people like george washington, benjamin franklin, all of these guys had heavily invested and speculated in western land in expectation of that glorious day. because once the french were defeated, they would swarm over the mountains and cleanup, selling or renting their land to migrant populations. will, look at the big red line down the middle. down the appalachian trail. the same year that the british security victory, they also, in a sense, slammed the door. or at least partially close the door on western expansion. the proclamation line of 1763 is designed to check expansion and to protect indian land. what's all that about? at the end of the war, the french leave and the british occupy the forts the french previous, previously occupied. the british secured neutrality in the war by telling the shawnees and the delaware's that their lands will be safe. once we kick out the french, we will be good neighbors. we do not intend to take your land, we just wanted to get rid of the french who were bad people and then there will be this new era. what what happens instead is that the indian pe

it's why congress dispatched benjamin franklin to france. but before we get to paris, or london, or any other european council, before we travel with the declaration over the sea, let's pause for a moment more in the american colonies, or should i say now the united states. congress proclaimed the official text of its declaration on monday, july 8, 1776. issuing it as a printed poster known as a broadside, prepared by john dunlap, the official printer. broadsides were the perfect size to paste up everywhere and the typeface was just large enough to be legible outdoors and easily read aloud in public settings. and so they were read aloud outside, these broadsides, these declarations. first in philadelphia that same day, july 8 am a when colonel john nixon of philadelphia's committee of safety read the broadside from a wooden platform outside the state house. when nixon reached the conclusion, the gathered crowd arrested into repeated huzzahs. then members took down the kings coat of arms and threw them on a bonfire. the celebration continued

why they dispatched benjamin franklin to paris later that fall. before we get to any other european capital, before we travel with the declaration over the sea let's pause for a moment longer in the american colonies, or should i say now the united states. congress proclaimed the official text of its declaration on mo mond monday, july 8th, 1776, as a printed poster known as a broadside prepared by john dunlap, their official printer. the perfect size to paste up everywhere and their type face was just large enough to be legible outdoors and easily read aloud in public settings. and so they were read aloud outside these broad sides, these dunlap declarations. first in philadelphia that same day, july 8th, when colonel john nixon of philadelphia's committee of safety, read the declaration, read the printed broadside from a printed platform outside the state house. when nixon reached its conclusion, the gathered crowd erupted into repeated harrahs and members took down the king's coat of arms from the courtroom inside the state house and threw them

they are looking for a way out, benjamin franklin is a moderate. he's in england for more than 16 years, representing several other colonies. the king has no greater supporter and benjamin franklin early in his rate. he's increasingly radicalized by what is happening leading up to the outbreak of war. franklin becomes a radical but he, like many others is a moderate who feels like he's driven to it over time. >> jim from minnesota. >> thank you for the opportuni opportunity, great fan. the liberation trilogy is one of the best pieces of work i've ever read. if he pursues the same mechani mechanism, the strategy and tactics, so thank you again. after finishing the book, i was left on the last couple of pages with difficulty the british had about being in new york, still unable to get to washington, it was only a few thousand miles away from them. i was struck by that. >> the british, when the book ends in january 1777, they've been driven across new jersey after being out of new york. i think the game is pretty near up and then he does the whole thi

it is why congress dispatched benjamin franklin to paris later that fall. more about then global significance of the declaration of independence sunday at 4:30 p.m. eastern. explore our nation's past here on american history tv. next on american history tv, three former apollo era flight controllers and engineers discuss the design and development of the lunar module and how it operated during the apollo 11 moon landing. this panel was part of an event hosted by space center houston to mark apollo 11's 50th anniversary. good morning and happy lunar landing day. [cheers and applause] >> it's great to have you all here. i'm the chief operating officer at the space center houston. we are a nonprofit entity and smithsonian affiliates and we are the world's first certified autism center as a science center. we believe

other delegates can find to this committee which by the way was not a plum assignment were benjamin franklin of pennsylvania, roger sherman of connecticut, robert livingston of new york and does anyone know the fifth member? what was the guy name? maybe a picture will help. thomas jefferson of virginia. all of these guys were busy with other committee assignments so it made sense for just one of them to take the lead drafting the document that they had been tasked to prepare. so franklin a gifted stylist and supporter may seem to ask the obvious choice, he was a good writer who believed in the cause but was also plagued by gout and was exhausted. robert livingston was on the committee really just as the token conservative. he was not there to do actual work. he had been urging reconciliation. he had been urging patching things up and was really there to make sure things to get too crazy. roger sherman as well. the guy in the middle was largely windowdressing. he was a good man. john adams once described him as being as honest as an angel but he spoke and wrote like he was in the 17th century

