i have to say the first 30 years of benjamin franklin's life go by like this in my book. why? because there are no sources. you can measure this in a wonderful published collection of the franklin letters that is about 38 volumes. they can them 50 years to publish it. it was about that thick. volume 38, if that's the last one, is equally thick and covered three months. not decades but months of franklin's life. why? because then he was world famous and people saved everything. you can write about extreatinary people in ordinary times. ordinary people in extraordinary times. for example, you can write the ordinary person's history of the civil war. why? because it was extraordinary sufficiently to where people wrote down wha they were thinking and feeling. they'd never shared that before so they wanted to share it or else kept a journal. there is no lack of information on ordinary people who went to california. in those days, before cameras, cell phones with cameras. how did people encounter the things they saw in their old place. that's a different matter. and we can talk about

when writing about benjamin franklin i do succeed in not passing judgment in my characters. i will tell you, the book on franklin roosevelt, he was a great president in the specific sense of having a great effect on the world around him. i won't tell you whether i think it was good or bad president or whether the new deal was good or bad deal. i leave it to the readers to decide. i lay out what it was and the reaction and justification for and leave it to the readers to draw their own conclusion. i think not all historians don't do it this way, in fact most successful commercially don't do it this way. i asked dave cohen once he goes why would i do that. a lot of people go to biographies to be able to cheer for somebody. so it's a lot easier, like the rule of thumb, the broadway musical warp, well, musical, did it work? well, if people come out whistling then it works. but i don't do that. i want readers to form their own opinion. i wrote a book on franklin roosevelt trader to his class, and that title do you think it is a thumb's up or down, because traitor is a bad word, it

when i was writing about benjamin franklin i tried to keep my distance, i made a point and i succeededthis way on not passing judgment on my characters. i will tell you and i tell readers on my book and franklin roosevelt, i will say he was a great president in the specific sense of having a great effect on the world around him. but i will not tell you whether i think he was a good president or bad president. i don't i won't tell you if the new deal is a good deal or bad deal. i will let the readers decide that. i lay it out but i leave it to the readers to draw their own conclusions. i think not all historians do it this way. in fact i would say the most successful don't do it this way. i once asked -- if he would write about somebody he did not admirer right. he told me how can i do that? and i think most people or a lot of people go to history your biography to be able to cheer for somebody. it's easier you don't like the rule of thumb is you know if people come out of the feet are whistling then the movie worked. but for some reason i don't want to do that. i want readers to form t

benjamin franklin tells us that he became a deist as a young man. at the constitutional convention in 1787, franklin proposed that delegates open sessions with prayer. in in session, thomas kidd will explore the enigma of franklin's faith and the tension between franklin's well-known skepticism and the enduring influence of his puritan upbringing on his familiarity with the bible. thomas kidd is a distinguished professor of history at baylor university and associate director of baylor's institution for studies of religion. he is the author of "benjamin franklin: the religious life of a founding father." please join me in welcoming dr. kidd. [ applause ] >> thank you to kay and thank you to the museum of the bible for hosting this wonderful event. it's a pleasure to be here at the museum. i hope to consult with some of the section on bible in america and it is just a wonderful thing to be here and see this lovely facility. so thank you for having us and thank you to those of you that are joining us online or on tv. it is great to be here. i do want to

smack you also mentioned benjamin franklin. the way it almost selzer conversation, images are involved. can you tell us about this great cartoon that franklin generates very early on in the conversation. >> yes, so he sets a gene genius and he invents a lightning rod and social institutions in the first secular university and he's also someone that invents the world's first real political cartoon and it's not from britain and it's a very democratic culture. and it is the picture of a snake that is cut up into pieces and he has a slogan. it is the first viral means in which we could say hash tag join. the colleagues after work together with the mother country to deceive the french in the early stages what would become the french and indian war. and i'm very same page, he is a newspaper madman. if he were alive today he might be rupert murdoch. there is a picture of a snake and in effect he's also telling his audience about a young 22-year-old military officer from virginia who bravely is confronting the french named george washin

