he headed belarus's execution squad for five years.n, in 2001, he ran afoul of his country's justice system and received political asylum in germany. in his old job, he was in charge of the shootings of more than 130 people. he says he didn't realize how cruel the death penalty was until he lived in germany. he followed lubov kovalyova's struggle for a pardon for her son. oleg: lukashenko has never pardoned anyone. but in this case, he could have done it. this boy had no blood on his hands. he was found guilty only of aiding and abetting. but they shot him dead. he should have had a chance for a pardon. reporter: three men were executed in belarus again last year. president lukashenko rejected their appeals and petitions for clemency. lubov kovalyova intends to continue her struggle against the death penalty in belarus. lubov: there should be no more cases like ours. innocent people should no longer be condemned just because someone thinks they have an advantage from it. i don't want more mothers to suffer. reporter: lubov kovalyova h

blieg that people care more about security, preserving the independence of belarus after seeing what happened in ukraine than they do about democracy and freedoms. >> there is a cause of democracy in belarus every since lukoshenko came to power in 1974. >> he has distanced himself of late. >> russia's economy has been sinking so he is trying to hedge his bets. he doesn't want to go down with the sinking ship that is russia's economy now. >> you would think this is a country that would be completely ripe for a strong opposition. it is more soviet than the russians. a state run economy an economy that's not very good. why do polls show that people don't consider throwing over the government of any significance? >> for 20 years he has been in power, he has cleared the political field for himself with kgb machinery a lot of his political opponents had to go into exile. from belarus they have had to operate from poland, et cetera. >> there hasn't been anyone in opposition in parliament since the 1990s. from his own admission he admits he is an authoritarian. he's not shy about it. condole

. >>> it is freedom day in belarus belarus. the country has been called europe's last dictatorship. and with presidential elections expected in november, rory challands has been gauging its opposition. >> reporter: the young the idealistic the discontented and the hopeful belarus' opposition is not much different now than it has been for the last 21 years in power. it's just shrunk. tens of thousands protested the elections. and elections loom once more and only a thousand attended this freedom day rally. >> there are not dozens of people attending. but knowing that people would participate. many people are working so i believe it was quite successful. >> he may have been happy with the turn out but with no clear government plan to fixing the economic slump you would expect the opposition to be making ground. this analyst explains what is happening. >> the regular traditional was basically saying that if we don't get fair and free elections we're going to call on the people to guarantee these trades. >> it was made harder by disagreements between the frack shoes array of the platfor

guys in belarus, riding on the sled towed by the car ahead being closely followed by the car behind withnd cameras to record the whole thing than seems like the dumbest thing. >> woefully irresponsible. when it goes wrong, it's a video of someone getting hit. >> i don't think it's a sled. looks like a construction zone wall. >> first they started off slow but then picked up speed. snow all over the place. the guy doesn't go from sledder to speed bump stays on doesn't get run over but belarus police did catch up. they say they did break traffic laws but unlikely they'll face charges. similar situation here in the states. redneck sledding you get what you got around the house, put it together it's a shopping cart welded into a nissan 240 sx hood and a ford 250. >> he is wearing a helmet. >> yes. a strange beauty to this because that hood is almost like aerodynamic. >> yes. >> i was close. >> yeah. there are a couple of close calls. a couple of lampposts and other objects like this curb. >> oh no! >> so glad he had that helmet on because he took a whole face to that curb. >> epic. >> [ blee

. >> russia's president wants a common currency with belarus and kazakhstan. but vladimir putin made the proposal in a meeting with his counterparts. it comes after months of turmoil for the russian economy hit hard by the falling oil price and decline of the ruble. putin suggested that it's economic challenge might be easier met through cooperation. >> 17% share of the market isn't a bad place to be. but the company which also exports fruit juices to russia sees trouble ahead. russia's economy not kazakhstan's, is hurting business. >> consumers have rushed to buy cheaper products. >> russian imports have gotten cheaper. exportsers are losing money. kazakhstan's currency is on a high and may need to be devalued. imagine waking up and discovering your money lost 20% of its value overnight. that's what happened in kazakhstan twice. first in 2009 and again last year. on both occasion it was down in part because much russia performing badly and it could happen again because kazakhstan's economy is closely tied to russia's. kazakhstan and russia already have a free