and benjamin franklin had a quote of "tell me, and i will forget. teach me, and i will remember. involve me, and i will learn." this is not a conversation about some radical change but rather a whether orn about not we as a nation are going to have some common sense and repair the damage of a lack of investment that we have for our country's value, which is to give our people a civic/social understanding and education. here inright now florida, at the epicenter of this discussion. we have a playing field of republican rule. in and started this conversation that we are going to take our public tax dollars, property taxes. could the gentleman please answer the question about property taxes primarily find the bulk of local school boards to our constitutionally elected school boards? but here in florida, what they have done is taken the autonomy of locally elected school board's budget, from our local property taxes, that go to our local elected clerks and tax collectors -- this has nothing to do with the state -- i mean, the federal government, my understanding, is that they are now

benjamin franklin, a gifted stylist and zealous supporter of independence by this time might seem to us to be the obvious choice to be the lead draftsman, he was a good writer who believed in the cause. but he was plagued by gout and he was exhausted. robert livingston, the fourth person, robert livingston was on the committee just as the token conservative. he was not there to do actual work. he had been urging reconciliation, patching things up, not independence. he was really just there to make sure things didn't get too crazy and out of hand. roger sherman, the guy in the middle, was largely windowdressing. sherman was a good man. john adams described him as being as honest as an angel. but roger sherman spoke and wrote like he was still in the 17th century, and his colleagues found him strange, if not weird. [laughter] that left john adams, a short lawyer who was an outspoken advocate for independence, and thomas jefferson, the tall, sandy-haired planter who had a reputation as a writer, but who had barely set a word on the congress floor so far. john adams later recalled that t

the abrupt arrival of benjamin franklin to woo the france into an alliance with radical republicans. the 100,000 smallpox deaths from 1775 - to 1782. the white men sitting in philadelphia in the summer of 1776/eight with their handkerchiefs while carving up thomas jefferson draft declaration to make it shorter and much better. the many american families, franklin's among them ripped apart by irreconcilable political differences. but the central figures in her creation story remain involved in reverence, nonetheless remain beguiling. or perpetual scrutiny and often in manually and. washington is a case in point. yes he owned or than 300 slaves when he died at mount vernon in 1799. there is no square in that circle. he demonstrated shortcomings of the tactical commander at long island, fort washington and other battlefield. the man who could never tell a lie sure could prevaricate. [laughter] in washington's carping about his troops, his officers and his life, i just trust everything he grumbled in 1776, transforms the demagogue into a petulant mortal. yet great responsibility and larg

benjamin franklin famously said that three can keep a secret when two are dead. if anything was done nefariously there, they are going to be able to track this back. they're going to use the digital exhaust that comes off of the guards or prison officials. were these guards overtaxed? and there are 2.2 million prisoners in a country of 330 million people and the state and federal levels are always short-staffed. >> the reporting is that the guards were there working overtime. how that factored in, should that be considered a factor or excuse in this is all to come. thank you, james. really appreciate it. >>> then there is the other side of the story, the conspiracy theory side of the story and it's a side of the story that i've struggled with, because how much attention should any of us give unfounded conspiracy theories? but when the conspiracy theory is coming from the president of the united states, being pushed by the president of the united states, what do you do with it then? president trump bushing the conspiracy theory about epstein's death, a tweet that

some prominent whites, like benjamin franklin, were members of that.hat some of them wanted to do back toend africans africa. of course, many african-americans were refusing because they were born in america. they were the byproduct of many ethnic groups, so where exactly ould they gohere back to? and their labor and the labor of their ancestors helped to build a nation, so they refused the notion of that idea and they were offended by that idea that somehow they were not citizens, equal citizens in this country. so i hope that kind of addresses that issue. host: we have been talking to cassandra newby-alexander. number of author of a books on race relations, including "virginia waterways and the underground railroad." she is the dean of the .niversity of north folk's thek you as we hear reversals for the ceremony going on in the background. guest: thank you so much, and i everybody comes to learning little bit more about our american history. host: and what do you think the ceremony will mean for those in attendance and those watching? guest: i think