i don't believe we know the makeup this one either but we do own the benjamin franklin. i'm not sure how it came to his eye care. that's a great question. i'll have to look into that. oh like here. yeah. yeah where it was the washington desk now it is so it was also with the philadelphia history museum and i believe it's now with the collection currently stewarded by drexel. i don't want to get this wrong, so i'm not going to detail about it, but i know it is safe and sound. yeah. so yeah drexels it will be with drexel's collection, but i believe i'm sure it's in storage. yes. yeah. yeah, we love it to come back home. yeah, exactly. all right, susan mcgill what happened to the love letters that elizabeth found in the desk. so in that letter she does say to washington that she will give them to tobias lear, but at first to buy his leader doesn't want them. he is too nervous that his personal correspondence between martha and george, which i think is very interesting because tobias lear was his longtime secretary so you would think that there would have been some overlap,

it's a way back in 1751 benjamin franklin says, he didn't want the blacks or the asians here in america. and in the 1850s america wanted to visit a transcontinent of railway from new york to california, but they couldn't get enough workers. so what did the america do they went to china to recruit to chinese to come and build the railroad after railroads were built. they didn't want to chinese here. so they had the anti-chinese movement as early as 1879 every dog that's six of a color has his day red gentlemen to yellow german pale face freddy crowd him out as it is me this was 1879 three years later chinese were excluded in 1882. this is a actual. reptile remnants of world war ii this is one third of original barrack that was in heart mountain wyoming. that was the camp. i was incarcerated in. so we'll go on the inside and see the structure. during world war ii. we had 10 camps. seven western states. they are all similar but not the same the smallest camp was about 7,000 the largest camp around 19,000. i was incarcerated in heart mountain, wyoming about 60 miles from the eastgate of yel

so sour was a contemporary to benjamin franklin, they competed against each other. christopher sour was in germantown, pennsylvania, ben franklin was right next door in philadelphia, pennsylvania. the story goes that sour was critical of benjamin franklin's german translation because sour was a german himself. so there's kind of a i don't know if you call it war, there was opposition against the two. the story is reported because of that when sour was buying paper, he was told he had to pay for the paper completely. so when he was ready to produce a second bible in 1763, he went to get the paper and the paper maker said you pay in full or you don't get any at all. christopher sour has a paper mill and prints the first in 1763. then in 1776, typeset is wearing out. his son has taken over the business. christopher sour jr. they produced new typeset. they produce this german bible, luther bible, 1743, 1763, and then in 1776, important date in american history they would print the first bible printed in america with american made typeset. but the story is really interes

many of you have heard of benjamin franklin. he was a great statesman. however, he wanted to keep america white. so, way back in 1751, benjamin franklin says, he did not want the blacks or haitians here in america. and in the 18 fifties, america wanted to visit the transcontinental whale way of new york to california, but they could not get enough workers, so what did america do? they want to china to recruit the chinese to come and build the railroad. once the railroads were built, they did not want the chinese here. so, they had anti chinese movements as early as 1879. every dog of dissented color has his day. this was 1879. three years later, chinese were excluded in the 1882 exclusion act. this is an actual remnant of world war ii. this is one third of an original barracks that was in heart mountain wyoming. that was the camp i was incarcerated in. so, we will go on the inside, and see the structure. during world war ii, we had ten camps and seven western states. they were all similar, but not the same. the smallest camp was about 7000. the largest c

colonial printers like benjamin franklin published these. franklin published this one in 1945, so a year after the treaty at llancaster. these were not best sellers of their day. i'm not going to sit here and tell you people gather around franklin's print shop waiting for the next indian treaty to come out. they did circulate. and often times editors gave glosses to try to explain the rituals that were described here. so they did become kind of a guide for people who were interested in understanding the rules, the protocol of native american diplomacy. in the case of the treaty of lancaster, which did circulate in london, the chief iroquois speaker gave famous speeches at the treaty of lancaster, so famous that in 1755 when a london novelist was writing a novel, he made him a character, had him coming over to london and falling in love with an english girl. he had been dead for five years by then. but his figure had become, you know, familiar enough to readers in london that he could serve this purpose in a romance novel. for the native ameri

