berlin. it shows where the wall was cut off and sense reagan mentioned it in the speech you have to the brandenburg gate was 18th century monument that once served as a ceremonial entrance to berlin and then the berlin wall cuts it off. so that brings me to the speech itself the spring of 1987 i am a speechwriter in the reagan white house i'm told the president will speak in front of the berlin wall, he will have an audience between ten and 40000 people and he will speak for about half an hour and given the setting the subject will be foreign-policy. that is all the guidance i got. i flew to west berlin with the security people who work out security with the westerman's members of the oppressed office and check the camera angles and i went to gather materials. first stop is where the president would speak and it's very difficult to convey how momentous the place felt. just a few feet away is the water had damaging the second world war i climbed and observation platform to look over the wall into east berlin behind the westerman modern city and on the other side of the wall color listeners, more sol

more than a quarter of a century later the berlin wall remained in place again encircling west berlin. here's a slide that shows where the wall cut off the brandenburg gate and since president reagan mentioned the gate in his speech, you need to know that the brandenburg gate was an 18th century monument that it once served as a ceremonial entrance to berlin. again, the berlin wall cuts it off. and that brings me too the speeh itself. it's the spring of 1987. i'm a young speechwriter in the reagan white house. i'm told that the president will speak in front of the berlin wall. back to have an audience of between ten and 40,000 people and in the end it was about 40,000 people, that he will speak for about half an hour and that given the setting the subject will be foreign policy. and that was all the guidance i got. i flew to west berlin with the american present as part of that is a sturdy people at work out security with the west germans, members of the press office who checked the camera angles and so forth. and i went to gather material, four stops in berlin. first the site by the

wall for more than a year. it cuts through heart of berlin. we have learned to live with it. we refuse to think that it will always be this way. in the beginning, we waved across the wall to. our families in east berlin. it didn't matter who watched us, but later the communist policemen came and stopped our families waving. their car. my mother lives over there. they'll move her away if she dares. wait. it's forbidden for the north koreans to support. i speak to my children in east berlin with hand signals making certain the guards are not watching. i don't want them to harm my. we have become good with. our signals. at dusk. the communists have a hard time tracking down, but we take chances especially on nights. an escape is planned. in the beginning, many people escaped in broad daylight by jumping out of windows facing the western of the city. our firemen were there to help. we we remember the woman being held by communist guards to prevent her from joining her family even threw tear gas at who were below ready to catch her. that's when they decided to extend the wall and c

more than one quarter of a century later the berlin wall remained in place again encircling west berlin. this is a slide that shows where the wall cut off and since president reagan mentioned the gate in the speech, you need to know that it was an 18th century monument that once served in a ceremonial entrance to berlin. again, the berlin wall cuts it off. that bringse me to the speech itself. springf of 1987. a young speechwriter in the reagan white house. i am told that the president will speak in front of the berlin wall. he will have an audience between 10 and 40 people. he will speak for about half an hour and that given the setting, g the subject will be foreign policy. that was all of the guidance that i got. i flew to west berlin, the security people that work out security for the west germans, members of the press office jenks getting the cameras and so forth. i went to gather material for stops in berlin. first the site where the president would speak. very difficult to convey how momentous the place felt. just a few feet away still bore damage from the second world war i clim

and the berlin wall has ceased to function. all right, again. reagan speech on june 12th 1987 and the walls fall csis to function. effectively falls on november 9th 1989. or those two events connected in any way? we'll? >> absolutely, peter. yeah i think we can trace almost even a direct cause and effect. i don't take this too far. obviously the people of germany deserve tremendous credit for their own agency in rising up and tearing down the wall. it was a really fascinating historical accidents of miscommunication and communist bureaucrats in a couple of guards that had -- but how the service can perceive income about that the german people would feel like they could rise up and demand their own freedom when if you look at this throughout the cold war, proxy 1968 in budapest in 1976, previous times when each storm and citizens were trying to claim their freedom from the soviet overlords, the red army would roll in. so i think the causality after all, does that reagan kind of gain voice to the hope that freedom in circumstances and pressures and