they both already have a treat trade agreement along with belarus.year they signed an agreement promising even closer integration. >> translator: for me this agreement is well balanced and competently made and takes into account the interests of all of our countries. [ applause ] >> reporter: but some economists believe kazakhstan's president was too caught up in the moment. >> translator: he wanted himself to be seen as a leader in the eyes of the post soviet countries, as a person who created a great new regional union, but the economic aspects weren't properly thought through. so we see a negative situation for kazakhstan, which is unlikely to improve in the near future. >> reporter: what goes down must eventually come back up. the ruble will strengthen oil prices will rise. but light at the end of the tunnel seems a long way off. robin forestier-walker al jazeera. >>> syrian opposition forces have been shelling assad government forces in the city of idlib. the opposition said the attacks are in retaliation for the regime's use of chemical weapons

belarus is often called "europe's last dictatorship" by western journalists.ver the last year, the crisis in ukraine has distracted the west from worrying about alleged human rights abuses there -- and, after hosting ukraine peace talks in the

belarus us a sovereign and independent state. >> it was ruled by imperial powers. the polish lithuanian commonwealth, russian czars then the u.s.s.r. >> there is a very serious dependence both economic and military and political of minsk and moscow. the rhetoric which can be heard from here should deceive no one. >> belarus was signed into the european union and this is election year, so talk is cheap. nor should signs of gentle popular defiance be dismissed. nationalism can become a difficult force to control. al jazeera minsk. >> france pope francis led celebrations for palm sunday in st. peters square to mark the start of holy week. during mass, the pontiff paid tribute to those killed because of their faith. especially victim of the islamic state of iraq and the levant. >> you're watching is on t.v. or on line, the chance you're taking the electricity supply making those devices work for are granted. some people in canada's yukon territory have shunned modern way of living, producing their own water heath and building their own homes. we went to meet the people

the rhetoric which can be heard from here should deceive no one. >> reporter: belarus was signed into the eurasian union. this is election year so talk is cheap. now should signs of popular defines be resists once the nationalism is a force to control. >>> it's time for the sports news with robin. >> thank you. good to have you along. australia contribute jers celebrating a fifth world cup crown, recording a victory over co-hosts new zealand. lee wellings explains. >> it seemed an ideal final. co-hosts and rivals head to head in melbourne. but unbeaten new zealand made a dreadful start. removing captain mccallan for 0. taylor and elliott provided resistance. but faulkner and haden broke a century partnership and new zealand crumbled in a first world cup final. australia attack was rampant. their fielding just as good. new zealand bowled out for 183. it was not enough. hopes raised by bolt. finch out without scoring. warner quickly showed australia was still in control. australia captain michael clarke was enjoying his one day international with 74 ones. he was out with the target in s

they already have a free trade agreement along with belarus.gned the eurasia economic union last year. >> translator: for me this agreement is well balanced and competently made and takes into account the interests of all of our countries. [ applause ] >> reporter: but come economists believe kazakhstan's president was too caught up in the moment. >> translator: he wanted himself to be seen as a heard in the eyes of the post soviet countries, as a person who created a great new regional union, but the economic aspects weren't properly thought through, so we see a negative situation for kazakhstan which is unlikely to improve in the near future. >> reporter: what goes down must eventually come back up. the ruble will strengthen oil prices will rise but light at the end of the tunnel seems a long way off. robin forestier-walker, al jazeera. >>> a french couple have been given a two-year suspended sentence for hiding 271 picasso masterpieces in their garage for nearly four decades. they claim to have been given the collection with picassos consent

kazakhstan and russia already have a free trade agreement along with belarus. >> translator: for me this agreement is well balanced and competent tently made. competently made. >> academic aspects weren't properly thought through so we see a negative situation for kazakhstan which is uj likely to improve in the near future. interwhat goes down must eventually come back up, the rubble will eventually strengthen, oil prices will rise but life at the end of the tunnel seems olong way off. robin forrester, al jazeera many kazakhstan. >> eu wants money to be spent on projects to boost greece's economy and cut youth unemployment. greece struck a deal last month to extend its bail-out funding until june. stargazers across europe have witnessed a spectacular natural event, a total solar eclipse. watching from a monument, the parthenon and the acropolis. gathered at the city's planetarium. and these passengers boarded a plane to they could glimpse the eclipse over the clouds. this is what at a eclipse looked like from space. capturing the minute the shadow of the ploon moved over the sun. >> they