many of you heard of benjamin franklin, he was a great statesman, however, he wanted to keep america white. so way back in 1751 benjamin franklin says he didn't want the plaques or the asians here blacks or the asians here in america. and in the 1850s, america wanted to build a transcontinental railway from new york to california, but they couldn't get enough workers, so what did america do? they went to china to recruit the chinese to come and build the railroad. after the railroads were built, they didn't want the chinese here, and they had the anti-chinese movement. as early as 1879. every dog has his day, red gentlemen to yellow gentlemen. chinese were excluded in 1882. this is an actual reptile remnants of world war ii. this is one-third of the original barrack that was in heart mountain, wyoming. that was the camp i was incarcerated in. we'll go on the inside and see a structure. during world war ii, we had ten camps in seven western states. they were all similar but not the same. the smallest camp was about 7,000, the largest camp around 19,000. i was incarcerated in heart mou

if the story goes that sour was critical of benjamin franklin's german, translations because he was driven himself, he was kind of a war the story is reported that, because of that, when. he was buying paper, he was told that he had to buy in the paper, or pay for the paper completely. so, when he was ready to produce his second bible in 1760, you want to get the paper, and paper said you pay full, or you don't get any at all. and so, christopher saller produces -- he has a paper mill and he prints the very first bible printed with american made paper in 1760. and then, in 1776 his typeset's wearing out, his son has taken over the business. christopher shower junior. they produce new type scent. they produce this european -- or luther bible, 1743, 1763. and then 1776, a very important date in american history, they would print the first bible printed in america with american made typeset. but the story is really interesting. according to isaiah thomas, also a historical printer, the british joined the german town battle, commandeered christopher's hours press and use the bible pages for gu

washington avenue jefferson madison and of course franklin and hamilton. >> you just mentioned benjamin franklinst sells your conversational because it's also images involved. so tell us about this great cartoon franklin generate rated very early on in this conversation. erakhil: so he is such a genius, he invents bifocals, and the franklin stove any advance the lightning rod. he invents social institutions in the first secular university amending library to philosophical station but is also invents the world's first real political cartoon. it's not from britain, comes from america early on americans and very democratic culture and it is simple it is 1754, the picture of a snake that is cut up into pieces and he has a slogan. it is the first viral means and we can they say, # join or die. it is 7054 he said after work together, with other countries and with britain to defeat french. and this the early stages of what we become the french and indian war and in that very same page in 1754, on the newspaper, he is the newspaper magnet. if he were alive today he might murdoch or something like that o

washington and jefferson madison and of course franklin and hamilton. >> you just mentioned benjamin franklinyour title almost sells your conversation a little short printed so just words, is also images, tell us about this great cartoon that franklin generates very early on in his conversation. akhil: invents bifocals, he invites in front invades the franklin stove commandments the lightning rod it any invents social institutions, the first secular university lending library a philosophical is stationed like he is also invents the world first real political cartoon. it's not from britain, it comes from america early on americans very democratic culture. and it's simple, the picture 1754, picture of a snake that is cut up into pieces and he has a slogan. it is the first model median today we can say # join or die in 1754 he said, the colon is have to work together and with written to defeat the french in the backcountry and this is in the early stages of what would become the french and indian war and in the very same page in 1754, in the newspaper, he is a newspaper magnet. they were alive t

he is the author of "benjamin franklin the religious life of a founding father." please, join me in welcoming dr. kidd. [ applause ] >> well, thank you to kay and thank you to the museum of the bible for hosting this wonderful event. it's -- it's a pleasure to be here, at the -- at the museum. i hope to -- to consult with some of the section on bible in america and it's -- it's just a wonderful thing to actually be here, and see this lovely facility. so, thank you for having us. and thank you, to those of you who are joining us online or on tv. it's great to be here. i do want to talk to you, today, about the enigma of ben franklin's faith. and to open with a story of something that happened at the constitutional convention. in 1787, at the constitutional convention, time dragged as delegates bickered about representation in congress. um, virginia's james madison insisted that states with more people should possess more power. the small states knew that, under the articles of confederation, america's existing national government, all states had equal authority, re