near the end of the war, forrest 's men draw down on the troops of benjamin franklin cheatham during their retreat from nashville. you would think the last thing you would want to do is to settle issues of southern honor in such a circumstance. that was another indication of -- it reflected his own ability to assert himself, whatever that might mean. a lot of questions about these individuals that have to be 1862,ed and at least in there are not a lot of clear answers as to where that might be going. forrest and thomas will both have successes, though, that should have given an indication that they were capable. in the case of thomas, there will be a small action at mill springs in the central part of tennessee.iddle at any rate, in central kentucky, there will be a fight at mill springs and thomas is going to be successful. it illustrates some of his personality and personal character. i have several images of someone being shot. is theeone being shot federal -- confederate commander in the field. he was a newspaper editor and a fiery individual. there was a commander that he answer

congress dispatched benjamin franklin to paris later that fall. other can watch this and american history programs on our website were all our video is archive. that's c-span.org/history. >> next on american history tv. for former apollo aero flight controllers and engineers discuss the lunar module landing operations during the apollo 11 mission to the moon. this panel was part of an event john: good morning everybody and welcome to the 50th anniversary of the apollo moon landing. [applause] i will say that periodically throughout the day so that people will applaud. you can here that atmosphere is charged and the dingling in the background. [laughter] special day, very auspicious day. we are honored to have with us today a panel of important engineers. my personal heroes growing up. 14 when you all did th

so it really is, i mean, his quintessential embodiment of the spirit of capitalism, it's benjamin franklin. it really is about america. he wrote an essay called "provident sects" in the spirit of capitalism which is all based on his time in america, and it's really an interesting read. originally it was meant to be part of, the third part. for whatever reason, it was left out. there's a great book by historian named -- oh, gosh. the name of the book is "vaber in america," with press ton university press, and i really comment it. the author's name is escaping me at the moment. it's very carefully researched, well documented book, and that's why i'd recommend it if you want to do vaber. "what i saw in america." the other is called "side lights." both written after his respective visits. and he also wrote "essays and s forth about america. and then qutb wrote a series of articles published in a journal called "the america that i have seen." and it's not extensive. but it's significant. and then sprinkled throughout his work, he makes various references to america. he published a book right be

it's benjamin franklin. it really is about america. then he wrote an essay called protestant sects and the spirit of capitalism, which is all based on his time in america, and it's really an interesting read, and originally it was meant to be part of -- it was meant to be the third part, fwlaurchs -- but for whatever reason it was left out. the name of the book is weber in america, it's with princeton university press, and i really commend it, the author's name is escaping me at the moment. it's very carefully researched, well-documented book, and that's why we recommend it if you want to do weber. chesterton wrote two books on america, wone's called "what i saw in america" and the other is called "side lights" and they were both written after his respective visits. he also wrote essays and so forth that came out about america and kuteb wrote a series of articles published in a journal called "the america that i have seen" and it's not extensive, but it's significant, and then sprinkled throughout his work he makes various references t

coast survey was the great-grandson of benjamin franklin. his sister mary married mississippi democrat robert walker, polk's secretary treasure. another sister, matilda, married william emory. another sister married the father of the chief of the topographical engineers, thus emery's boss. bates was a long-time correspondent of joseph henry, first secretary of the smithsonian. another correspondents included vermont wig george perkins marsh, the proto environmentalist i mentioned at the outset, as well as aging jeffersonian politician albert gallerton. marsh was a leading advocate for the smithsonian bill who influenced henry's choice of spencer baird as the first curator. another similar note of influence that might be more familiar to you is the one that centered on thomas hart benton, the missouri democrat and champion of manifest destiny. his daughter jessie married topographical engineer john fremont who played an important role in california in the u.s./mexican war. benton provided critical support for the western survey that were a mo

coast survey was the great- grandson of benjamin franklin. his uncle, george dallas was polk's vice president, his sister mary, the treasury secretary. another sister, matilda married william emery. henrietta married charles aber. he was a region of the smithsonian and longtime friend and correspondent of joseph henry, its first secretary. other correspondence included george perkins marsh, the proto- environmentalist i mentioned at the offset, as well as a pioneer in the field of ethnography. marsh, with a leading advocate for the smithsonian bill who influenced the first curator. another similar note of influence that might be more familiar to you is the one that centered on thomas benson, the missouri democrat and champion of manifest destiny, his daughter jesse married topical engineer, john fremont. benson provided critical support and patronage for the western surveys in the 1840s that were a model for emery and later engineers. he also supported polk in 1844 but he then broke with the administration over polk's handling of fremont cour