and they open the gate, and the berlin wall ceases to function. all right, again, reagan speaks on june 12th, 1987, and the wall falls, ceases to function, effectively falls, on november 9th, 1989. were those two events connected in any way? >> absolutely peter. yeah, i mean i think we can trace almost even a direct cause and effect. and i don't want to take this too far. obviously, the people of germany deserve a tremendous credit for their own -- in running up and tearing down the wall. there is a course some fascinating historical accidents of miscommunication, and communist bureaucrats and a couple of guards out front. but, how do those circumstances even come about, and give the german people to feel that they can rise up and, if you look at the history of the cold war -- prognostics, debuted past in -- . the previous times when east german citizens, would it try to claim their freedom from the soviet overlords, the red army would roland. and so i think the, causality i would draw, is that president reagan gave voice to the hopes, and created

the berlin wall has already collapsed in germany, but the ideological wall in moscow has proved strongere remar direction the most difficult direction had to take the command over. in that battle, they suffered very heavy losses, not counting how many of them we had for 300, the chase was to the right, and i was thrown out. in that situation , be honest. in the main events of this minute in our news release, ukrainian troops fired on the peaceful cities of donbass and released several dozen missiles were also fired from nato howitzers and self-propelled guns; there were dead, wounded , and residential buildings were damaged. today, employees of the investigative committee are recording shelling in the kiev, kuibyshevsky and petrovsky districts of the city of donetsk . uh, there were four people injured.

this germany clock had everything in common beyond the fall of the berlin wall.h bated breath and growing enthusiasm, we watched neighboring czechoslovakia and slovaks. went to protest, strikes and street clashes between students and the police began. on november 20, the number of demonstrators grew from 200,000 to half a million people became the center of events, wenceslas square in prague on november 28, the communist party of czechoslovakia announced the abandonment of its monopoly on power december 10 the communist leader, gustav husok, resigned and handed over power to the first nikonist government. the dismantling of the fortifications on the border of czechoslovakia with west germany began at the end of december , alexander dubchik, one of the leaders and heroes of the prague spring of 1968, was elected speaker of the country's parliament, and the playwright and dissident oslav havel became president of the new czechoslovakia. in romania , unlike other countries in eastern europe , there was not even limited de-stalinization . the dictator nikolaevich ush

the so-called khrushchev - the second drizhniv return and the renaissance after the fall of the berlin wall in the 90s, then returned to the issue of rebuilding lost historical monuments, many buildings in the city were restored from ruins and preserved by people who understood that it is important to even preserve the ruins and save the parts that can later be identified from where they came from, the frauen kirch cathedral became a symbol of the city's recovery, this is what the church of mala looks like after the bombing, the stones were saved by the townspeople, the townspeople numbered and smoothed the church, restored it according to archival drawings, and the decisions regarding the reconstruction were different on for example, a memorial space was created on the site of a gothic church, and the three-hundred-year-old building of the lipsis baul museum was reconstructed so as not to hide the scars of the war. if you look at the structure of the building to see the original parts that survived after the war here and the old support structure it is made of concrete columns it is a kind

it is also forbidden to build high-rise buildings here after the fall of the berlin wall.s began to actively leave leipsic, and then the question arose of how to return people to the city. there were two key tasks: providing jobs and returning people. now we have many other various goals, but then there were only these two, until the 45th year of the leip, 718,000 citizens lived in this city. they cannot return to the pre-war level . urban planner sofiya chuguyeva is already studying this problem in ukraine. of german cities says here they understand that in order to bring people back, the cities must become comfortable and attractive for life , so no one tells people that they do not give housing, but the city has created comfortable conditions for people so that they can move here and have more favorable conditions here, e.e. own housing or buy or to build well, at the expense of all these former destructions of posts and so on, there was almost a lot of free space, and this space was the potential for various creative projects, social projects for landscaping , and part

surrounding them aren't always defining points in history like the end of world war 2 or the fall of the berlin wall appealed to a broad, international audience. time travel is canal immersed themselves in this history and sometimes even directly compared to then. and now the truck through time can help us better understand how life used to be because the travelers become part of the action. yeah. can replace a real trip help or pass a one or provide a whole new experience altogether. like in this to us through the german capital. this is post. i'm a plots and berlin today. and in 1920 and this guided tour visitors go back in time. right. but they are. the pilot historian talks about how berliners used to live. she shows them germany's 1st traffic light here, visitors get to step into historical berlin on a virtual trip there. sure to remember you can take virtual visits to ancient cultural sites to an experience room and its golden age, or towards the famous baltic temple complex and living on all things to be are what are they for going on trips use in school or at a university good be our technol