so that was the story. >> what originally drew you, you mentioned benjamin franklin was a big proponentand a big salesperson for this. what caused the original problem between the catholic church and free masonry? what was the impetus for that? >> the first question first. the catholic church regarded itself as having a monopoly on truth. any doctrine, any body that regarded, welcomed all comers to express their religion was guilty of harassment. and quite possibly much worse because of the secrecy we could not really know, if they were so honest it must because they had faith. the great architect the universe which is the masonic expression for god for the almighty, must be stay tuned. it is a code word for stay tuned. they were right for political reasons remember the pope is also a king. he has a kingdom, he has a realm. as an autocratic realm. there is no democracy, there's no association. so people meeting in secret associations are by definition a threat. so that is the reason for the original hostility. that is what is maintained through the centuries still to this day. the excom

another important letter we know of is from sarah franklin page the daughter of benjamin franklin onerher's birthday she danced with the general on his 20th wedding anniversary at the pal's. i would imagine that we in the very room i'm sitting in right now. what was discussed? i could been a anything from entertainment of the day, uppsala was some political affairs they were coming over after deliberations. what was the epicenter of social life heard the pal's are right in the center of it. this was the place to be. >> absolutely, absolutely. all right, susan says how do we know samuel edited elizabeth's water to gw urging him to run for another term? the reason why we know that, just kind of basic, and all of my research i have learned the pal's handwriting very well. it's a funny thing i was actually going to put a screen path of the letter on my instagram. we have it scanned. i actually zoomedd in to close on the letter one is trying to take a scrnshot. also know what that letter so many times i saw on the inside page, there's a word written above one that was an edit. i realize tha

this is benjamin franklin talking about george washington at age 22. he understands from a military point of view that the rest of the colonies hang together not as an independent state in 1776. he's a continental list and who is at his right hand throughout the american revolution? early on alexander hamilton. alexander hamilton to borrow a phrase alexander hamilton's america. it isn't just about massachusetts the way thomas jefferson wrote james madison. alexander hamilton doesn't have a single loyalty to any one state. he comes from abroad in the loves america as a whole. and so the key idea is union, joyner died national security and if we don't. an indivisible -- which is what washington is advocating in the early 1780s called the continental. they will become the first federal state which are far more influential than anything and that geostrategic argument for union is we can have a huge moat called it by the goshen and we won't need a big army. as long as we don't kill each other we have to get rid of lindborg like the union of scotland and eng

this is benjamin franklin talking about george washington at age 22. he understands from a military point of view that unless the colonies hang together -- now independent states in 1776, they're done for. so his idea, he's a continentalist and who is at his right hand throughout the american revolution, basically or pretty early on, alexander hamilton. alexander hamilton to borrow a phrase, alexander hamilton american, and this is from the book. he isn't just about massachusetts the way that john adams might be or virginia the way that thomas jefferson or james madison. alexander hamilton doesn't have a singular loyalty to one state, but ends up coming to new york. he comes from abroad and loves america as a whole and he tries to summon into existence so the key idea is union, join or die, national security, and if we don't create an indivisible union which is what washington is advocating in the early 1780's, and continentalists, they will be the first federal states far more influential like madison wrote federalist and a geo strategic argument for

. >> next on american history tv, remarks on baylor university professor thomas kidd, on benjamin franklin'sith. this discussion was part of a symposium hosted by the heat museum of the bible in washington d.c.. it is for the five minutes. >> good morning everyone. welcome to the museum of the bible. i am kate pentagon

next, on american history tv, remarks by baylor university history professor, thomas kidd, on benjamin franklin'sigious faith. this discussion was part of a symposium hosted by the museum of the bible in washington, d.c. it's 45 minutes. >>> good morning, everyone. and welcome to museum of the bible. i'm