so, anyone who can complete george washington, abraham lincoln, andrew jackson and benjamin franklin,is truly the sage of orange new jersey. i have more on biography but maybe we could get to it as we go along . >> i am emily raymond and i'm a professor at virginia commonwealth university, my area of focus up until now is shifting a little bit but it's been hollywood in politics i've written biographies on charleston heston and most recently, a group biography about black celebrities in the civil rights movement called stars for freedom. and i didn't really think of myself as going into that biography genre either, i really wanted to write about charleston heston because this is my dissertation topic and its when he was the president of the national rifle association that i also knew that he had been involved in democratic administrations and in a civil rights movement before he came to a gun cause to support republican candidates. i was really fascinated his evolution and what that said about american political culture. so, i started with that and then my next book i had no intention

i was surprised to find out that benjamin franklin have a fire insurance company and if you didn't pay the premiums they would not save your house from burning. we don't believe that we should have competing fire hoations now. i think we shouldn't have competing healthcare. >> thank you very much. >> what did you hear from kathleen. it's a wonderful question. i wish congress would speak up more and take a more active role as it should under the constitution. it is the keeper of the purse. he used to be many years ago that they would submit the budget and that the president would react to it but we got into the habit not so many years ago of the president producing is a question of leadership. the power is there. if congress wants to a can challenge the president. if the president does not implement a treaty which has been approved and passed by minor understanding the senate can take action and demand that the president do so. but that would requireth some very large cojones on the part of the senate to be able to stand up to a president and that is what has been lacking. a question of

benjamin franklin discuwas skep. be careful of what you wish for. what's what i would talk about if i remember it. >> it was once designed to one people now -- well, encouraging to think of the past as separate resources for ways of thinking of problems we have today. a lot of discussions about climate change now emphasizes the sense that this has never happened before and a major crisis. there are dimensions of that. but, i think that we we over emphasizes. we are encouraging them to think of how people in the past have dealt with such problems and how their solutions may or may not, that was really. the episode was great about exercising within this. >> i think these stories probably if i pitch a climate story to places. i would not get this response. know that it will kill the reader's interest. >> there is greater interests. and that was one reason why i didn't think it was a great idea to have this panel and revise the episodes and add to conversations. and about things that are yo religious climate are growing. i also liked how episode, the st

so anyone who could conflate road washington, abraham lincoln, andrew jackson, and benjamin franklin is truly the sage of orange, new jersey. and i have more on biography but maybe we can get to it as we go along. and i am emily raymond, a professor in the history department at virginia commonwealth university. my area of focus, until now, has been hollywood in politics. i've written biographies on blackon heston, and celebrities in the civil rights movement called star for freedom -- starved for freedom. i did not think of myself is going into the biography genre. i wanted to write about charlton heston, this was my dissertation topic. when he was the president of the national rifle association -- but i also knew he had been involved in democratic administrations and the civil rights movement before he came to the gun because and supporting republican candidates. i was fascinated about his that set, and what about american political culture. i started with that. in my next book i had no intention of it being a biography. it was just going to generally be about celebrities in the civ

i mean, benjamin franklin made up these massacres and had them printed in the eunewspapers, massacresy native americans that never happened. at some point there was a thought that -- because jefferson and burr tied. people were talking about raises armies and stuff, what the people -- the intent of the people was not actually carried out. so yeah, there have been other partisan times. you mentioned the 1850s, charles sumner getting caned and so forth, but you're right. it's interesting now that we've come to a point where people don't -- after a period where people did do some things together, don't even want to be seen in the same frame. a lot of it has to do with money in politics. i mean, the way people and districts that are drawn for individual people that they're going to be incumbent. >> safe districts. >> safe districts that they're going to go on. if they really had to face a public whom they had to c convince, this thing that i said about persuasion. that changes you, when you know you have to make the case to lots of different people it moderates you and makes you think abo