the athlete from belarus lead for much of the race. the athlete from the czech republic made no mistake racing to the front. she took control of the race 6.2 seconds ahead of the german athlete. the 20-year-old norwegian claimed his third book club slalom victory -- third world cup slalom victory. he was third in the men's slalom after the first run. he's not in the run for the title this season but was up for victory on sunday. the 2010 olympic champion registered his first podium finish since december 2011. the athlete from sweden first. lewis hamilton won the australian grand prix sunday getting his world title defense off a perfect start. 15 cars began the race and only 11 finished. hamilton cruised to his 34th race win. sebastian finished third, 34 seconds behind hamilton. he won the final stage and overall victory sunday in southern france where conditions made it difficult for the riders . the 2013 winner took control with a winning time of 20 minutes and 23 seconds. he left fatigued as he crossed the line one minute and 39 seco

my mother had an illegal abortion in my great-grandmother had an illegal abortion back in belarus in 1914. and she died. i think people have an idea that this law people will still do it. they will be safe and it will be much more traumatic and painful. >> host: we have a few minutes left with our guest katha pollitt. karen and santa fe. hi aaron. >> caller: hi, thank you for taking my call. i will be as short as i can. since 1500 b.c. men have taken over the idea that their progeny progeny -- but there are other issues that are cultural. all over the world women are taught to behave and live in a man's world and i think it's a total disrespect for equity were not the right to women but the respect of who women are. >> guest: i agree with you. >> caller: basically that is what i'm talking about his respect and the cultural understanding and learning by those who would consider this contrary. they try to understand that women are more than half of the globe and it's a universal project and we just have to help men understand without looking to take over their jobs are asking them to r

uluru's devalued its ruble -- belarus devalued its ruble after the country fell to a record low. benchmark interest rate to a record high 30% last week after the currency fell to a record low. georgia armenia, they've also been raising rates. the currency to watch is the ruble, the russian ruble, as all the economies are very closely tied to russia. since the end of january, it has rebounded against the dollar. it is up by 11%. morgan stanley says it could be setting the ruble up for further declines by reversing course after last year's rate increase. we had that surprise rate increase by the central bank of russia in december. it surprised the world by raising rates in february. it took back some of that. morgan stanley says it could do the same again, putting pressure on the ruble. what is that going to do to the worst performing currencies? anna: 7:47 in london. europe's largest -- said profit would be subdued. the ceo tells a cc 2015 about laying the foundation for growth. >> we will deliver a significant improvement this year. i think this shows that we want to increase our

. >> now russia's president wants a common currency with belarus and kazakhstan. vladimir putin made the proposal. the russian economy is facing a deep recession hit hard by falling global prices and western sanctions. putin suggested that economic challenges would be easier to deal with through collaboration. russia's neighbors are filing the pinch as we have reports from kazakhstan's biggest city. >> reporter: 100 liters of milk at this plant on an average day. 17% share of the market. it isn't a bad place to be. but the company which also exports fruit juices to russia sees trouble ahead. russia's economy is hurting business. >> product margins are going down. consumers are rushing to buy cheaper products. >> exporters are losing money. imagine waking up and discovering that your money lost 20% of its value overnight. well that happened here in kazakhstan twice. first in 2009 and again last year. on both occasions it was down in part to russia performing badly. the fear is that it could happen again because kazakhstan's economy is closely tied to russia's. kaza

that means it passed through no fewer than eight countries, china, kazakhstan russia belarus, polandpain according to chinese state media. the journey was more than 8,000 miles each way and each leg took roughly three weeks. to put that in perspective, the run for distance is equivalent to traveling between los angeles and new york approximately six and a half times or from l.a. to sydney and back again. the direct link to the west has been called the 21st century silk road by chinese officials. it isn't just isolated route, they announce add fund that would link markets across asia and beyond. it's officially the year of the sheep, or by some translations the ram or the goat. but perhaps the silkworm would be more appropriate. the correct answer to the "gps" challenge question is d. as of this friday the u.s. ranks 27th in broadband download speed, right behind hungary and bulgaria. americans pay a lot for their internet. according to the new america, the majority of the united states internet customers pay more than their counter-parts in europe and arab. thanks to all of you for b