thomas jefrson imagined him sfl, among other things, as a scientist, just like benjamin franklin. scientists had to have fur-lined jackets of course. jefferson, for most of his public life is interested in science in a way that can refute arguments made famously by a french philosopher a natural philosopher, who insisted on american degeneracy. an article in his multivolume where he writes that fauna, particularly fauna found in north aplayercon western hemisphere are essentially inferior to those elsewhere in the world. they degenerate on this side of the globe. with jefferson, at least, it became a article of faith that they have more -- and we see this in his notes. we endorses an expedition behind the mississippi, where he specifically charges him under the term animal history to make sense on the mammoth he might find there. and ten years eter, he sends out lewis and clark with similar instructions on their famous expedition to the west. needless to say, jefferson's really excited when, in the summer of 1801, charles peel is told about mammoth bones in the hudson river valley

boston born smart people will support america's independence and who ends up fighting with taking benjamin franklinhutchison? people would say franklin will end up his illegitimate son is the governor ofon new jersey and he will side with the fellow new englanders. a lot of people that are more obscure but taking hutchison in particular because i want my audience to see there was another side to the american revolution. if alive today, my analogy would be he is met romney, harvard educated, a traditionalist, believes and hierarchy, he loves his country but his country is britain he loves a his hometown boston. if he was lucky enough to be born 20 years earlier he would not have to pick between them but he does. he picks his king. so if do try to widen the cast of characters between jefferson madison and franklin and hamilton. host: you just mentioned cartoons and franklin so in a way your title because even images are involved so tell us about this great cartoon franklin generates early on. >> he is such a genius in fence a lightning rod, the franklin stove, social institutions the first secular un

that famous quote from founding father benjamin franklin.ve to acknowledge the former if not exactly the latter. but among all the problems with the biden administration's policy, they even want to raise taxes on your debt. that's kind of a poke in ben franklin's eye with. today's show is not about ben franklin though, i

i mean juda benjamin franklin state read it for example back in richmond. i think the most striking thing, is that the i mean if you like they were lousy propagandists in this for foreign audience in the sense that they were up front. that the confederacy was about slavery was about expansion and was about a new and that it was a great power on its own account. it was i mean to connect with ann it was a nation among nations, but it was also seen as a vanguard of an entirely new nation. it was one about white egalitarian democracy. it was one about racial hierarchy in an era where races were going to come more into touch with each other. and so it was offering global solutions and they was of it was a very emphatic. i mean, you know, it was the emphatic message was. it is we have a proposition for you. you are making a mistake in not taking us for what we are so that could explain there's a diplomatic failure. they were lousy diplomats. but of course everybody knew about what was going to result in hots of becoming successful will be a robbery lee one anothe

benjamin franklin visited her she had to go to london to get her book published nobody believe she canf voltaire said i guess they can write books and george washington during the middle of the revolution is brought to the headquarters. and washington's headquarters a block and a half away jesse could see in african. >> to see this new thing. >> to see this phenomenon. i'm sorry. i lost my train of thought. >> we were talking about lincoln's meeting. >> yes. so news of this hits the black community had frederick douglass goes nuts because they said no. one of the arguments is that this is our home. we are not africans we are not going to liberia or sierra leone that was set up for africans captured by the british on ships. and then library of course set up by the colonization society to free the african-americans to go back. they were not from liberia by and large and very few of the ancestors by 25 percent we know because of the amazing database and then 25 percent of the ancestors came from gambia which was heavily muslim and those that came from congo angola into amazing things that

. >> yep >> benjamin franklin did not do it with his child but did do it with sally, francis died but he was regret regretful of it. our founding fathers knew about vaccination. >> learning by examples and not by tragedy. >> dr. emanuel and juanita, thank you. a lot in the program including why donald trump is losing primaries. democrats are tackling student debt and live on "the beat" tonight, the number two democrat, senator durbin is here. stay with us. mocrat, senatodur here stay with us i don't just play someone brainy on tv - i'm an actual neuroscientist. and i love the science behind neuriva plus. unlike ordinary memory supplements, neuriva plus fuels six key indicators of brain performance. more brain performance? yes, please! neuriva. think bigger. breyers is always so delicious... i can tell that they used your milk, matilda. great job! moo you're welcome. breyers natural vanilla is made with 100% grade a milk and cream and only sustainably farmed vanilla. better starts with breyers. i was drowning in student loan debt. i was in the process of deferring them, paying them...