benjamin franklin was skeptical or basically he warned be careful what you wish for, we may end up with climate way hotter in summer than we would find optimal. so that's what i talked about if i remember correctly. and it was designed to warn people now that, not warn people but encourage them to think of the past as a set of resources for ways of thinking about problems that we have today. i think a lot of the discussion on climate change now emphasizes the sense that this never happened before, this is unprecedented, amazing crisis that no one lived through. and there are dimensions of that that are true, especially the and throw pa general i can nature of climate change. the overemphasis of the nature of the crisis can be unhelpful, makes people freeze in terror whereas encouraging them to think of how people in the past dealt with such problems, how their solutions may or may not be passed, that was really great about emphasizing within this. i think these days probably if i pitched a climate story to a lot of different places, i wouldn't get the response that that will kill reader

benjamin franklin was skeptical or basically he warned be careful what you wish for. we may end up with a climate way hotter, especially in summer that we would really find optimal. that's what i talked about if i'm remembering correctly. >> yeah! and it was designed to warn people now that -- well, not warn people but encourage them to think of the past as a set of resources for ways of thinking about problems that we have today. i do think that a lot of the discussion about climate change now emphasizes this sense that this has never happened before. this is unprecedented. this is an amazing crisis that no one has ever lived through and there are are parts of that that are true, but i think that the overemphasis on the unprecedented nature of the crisis can be unhelpful and kind of makes people freeze in terror whereas encouraging them to think of how people in the past have dealt with such problems, how their solutions may or may not be paths we might want to follow, that was really, i think, what the episode was great about emphasizing within this. i think these d

as benjamin franklin observed, "in free governments, the rulers are the servants, and the people their superiors, or the former therefore to return among the latter was not to degrade but to promote them." their fears of the framers have today been realized. today, the swamp is hard at ork, picking winners and losers, with hardworking americans typically winding up on the losing end. every year, congress spends billions of dollars on giveaways for the ell-connected. washington insiders get axpayer money. members of congress get reelected, and the system works for everyone except the american people. this kind of self-interest builds on itself as members spend more and more time in ffice. in an age in which the partisan divide intractable, it is remarkable that public support for congressional term limits remains strong across already lines. in poll after poll, conducted over decades, americans who are republicans, who are democrats, who are independents, americans who are conservatives, who are liberals, or moderates, men or women who are anglo-american, or african-american, or hispani

some prominent whites, like benjamin franklin, were members of that.t some of them wanted to do back toend africans africa. of course, many african-americans were refusing because they were born in america. they were the byproduct of many ethnic groups, so where exactly ould they gohere back to? and their labor and the labor of their ancestors helped to build a nation, so they refused the notion of that idea and they were offended by that idea that somehow they were not citizens, equal citizens in this country. so i hope that kind of addresses that issue. host: we have been talking to cassandra newby-alexander. number of author of a books on race relations, including "virginia waterways and the underground railroad." she is the dean of the .niversity of north folk's thek you as we hear reversals for the ceremony going on in the background. guest: thank you so much, and i everybody comes to learning little bit more about our american history. host: and what do you think the ceremony will mean for those in attendance and those watching? guest: i think th

and benjamin franklin had a quote of "tell me, and i will forget. teach me, and i will remember.olve me, and i will learn." this is not a conversation about some radical change but rather a whether orn about not we as a nation are going to have some common sense and repair the damage of a lack of investment that we have for our country's value, which is to give our people a civic/social understanding and education. here inright now florida, at the epicenter of this discussion. we have a playing field of republican rule. in and started this conversation that we are going to take our public tax dollars, property taxes. could the gentleman please answer the question about property taxes primarily find the bulk of local school boards to our constitutionally elected school boards? but here in florida, what they have done is taken the autonomy of locally elected school board's budget, from our local property taxes, that go to our local elected clerks and tax collectors -- this has nothing to do with the state -- i mean, the federal government, my understanding, is that they are now uti

the other presidents written about, franklin pierce and the,s chester arthur, coolidge, benjamin harris, how about this business of being tremendously good? >> if you studied history all those other guys in between so there is a period became the presidency pretty much that the congress ruled. we had a great congressman even if you don't agree with the politics, they were great prominent men and not made for the presidency as we view it n now. they don't necessarily have to be good if they have to recognize the good in other people and achieve something good that is a commonality. lincoln was a complex character rated the highest presidents of all time and he was extremely good at reading other people. stephen douglas who you wrote about had to go up against him a couple of times and what's interesting is douglas was a hater but he didn't hate lincoln. when he learned he would face lincoln, i'm paraphrasing him he said i really like thinking coming is a good guy which is extraordinary coming from douglas. he wouldn't say that about anything else but he does say that lincoln. people that