. >> the qatar open has been won, beating victoria azarenka of belarus in the time. it was the first time the czech player beat victoria azarenka, and ended her 14-match unbeaten streak in doha. safarova winning in straight sets and move to 11th in the world ranking. >> the washington wizards n.b.a. stopped a losing streak. they were up by 21 before a great comeback by the pistons. detroit with the first lead in the full courts. nemay conjured up the magic. 99-95-point victory >>> the read of the international olympic committee defended the rio games after coming up against environmentalists protesting in the city. the week-long visit was met by angers by protesters that got into the hotel lobby. the golf course is damaging an eco system. there was a response that overall the impact on rio's environment will be positive. >> it was a golf course is cultivated. a kind of waste land before. and there is as i was told more natural resources claimed tore this, have been gin back to nature at the same time. >> and that is all the sport for now. >> thank you for that. now,

. >> kazakhstan and russia have a free afraid agreement with belarus. >> for me, this agreement is well balanced a understand competently made and takes into account the interests of all of our countries. >> some economists believe kazakhstan's president too whoo agreed to the ideas was too caught up in the moment. he wanted himself seen as a leader in the ice of the post soviet countries, as a person who created a great new regional union, but it wasn't thought through, so we see a negative situation for pakistan which--kazakhstan. >> the ruble will strengthen, oil prices will rise, but light at the end of the tunnel seems a long way off. al jazeera. >> around 2.5 million people in sierra leone are confined to their homes to prevent the spread of ebola. the shutdown will last free days in free town and areas of the north. house to house searches will identify those with the virus. 10,000 have died since the outbreak began last year. >> human rights experts investigating the case of 43 missing students in mexico have asked authorities to continue with their search. the commission on hum

after an interrogation, the two were released and returned to belarus. >>> philadelphia city councilwomanreynolds brown is organizing a rally in the park today in response to this video that became the focus of national outrage. sigma alpha epsilon fraternity was kicked off the university of oklahoma campus in norman after video of racist chants surfaced. meanwhile other allegations have surfaced at sae chapters at other colleges. nine historically african-american fraternities and sororities will be represented at the rally, designed to promote service and love. people atending are invited to wear their fraternity and sorority colors and come with an open and positive spirits. >>> gun rights groups rallied to protest a firearms policy in lower marion township. with handguns holstered on their hips, they called on lower marion to repeal its ordinance which says no person except police can bring guns into a park. gun owners say the ordinance is illegal and violates state law because pennsylvania is an open carry state. >> just in case. basically the firearm is your insurance policy. you kn

he came from belarus eight village that was so backward he hadn't seen a ship or anything that movedthat wasn't pulled by a horse until he was 11 years old and came to new york with his mother. one of the characters is tex ritter. he is a big boxing promoter. he is a saloon keeper from the alaskan colon. he built modern madison square garden. he taught boxing promoters are lasting lesson that every successful fight has to be built around a big story. i like boxing but i really liked writing about boxing. i that good writers are in boxing, not bad anyway but guess who is the best? george carol oates. a fantastic book. she does the great dempsey and that as well. of course dempsey is the meal ticket. he's a hard hitter from the western mountain country and turned boxing in new york in new york into million-dollar menace -- industry. the next million-dollar game is not joe louis. the next million-dollar gators -- he turns baseball from small ball into long ball. like dempsey he is a slugger. there is lou gehrig born in new york columbia university. there is jean tunney who beat the grea

his tenure, he was responsible for dismantling 4000 nuclear weapons -- in ukraine cut six done, and belarusas assistant secretary, i spoke at his retirement ceremony and i said there will never come an end to the good he has done. when he became undersecretary he galvanized the pentagon into real action, real action. he supplied the troops in afghanistan with the protective equipment and the surveillance equipment they desperately needed, and he did it on accelerated schedules. his actions in my judgment saved countless lives of our soldiers. when the casualties did come in back to the hospitals here, he countless times when out to visit the wounded warriors, for which i thank both ash and stephanie. his tireless dedication in these visits was an example for all of us. he will be a secretary who cares for his troops. so his prudent actions, i believe, uniquely qualify him for this job. but he is going to be severely tested. because of the major security problems we are facing today. during the 1990's, ash and i and others worked very hard to bring russia into be western security circle. we

