for a human being to become an effective infantry soldier, he had to first be transformed into an automaten, someone who performed almost mechanically. by the 20th century, behaving as an automaton was no longer useful because soldiers could not move and fire in lock step because they were dispersed. they had to act with a great degree of autonomy. they had to make a number of very critical, snap decisions about what they would do and where they would go, where they would aim their fire. they had to be able to do that amid the stress and confusion of combat, and they had to be able to do it very quickly. and so while there was still a great deal of drill even in the 20th century combat training regimens, there was also a new emphasis on realistic training. this is the dawn of battle inoculation. put soldiers in live-fire exercises. put them in scenarios that mimic as closely as possible the actual danger and noise and confusion of battle so that they can become accustomed to the flood of accent lip and the temporary -- adrenaline and the temporary deafness. put them in live-fire drills, in