by now you've probably heard the story that in 1787, somebody supposedly asked benjamin franklin what kind of government the constitutional convention had decided on. a republic, he answered, if you can keep it. the delegates could design the best system in the world, but its success ultimately rested with the people. that sounds like an ominous warning, but we might also take comfort. the power to preserve democracy is in our hands. go to cnn.com/fareed for a link to my "washington post" column this week. and let's get started. >>> the american economy grew at an impressive annualized rate of 6.5% in the second quarter of the year. but april through june was a period when many americans were leaving their homes, taking their masks off, going back to work and going into stores. what happens to the economy if some of that reverses thanks to the delta variant? for that and more, i'm joined by paul krugman. he is an op-ed columnist for the "new york times" and won the nobel prize in economics in 2008. welcome, paul. so is this delta variant going to be a break on what seemed like a very

and everybody wrote about that benjamin franklin visited her when they were both in london she had a book publishing is nobody believed in african could write by herself voltaire said i guess they can write poetry. and george washington in the middle of the revolution it has her brought to the headquarters i am in my kitchen in washington's headquarters about a block and a half away he had phyllis wheatley brought to his headquarters just to see in african who had written a book just to see this phenomenon like a talking animal. i'm sorry i lost our train of thought. but then news of this hits the black community in frederick douglass goes nuts because douglas says no. one of the arguments was no. this is our home. a we are not africans anymore were not going to sierra leone which was set up to free africans that were captured by the british on the ships with the slave trade to the british colonies in 18 oh seven and 18 oh eight in liberia set up by the american colonization society 1826 to free the african-americans to go back they weren't from liberia by a large very few ancestors

franklin and hamilton. >> you just mentioned cartoons and you also mentioned benjamin bagley by the way your title almost soldier conversation, it's also images involved inti this. tell us about the great cartoon that franklin generates very early on in this conversation. >> he is such a genius he invents bifocals in them franklin stone in the lightning wrong and he invents social institutions and the first secular university lending rivalry of philosophical association but he is also in minced that the world's fears political cartoon. it comes from america early on into very democratic culture and its simple and in 1754 the picture of a snake and he has a five viral meaning in a could say # crew the calling sector work together, with britain to defeat the french in the backcountry in the early stages of what will become the french and indian war. in the b very same page in 1754f the newspaper he's a newspaper magnet and if you were alive today and might be referred rear dock or something like that, the very same page is a picture of a snake # join or die and is also telling his audience about a young 22-

benjamin franklin visited her when they were both in london, she had to go to london to get her book published is nobody believed in african could write a book by herself. tear wrote a friendof letters saying i guess they can write poetry . and george washington during the middle of the revolution has brought to his headquarters . -midnight in my kitchen ladies and gentlemen, in arbor square. washington's headquarters were about a block and a half away . on brown street. he had phyllis wheatley brought to his headquarters so he could see an africanwho had written a book . to see this phenomenon. this talking animal. in effect. so i'm sorry, i lost our train. >> acted thinking about lincoln's meeting. news of this of course gets to the black community, frederick douglass goes nuts. because douglas has said no . one of his arguments with henry was no, this is our home. we are not africans anymore. are not going to liberia. had been set up for freed africans and either captured by the british on ships after the ban in st. james through the british colonies and united states in 1808 and

think of all the figures who are individualists, rogues, runaways, orphans, benjamin franklin, emerson, self-reliance, the road heading off to the wood dancing leave me the hell alone, emily dickinson going into her room and shutting the door, ralph ellison's invisible man, all the way to those motorcyclists in easy rider, one of the nicknames is captain america. anti-group identity. ask them what group, no, not part of any group. i don't want to be part of any group. that individualist lineage, where is that in the roadmap? >> lots to go back. >> let me start by disputing mark's characterization. he misunderstood the early question. we did not have group identity in mind to think about different kinds of communities, a church, a neighborhood, a town, that is a misreading. and the rest of those accounts. it is the case that we don't think it is possible to peace through that history without the context of power, without concept of race. there is an invitation to educators to ask questions to engage students in questions around that theme but there is also the question around individual