future of everything the fbi is responsible for and it is the bad guys have shrunk the world because belarus is next door to birmingham on the internet. so we are we're working very hard to shrink it back. so i can forward deploy my cyber experts to make the globe's most we can oppose some calls. right that everybody thinks it's a freebie to steal americans information to we have to impose costs on these people. even though they're in their pajamas halfway across the work they are afraid to break into and americans like and steal what matters to us. >> we have absolute evidence absolute proof that these attacks, many of these attacks are from states country? >> yes. >> military? >> military intelligence yes. >> russian? >> rush is a significant player in cyber intrusions as is china obviously. two huge operators in that world. >> we have proof that russia and china, and other government are attacking our country cyber information on a daily basis. >> yes. >> what are we doing about it? >> a lot of different things, on some which i can talk about here. one of the things we're trying to do is

they are complying with an agreement that was reached in belarus the middle of last month .y were supposed to create a buffer zone and exchange prisoners. those -- there has been a lull in the fighting. people are talking about a sense of observation about the truce rather than breaches of the truce. mark: tony halpin in moscow today. anna: francine lacqua sat down for an interview. britain is right to want simplification and leadership. but that cannot solve the problem. >> the problem is not its excessive. it is the way it is handledelf. too many commissioners. and [inaudible] each of them produced [inaudible] recommendations all the time. things must be simplified. the system resists simplification. when i was chairman 10 years ago there were [inaudible] after that you had [inaudible] this will not simplify the problem because they do not have a relationship with the other. for them not to be partners for the production of regulations [inaudible] they could influence [inaudible] so not much to gain. for us to ignore the u.k. when is two hours from the capital [inaudible]

under his tenure he is responsible for dismantling 4,000 nuclear weapons in ukraine, cousins done and belarusant secretary, i spoke at his retirement ceremony and said then, there will never come in and to the good that he has done. when he became undersecretary he galvanize the pentagon into real action real action. he supplied the troops in afghanistan with a protective equipment and surveillance equipment they desperately needed and did it on an accelerated schedule. his actions in my judgment saved countless lives of our soldiers. the casualty did come in back to the hospital see her he and stephanie countless times went to visit our wounded warriors and for which i think both of them. their tireless dedication was an example for all of us he we will be the secretary who cares for his troops. his actions uniquely qualify him for this job but it is going to be severely tested. the danger security problems we are facing today during the 90s _ and i _-dash and i and others worked hard to bring russia into the western security circle. we had a chance to do that tried hard,, tried hard, our su

belarus is next door to birmingham on the internet. where working hard to shrink that. i can make the globe smaller so we could impose some cost. everyone thinks it is a freebie. we have to impose costs on these people. even if they are in pajamas they are afraid to break into americans like in steals what manner -- and to -- and steal what matters to us. representative rogers: russia? director comey: russia is a significant player, as is china obviously. tewo huge operators. represented a rogers: -- representative rogers: we have proof they are attacking our databases. director comey: yes. represent a rogers: -- representative rogers: what are we doing? director comey: name it and shame it. publicizing them on posters. there are stealing our ideas and innovation. and died in that moment do any good. you will never catch them. we have many flaws. we are humans. never say never. people like to travel and get the kids educated in the u.s. or europe. we are trying to impose costs. name it. call it out. chinese are stealing our innovation, creativity, our jobs. in fact, it

in belarus along with ukraine took the very brave and important step of really pushing what it had inheritedviet union dissolved. into giga stent, we are focusing on improving border security strengthening law enforcement, countering terrorism among nations long and porous border with afghanistan. uzbekistan's constitutions to the afghanistan network remain important, as does our works together to combat narco trafficking and defend against transnational threats. and we also remain grateful for the vital support keuka stand kyrgistan provided. our relationship has moved forward as we continue to work to address security challenges. in turkmenistan, we have helped the government established modern border patrol checkpoint to combat struggling and to fight human trafficking. by deepening the security partnerships, we are also investing in a stable foundation for central asia to unlock its great economic potential. the images of the old silk road when central asia was truly a crossroads of civilization does not have to be just a memory. the past can become prologue. today, central asia is not o