then with the fall of the berlin wall, it seemed to be as it was spoken of by many commentators, the end history as we've known it, that seemed done and passed. and all of a sudden i'm vladimir putin comes along and it looks like the ghosts of the fifties and sixties the cold war era are back still haunting us today. well, that's i wanted to go on and ask you what lessons do we take from gods deception now that is coming out in the 2020s with a war raging ukraine something that we did not expect. well, history matters and of us who don't pay to history and don't know the facts of history, maybe we're we're fated to to have these bad things happen again. i go back to the impact of alger hiss and stalin's spies on the world that we it just to give you some brief examples before getting to vladimir putin harry. dexter white was another colleague of alger hiss. he was top dog in the treasury and he was called up in 1939, in the summer of 1939. this was before the us was at war before we had gotten into the war in europe or before the attack on pearl harbor and the victor pavlov was his s

we were both bankers in london before the berlin wall wall fell down. and and then we were both there in russia. as i said, there were hundreds of people who were showing up in russia. and 94 and bill was one of them. and bill and i did business together. he was at salomon brothers. he's he's a great guy, bill. bill made a you know, when he set up his fund, it was all russia. when i set up my fund, it was global macro. so the big difference is bill committed to russia. and i did not commit to russia. so that that that was the the main difference. and then and then bill you know bill stirred things up. bill pointed out things that were being done by companies like gazprom and that the management didn't want people to know about. and he he would call attention and write these long research reports. and he he really upset people and finally, they made a number of people mad enough where they wouldn't let him into the country. he was at the time. he was the largest foreign investor in russia with five or $6 billion. and they literally showed up at the airpo

the so-called , what to talk about, the second and the renaissance began after the fall of the berlin wall they then returned to the issue of reconstruction

peoplest fought the cold war wod last forever and the same age as the berlin wall not to sort of anger and all on me, but even in the summer of 1989, people didn't thinkan that the east blc countries and of the berlin wall into the soviet union a couple years later would collapse and the binary organization in the world would cease to be what it had been. and of course speaking of binary the way we think about the gender and sexuality has changed in our times thewe way we think about food and nature. although stories are changing. we are also in a huge push back from right wing, white supremacist neofascists and authoritarians who don't like the radical equality that is part of the stories and values of the era so we are in a story about all. what are we going to tell about what matters, who we are, who should decide, et cetera. the conflict is pretty intense right now but i think that in many ways we have already won and we are seeing backlash. i don't know they can take away reproductive rights for example but i don't know if they can take away the belief that we deserve the reproduc

i'm the same age as the berlin wall, not to anchor it to me. in the summer of 1989 people didn't think that the east block countries and the berlin wall and the soviet union a couple of years later would collapse and that's binary organization of the world would cease to be what it had been. of course, speaking of binary, the way that we think about gender and sexuality has changed radically in our time. the way we think about food and nature has changed. the stories are changing. we're living through a huge pushback from right wing, you know, white supremacist neo fascists and authoritarians who don't like the radical equality that's part of the new stories, the new values, the new we of this era. so we're in a story battle. what stories are we going to tell about what matters, who we are, who should decide, et cetera, and you know, the conflict is pretty intense right now, but i think in many ways, we've already won in what we're seeing mostly is backlash. i don't know, they can take away productive rights, for example, i don't know if they c

they were busy with some kind of internal intrigues and when in the gdr, after the fall of the berlin wallsoviet military were in danger and the entire soviet, german intelligence network, both eastern and western, that is, dresden , which was in the zone of influence. the union called moscow for help, putin himself called, but moscow was silent, i will quote a russian president, it became clear that the union was sick. and this deadly, incurable disease called paralysis, paralysis of power, a paralyzed and dying hegemon, left the country of his zone of influence to the mercy of fate. that is, he left in trouble. for a kgb officer to leave his country for his own, this is the height of dishonor, after 2 years putin will submit a letter of resignation. it seems to me that those events in the life of the russian leader have a very strong influence on the foreign policy of russia under putin. russia does not try to involve so many countries in its zone of influence so as not to be able to guarantee them support in any situation, so that some other intelligence officer does not call from condi

the berlin wall collapsed reunited before the two parts of germany the cpsu gave up its monopoly on powerefeated and self-dissolved collapsed the soviet union with the formation of the commonwealth of independent states. i cease my activities as president of the ussr in russia , soviet socialism has been replaced by a multi-party democracy, a presidential republic and a market economy. just imagine all this in four and a half years. today, many people, looking back at perestroika 30 years later, consider the events of the second half of the 1980s a continuous series of misfortunes, placing the blame for them personally on mikhail gorbachev and partly on his team of ten. all business was in their mistakes. they didn't have a plan. they did not understand where to lead the country. they are entangled in semi-reforms. they ended up losing control. this is true, but only in part, the law of historical inevitability that prevailed in the world worked. the soviet project, introduced by the bolsheviks to russia, has completely exhausted itself and irrevocably collapsed like decorations artificia

