when his admin job in leicester was under threat and he turned to online journalism, launching bellingcat embarrassment of russia. that is made up and we know that... it's smartphones which have changed everything. combined with tools on the internet, everyone can be a recorder of news and also tell the difference between real and fake. mass amounts of information that we really didn't have 20 years ago, and that's allowed us to do investigations on things like chemical weapons attacks in syria, the shooting down of aircraft in ukraine and now, the current conflict in ukraine. we are able to take an image like this, which is from the day before the air strike and following on the next day, see the damage from the air strike as it's happening. it's absolutely crucial to have voices like his who are actually a bit more optimistic in what can seem quite a doom—laden area of study. really, what he's doing, it's coming good on the potential that the internet initially promised. education is the key in the fight against misinformation. and we see people using the internet at younger and younger

i look to bellingcat for example, which is an open source investigating -- they do open source investigationso determine whether or not civilians have been killed. their work has been greatly complicated by this preponderance of misinformation and disinformation. but let's make it very clear that both hamas and israel have positive obligations under international law, the geneva conventions, to protect civilians. whether they are in airstrikes in the way that the airstrikes are planned and conducted, or if they are allowing palestinians to flee to protect the palestinians on the ground within gaza. these are applications under international law -- these are obligations under international law and all parties are responsible for that. james: let me take you to october 7, a carefully planned audacious attack by hamas, killing over 1400 israelis. are these war crimes? geoffrey: yes. clearly they are. they are obscene of zinc -- obscene examples of war crimes, of killing civilians and capturing them and holding them as hostage. this is an ongoing war crime, and it gives israel a right of self-def