution as it first appeared. u.s. secretary of state hillary clinton's told chinese president hu jintao the relations between the countries are stronger than ever reassurance appears an attempt to perch over mounting serious differences during a visit in the extremely delicate time between the two budging accuses the u.s. of meddling in its internal affairs after the american embassy briefly sheltered the chinese dissident activist it's also annoyed by washington's military buildup in the asia pacific in an apparent effort to contain china's growing original clout daughter called helen and from a foreign policy in focus think tank spoke to us and believes us china cooperation has been fierce got about thirty three wishes and it's very bipolar kind of relationship because in many ways our china is our number one trade partner. and they hold trillions of dollars in u.s. bonds we are all

then to work with the international organizations like the international atomic energy agency, the united nations,, their mission to improved nuclear security. >> russia and the united states have the most weapons, and we are trying to reduce the number of weapons. are we making progress in that area? >> we have made enormous progress. >> i know it is a big deal for the president. >> it is a big deal, and in fact, the same speech that much an effort for a new arms control movement with russia, he announced a nuclear security summit. we look for that speech in prague as our touchstone. that requires that states to -- that requires that states who have nuclear weapons reduce them, and not just reduce their numbers and also there salience to our own national security. >> what was that word in there? >> salience. that we want to protect the american people and interest without resorting to nuclear weapons. that was in the nuclear posture review. that was released earlier this year, late last year by, this administration, and it also includes not only do you need to reduce the weapons that are

the park is dedicated to the victims of atomic bombing. it attracts visitors from around the world. >> translator: i think it will be nice to have at least one place where we can smoke. >> translator: many places have gone smoke free. so this place should follow suit. >> city officials say they'll only keep the lid on 15 out of 20 ashtrays after the day ends. they'll decide whether to make the park smoke free permanently after they see how visitors react. >>> these local efforts are repeated across the country. but health authorities say japan needs a national strategy to get smokers to kick the habit. nhk world explains. >> reporter: an estimated 22 million adults in japan do this every day. that's around 20% of the population. it is down from 50% in the 1980s. but the smoking rate is still higher than it is in the u.s., australia, or some asian countries. the tobacco business act went into effect in 1984 to secure tax revenues. former w.h.o. director says it makes it difficult for the health department to get people to stop smoking. >> t

and japan flicks the off switch on his last atomic reactors a year after the fukushima disaster took the country to the brink of devastation. now as promised we discover what it's like for an expert family to bring up a baby here in the russian capital. hello and welcome to the pride one this week so we're taking a look at the subject of babies and toddlers for some people a busy capital city such as moscow might not be the ideal place for foreigners children so with that in mind let's take a look at various family census shops schools and entertainment on offer here is it that radical for an ex-pat to have a baby in the russian capital let's find out. having a baby abroad with no family support network and in a completely different culture can seem daunting throw in the harsh climate in russia busy traffic and expensive lifestyle how accommodating is the russian capital for new parents surprisingly for many it seems is very. welcome to the child development center or wow town as it's called in english formerly known as the world of childhood i'm here to meet marina and her baby soni

and a unit within that unit is the atom 100 pod. >> although the atom 100 pod had space for 32 inmates held only four of maricopa's most infamous. >> i remember being briefed prior to going into the atom 100 pod by one of the officers about an evacuation plan if something went awry in there. >> there will be two officers present and myself also. i will be there with my taser drawn. >> in all the rest of maricopa county, i had never been given a brief like that. this was the only time that we had had a contingency plan in case we were attacked by an inmate. >> basically we're going to keep the door to our back so if there's any problems the cameraman will have to fall back. the two contingent staff and myself will basically form an ark to protect the camera crew and we'll do a tactical retreat out of the pod and secure the door. >> and the inmate that was the greatest concern to detention officers was angela simpson. >> simpson i think is a very scary individual. >>> coming up, behind the scenes of one of our most chilling interviews. >> and i just laughed it off thinking it was this bi

let me i have dan meridor deputy israeli prime minister and minister of intelligence and atomic energy so thank you very much for joining us here on r.t. to be with you the million dollar question is israel preparing for war with you when the one thing we should not speak on a war with iran i don't think that war is something one discusses in good families in public i think it's wrong hearing an issue is the most important issue we're dealing with the nuclearization of iran becomes the most important issue of international politics we are. trying as much as we can with the rest of the world i would say to stop iran from becoming nuclear and yet today has been a lot of war with craig for much of israel's political leadership but on the other hand people like yourself have come on record and said that you will not support a war with iran so obvious see disagreement in the israeli political when the issue of iran is of great importance i think that. if there is determination and resolve and persistence in the world that is interested here we feel a very broad coalition unprecedentedly bro

lying there waiting if the wind drops doesn't mean of course added costs the public appetite for atomic energy nosedived a year ago when japan was taken to the brink of nuclear catastrophe by the earthquake tragedy with the country still battling to stabilize its volatile reactors germany is investing two hundred be. to replace seventeen nuclear reactors but even some officials there agree counting on renewable energy could be too much of a high voltage risk for the economy with germany being the biggest energy consumer in the european union it's renewable energy plans are truly among the most ambitious projects off the decade as long as the state of the art wind farms don't end up bringing the country's economy to a grinding halt going off r.t. germany. returning to egypt now where this friday's demonstration against the country's military rulers is gaining momentum we take a look here at live pictures from cairo as terry square. this week's rallies come just days after the country saw its worst violence in months when news day was left at least seven and possibly as many as twenty peo

and in other world news here on r t the international atomic energy agency chief who's been visiting iran says the country has agreed to an examination of its disputed nuclear program it claims the deal involving u.n. inspectors will be signed quite soon it comes less than a day after the u.s. senate imposed fresh economic sanctions on the islamic republic there are western fears that iran might be trying to develop a nuclear weapon of terror and insists its atomic program is only for peaceful energy purposes. a rail crash in southern india has killed at least twenty four and injured dozens more investigators believe the driver of a sleeper train broke a signal and collided with a good strain of three passenger carriages overturned leaving many trapped inside in july last year packed expressed at high speed in the state of killing sixty nine . a massive rain storm has caused flooding and power shortages in northeastern friends with one person found dead in his home downpour equivalent to six weeks rain fell on monday night around with water reaching two meters in some places the city