he had his faults, he was a man of his era, like washington, jefferson, and john hancock and benjamin franklinke 46 of the 51 signatories to the declaration of independence. later in life, daniel boone did own slaves, he owned black human beings, he bought seven black females and their children to work in his trading post. so he was not a saint by any means. but there was something about the man out of his time that coincided with the forest gump type, he's there for the french, indian war, the american revolution, he's here for the -- i mean, he was just everywhere. that made him the perfect guy, just like he was a path finder in his own time. he was a path finder for us looking through, as we tried to write this biography of an era. all that said, i get a sense that sarah is in the back somewhere with one of those hooks that she wants to put around my neck and pull me off the stage. so let me beat her to the punch by uttering those four words i told you about, and so, in conclusion. we're about to wrap it up. you know, what tom and i -- what we tried to do, what we contend is that the charac

some example of the modernist would be thomas jefferson, benjamin franklin, madison, john f. kennedy, einstein, edison, milton friedman in some ways. guys like bill gates, another strong modernist. the progressives which make up 20% of the population, each of these comes out as the worldview he falls they partly reject the worldview that came before them. modernism rejected faith. it rejected religion largely. many modernists are atheists. they believe in reason. they believe in science. they don't believe in scriptural revelation and things like that. there is a rejection of what comes before. but until progressivism arose you had this alignment between traditionalist ethics and modernist science that drove america for many decades and the new view comes about because flaws or failures in the previous worldviews so modernism did not completely realize the limitations of modernity and so the environmental movement has come out of that because modernism, producing economic progress, there are externalities coming out of that that can negatively impact the environment so people

just like benjamin franklin. you see, scientists had to have fur-lined jackets. jefferson for much of his life is interested in science in ways that can be reputed by a philosopher who insisted on a theory of american degeneracy. it was an article hosted in his multi volume work where he identifies maga fauna that are found in the northern and western hemisphere are inferior to those found elsewhere this the world. they degenerate on this side of the world w. jefferson at least it wam a patriotic article of faith that americans had mega fauna at least as -- as europe did. we saw it in 1875. he endorses an expedition beyond the miss in 1793 where he specifically charges him under the head of animal of history to make notes on the mammoth -- the mammoth that he might find there. the mammoth is particularly recommended to your inquiries, he writes. ten years later he sends out lewis and clark with similar ininstructions on their famous competition to the west. needless to say jefferson is really excited when in the summer of 1802 charles wilson peele is told about m

we saw british authority collapse in new jersey in the benjamin franklin book.ew york collapses. british authority all across america is collapsing. in december, dunmore lands at great bridge. and they try to defeat the american militia force and take the city of norfolk. and they defeat dunmore at great bridge. the battle of great bridge is an american victory that secures virginia for the colonist cause. december 9th, 1775. at the same time montgomery is in canada, there's fighting in virginia. just to wrap dunmore up, he hangs around off the coast and on january 1st, he burns the city of norfolk to the ground. he burns it. some will argue that very much alienates british sympathies in virginia because if dunmore will burn a city, will he burn other cities? we talked about how do you win this war? how do you make civilians like you? how do you promote the loyalist population? maybe burning cities isn't the answer. and very soon after burning norfolk, disease breaks out on dunmore's ships. the ships scatter. dunmore goes to florida. later goes to staten island.

just like benjamin franklin. you see scientists had to have for lined jackets, of course. jefferson for, most of his public life, is interested in science in a way that refuted the arguments made famously by a french philosopher named the count of bouffon who insisted on a -- he published a -- where he writes that fog, particularly megafauna that are found in the northwestern hemisphere are in essentially inferior to those found elsewhere in the world. they degenerate. on this side of the globe. with jefferson at least, it became a patriotic article of faith that americans had megafauna, at least as mega as york did. we see this in his notes in virginia, in 1705. and he endorses an expedition in to the beyond the mississippi by on the game usual. where he specifically launched -- under the head of animal history to make notes on the mammoth that he might find there. the mammoth is particularly recommended he writes to michaud. years later he sends out similar instructions with clark on their famous in expedition west. it is to say that's jefferson is very excited when in t