, and he then sort of put putin sort of skulking around in a trenchcoat in front of the berlin wall as the cover. and it just it was just an ideal encapsulation of what working with someone is brilliant, is brian was all about. and so why did you decide to write a graphic novel as opposed to what i would have assumed you would do, which is, you know, a very serious foreign policy tone. and i would add there's a ten page bibliography. so this is a serious foreign policy. yeah, definitely. everyone should read the footnotes first. but yeah, what i was trying to do was i thought there are about three key audiences that i really wanted to reach. the first one was for people who are obviously paying attention to putin, who has this outsize impact on the world today. and i'm pretty much everyone's life. but people who are following the news might not really understand either. the arc of his own life. the arc of russian history, and the arc of the experience of someone who really was a mediocre mid-level operative who lucked into the job of a lifetime and who has played it fabulously from

well, had something to do with the berlin wall. okay. okay, okay. i'm just giving you how little and he was a reporter for a paper which i won't name, but heard of it. my only is there's a lot non people that don't know history. so that might be kind of valuable. but in america in in other words i know this is not really popular think tank but maybe what we should do is try to just create a future and for those who want to learn history we can teach them some history and you can think of the 20 things that you want them to know. okay, i know that's really unpopular, but it might be that's consistent with what america is people to know the future. and so maybe it is the most important thing we do is to create a future. my father would hate it if said that we were quizzed every at dinner on what happened and then on history. so what i've said is really unpopular. but it is really hard now and we're fighting about history so maybe we should just fight about how we're going to create a good future. all right. one final comment like to get from fred. sin

the change in the transport system in leipzig was started in the 90s after the fall of the berlin wallter the second world war, germany was in ruins in some places , but here they focused not only on the reconstruction of housing , but also on the creation of destroyed infrastructure and the improvement of living conditions, and what the student remembers, the city was gray and with polluted air . there were many coal mines around the city, you can see. these houses were all polluted, they were black, there was no light in the city. the conditions were very bad. it was a period of decline. and many people left . people can be returned by creating comfortable conditions. the transport system and the reduction of emissions were supposed to contribute to this. so in leipsic they limit the number of cars in the city center, they begin to create pedestrian streets and a bicycle network, this is what the central square was like in the days of socialist germany, a solid parking lot, the parking lot is still there, but it is underground , and on the surface, where people are now already comple

the money to rebuild the old city , they began to rebuild the old city only after the fall of the berlin wallhey sparingly took out junk that could still be used for new buildings. this is how frau kirchen by the central cathedral of dresden, fresh walls were inserted with scarified bricks and elements from the ruins, the art museum was also restored, this part of the museum of the academy of arts was destroyed in the second world war , it was restored in the late 90s, the architectural monument stood in ruins for almost half a century - it is one of the best examples in dresden of just completed reconstruction, the museum was rebuilt exactly according to the original project in one piece after the bombing and the fire, the elements were preserved without changes, the damage was not masked, so they are clearly visible against the background of the new walls if you look closely here, the structure of the building has survived from the second world war, it is native elements, it is a combination of new from the old, old scars on a new body, it is important for future generations to see and be a

destroyed cities after the second world war and then a large outflow of people after the fall of the berlin walls was experienced by the largest eastern cities dresden and leipzig returning people was a big challenge at the state level for ethnic germans from different countries simplified programs migrations fought for young and able-bodied people dresden and leipzig began to create comfortable living conditions for those who remained jobs 30 years have passed, but all people have been returned it still didn't work, but great efforts still gave results, see a special report from germany, the city of mendelssohn and bach, the city of famous bicycle fairs and parks, leipzig , the largest city in eastern germany after the second world war, dilapidated for more than 40 years, the soviet union ruled here in the historic center, next to the old architecture, typical panels for us the germans are used to them, that's why they only repair and modernize to decorate you what was unsuitable we demolished the rest we improved this housing and it is unwise to demolish it a year before the unification of ger