as the train crossed the border from belarus.ssian wife. officials say there was no need to hide her in the suitcase. she would have been allowed entry. i thought maybe they were trying to save on a ticket, trying to smuggle her that way. >> wanted a free ticket. >> if i was the wife, i would be ticked. i didn't ask for first class, just a ticket. >> frugal, maybe her idea. >> they didn't think that scanners would pick up on it. >> little lady. >> oh, gosh. >>> different kind of hiding now. swedish furniture giant ikea is cracking down on a phenomenon they believe is out of control. adult hide-and-seek parties in their store. >> i thought it was kids. i didn't know it was grown folks. people crouching behind a sofa in a shopping trip and they hide. we are talking about organized all-day events involving tens of thousands of people, hiding out in trundle bed drawers, in refrigerators. >> it started with ikea's blessing but it spread and much beyond and like flash mobs, ikea is saying they are concerned about safety and security. n

and it is the bad guys have shrunk the world, right, because belarus is next door to birmingham on the internet. so we're working very hard to shrink it back. so i can forward deploy my cyberexperts to make the globe smaller, so we can impose some costs. right now, everybody thinks it is a freebie to steal americans' information. we have to impose costs on these people. even though they're in their pajamas halfway around the world, they're afraid to break into an american's life and steal what matters to us. >> do we have absolute evidence, absolute proof that these attacks, many of these attacks are from states? countrys? >> yes. >> governments? >> yes. >> military? >> military intelligence. >> russia? >> russia is a significant player in cyberintrusions as is china, obviously. two huge operators in that world. >> we have proof that russia and china and other governments are attacking our country's cyberinformation databases. >> yes. >> what are we doing about it? >> well, a lot of different things. only some of which i can talk about here. one of the things we're trying to do is name

was making sure that the successor countries to the soviet union that inherited nuclear weapons, belarus kazakhstan and ukraine actually gave up those nuclear weapons. in the case of ukraine, the deal was this. they said we'll give them up but we want our sovereignty and territorial integrity guaranteed. three countries signed on to those guarantees. the united states the united kingdom, and russia. imagine what this says now if we allow russia to in effect ignore and tear up that agreement -- the so-called budapest memorandum that many of you are familiar with -- what does it say to a country like north korea that has nuclear weapons an we're trying to persuade to give them up. what does it say to iran who doesn't yet have nuclear weapons, to get them to foreswear them? there are big things at stake here. >> i was just rehn-reading that. that budapest memoranda commits and obligates us to certain things. >> we made a compliment to stand with two other countries ironically, for several propositions. critical among them were the territorial integrity and sovereignty of ukraine. that's bee

my mother had an illegal abortion in my great-grandmother had an illegal abortion back in belarus in1914. and she died. i think people have an idea that this law people will still do it. they will be safe and it will be much more traumatic and painful. >> host: we have a few minutes left with our guest katha pollitt. karen and santa fe. hi aaron. >> caller: hi, thank you for taking my call. i will be as short as i can. since 1500 b.c. men have taken over the idea that their progeny progeny -- but there are other issues that are cultural. all over the world women are taught to behave and live in a man's world and i think it's a total disrespect for equity were not the right to women but the respect of who women are. >> guest: i agree with you. >> caller: basically that is what i'm talking about his respect and the cultural understanding and learning by those who would consider this contrary. they try to understand that women are more than half of the globe and it's a universal project and we just have to help men understand without looking to take over their jobs are asking them to re

my mother had an illegal abortion in my great-grandmother had an illegal abortion back in belarus in914. and she died. i think people have an idea that this law people will still do it. they will be safe and it will be much more traumatic and painful. >> host: we have a few minutes left with our guest katha pollitt. karen and santa fe. hi aaron. >> caller: hi, thank you for taking my call.

his tenure he was responsible for dismantling 4,000 nuclear weapons in ukraine and kazahkstan and belarusas assistant secretary, i spoke at his retirement ceremony and i said then there will never come an end to the good that he has done. when he became undersecretary, he galvanized the pentagon into real action real action. he supplied the troops in afghanistan with the protective equipment and the surveillance equipment that they desperately needed, and he did it on accelerated schedules. his actions in my judgment saved countless lives of our soldiers. when the casualties did come in back to the hospitals here, he and stephanie countless times went out to the hospital to visit a -- our wounded warriors for which i thank both ash and stephanie. their tireless dedicationing in these visits was an example for all of us. he will be a secretary who cares for his troops. so his proven actions i believe, uniquely qualify him for this job. but it is going to be severely tested. because the dangerous security problems we are facing today. during the '90s ash and i and others worked very hard to