one is a hub and spoke system and the other is flying between city pairs with cost carriers. in a hub and spoke system, in the old days a northwest airlines would serve my state would fly if the jet carriers into that city, one of four cities in north dakota with 720 sevens, had a pilot and copilot and flight engineer your and i assume the pilots that have been on those routes were probably pilots with less time in the company then somebody who'd been on a san francisco two-door reda root. so i understand that there are longer routes and bigger planes and so on are going to get the pilots with more expats. it just seems to me that the way this hub and spoke system has morphed is that the network carriers have decided, you know what, we're going to move a lot of these spokes onto a commuter carrier and that commuter carrier is going to be out there with smaller planes, in most cases. it's going to cost us less, although they're going to wear our name on the fuselage, but it's going to cost us a lot less because, frankly, they can be a carrier that we have perhaps 100% ownershi

fifty-one the first basic division is between city and shia and pakistan is about 80% suni and 18% shia. there are small numbers of hindus, christians, and muslim minorities that have been branded as a non muslim by the government but also come under some other aberration. within bid dominant majority sunni tradition it also breaks down. there is a small section, but then there are the taliban they have most of the met process in a country they have about 10,000. >> host: what was very unorthodox school of islam you describe that very well in the book but the influence is particularly strong in prune jab and it expires -- extends to the northwest frontier province but there is archipelago of shrines. that they will go and visit and spend hours in the evenings studying poetry and dancing and it is a very, very and orthodox. >> as the taliban come at what was happening is one of the first things the taliban did was to take over some of the shrine and say now we're running these and nobody comes in here. it is a direct threat. and intimate relationship with god. >> host: and often enjoy is

one is a hub and spoke system and the other is why between city and low-cost carriers.in the hub and spoke system in the old days a northwest airlines which served in my state would fly is a jet carriers into that city, one of four cities in north dakota, with 727 and a pilot, co-pilot and flight engineer, and i assume that the pilots had been on those routes probably pilots with less time in the company then something that had been on a san francisco to every -- route. and so i understand the longer routes and the the bigger planes and so on are going to get the pilots more experienced but it seems to me the way this hub and spoke system has more to is that the network carriers have decided, you know what, we will move a lot of these folks off onto a commuter carrier and a commuter carrier is going to be out there with smaller planes in most cases. it is going to cost us less although they are going to wear our name on the fuselages, but it is going to cost us a lot less because frankly it can be a carrier that we have perhaps 100% ownership of our system -- substantia

so you went back and forth between the city and the country. in a country where a lot of women -- young women in your village wouldn't have had a good education. you say that the fact that you became a medical doctor was partly the result of your father's decision, not yours. he wanted you to be a medical doctor. that was also rather unusual. so there must be unusual about your family to explain some of the unusual things about you. >> yes, yes, exactly. i had a problem with two things in my childhood. i had a brother who was older than me. and i was better at him at school i worked at school and home. he played at school and at home because he was a boy. but just because he was a boy he had a lot of privileges. my parents were relatively liberal and they sent me to school. my cousins didn't go to school in the village. they were married when they were 10 years of age and they tried to marry me when i was 10 years but i rebelled. [laughter] >> anyway, so my brother had everything. and did nothing, almost nothing. he was spoiled. so i asked him,

the erie canal made a direct connection between albany and his new york city by the easily navigable hudson and then struggling frontier settlement of buffalo on lake erie. with and can now three and 63 miles rose across unbroken wilderness 83 locks into a 700 feet of elevation change and just 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep with but it was the firstborn of union, the race that was used to describe it before was finally approved, the first barnhart of union between the eastern seaboard states and the vast and settle the interior. immediately begin a conduit for people in manufacturing goods headed west and raw materials and produce coming east. with new york city as a gateway for immigration from and commerce with europe. the canal was begun after much political popular an economic debate in 1917 completed 1825, cost $7 million entirely funded by new york state and a time when the capital in new york state was $20 million and this cost seven, but the $7 million was entirely recovered by tolls on the canal within eight years. when tolls were abolished in 1882, total revenues were $121 mi

into some finding others and began finding and one time there are 600 miles of milestones between near atlantic city anna middle of illinois. then that to him, and he ended up in colorado and kept going until he reached california. on this project would take into years. that was 30 years ago. he has not finished yet and started off with ordinary film and is using digital cameras. he was inspired by a book by george direct the time at the university of california who did a book, his book is called a u.s. 40 in the late '50s, published in 57i think. he photographed about 100 sites along highway 40 coast-to-coast, made two trips to do that. and frank saw that book and wanted to read photographic projects so he took it out. what he has left now is instead of just an ordinary black and white photograph, now he is using a digital camera and taking 360-degree views, and off the photograph in the site and then he began extending some of them. so now with computers frank can give you sort of a time machine, you can watch his computer and he will start off with this photograph taken by george stewart sometime

a city that was far more divided and unequal between classes. created a city that was far more focused on the center, on manhattan as opposed to the outer boroughs which really lost out in this calculus. so a kind of new form of centralization. i think it created a city that -- you know, what i focus on in the book is how marketing and media were used in concert with these new priorities, these new political and economic priorities and so it also created a new kind of imaginary, a new identity for new york. no longer was it this, you know, famed working class capital. now it became really represented as a more elite, luxury-type city and a city that could be, you know, prominently placed in advertisements in association with products that wanted that kind of cachet. >> in fact, in your book, "branding new york" you talk about a very famous brand, i heart ny. >> that's right. >> what was the effect of that? >> well, i think that campaign kind of had two phases. in the initial phase of that campaign, this famous campaign that was designed by melto

there aren't really very many similarities between how new york city and new york state built the erie canal and of the federal government now might support infrastructure projects. however, there is one very important similarities -- one way in which the erie canal, i think, has helped inform the debate about whether the federal government should be creating a national infrastructure bank tough on infrastructure projects. and that is that it is essential for there to be a a single person that owns the project. and with that. kinnell, as i haven't mentioned it yet. i'm talking about dewitt clinton. another sort of myth about dewitt clinton. it was he that dreamed up the erie canal. of course it wasn't. it was actually first proposed in 18 of seven by a fellow who had intended to be the first western grain merchant, the first grain merchant of western new york, but he went broke because he discovered there actually was no good way to get the grain grown by the pioneer farmers of western new york. to actually get that grain east. there is no good route. he wound up, this fellow, another

troops, a report on the ground in moses is that the military is keeping posts inside the city due to recent tensions between the kurds and the arab communities in iraq's second- largest city. the agreement is to pull back from all major cities within iraq. is that how -- are there exceptions to that as far as you know? >> as far as i know, the agreement is very clear. june 30, the u.s. forces pullout of urban areas. we are very committed to fulfilling the terms of that agreement. regarding this specific instance, i am not aware, but we want to do what is right by iraq. i will have to look into this specific instance. it may be a question for the pentagon and not for us. thank you. one more? >> the report on a sound -- the report on -- >> i have seen press reports but i do not have any confirmation. thanks. >> convicted swindler bernard madoff was a sentenced to 150 years in prison today for engineering and multi-billion dollars fraud scheme. it was called "unprecedented and staggering." the message must be sent that mr. madoff's crimes were extraordinarily evil. the 71-year-old former nasdaq chairman has be

there are not very many similarities between how new york city based on new york state built the erie canal and how the federal government now might support infrastructure projects. however, there is one very important similarity, or one way in which the erie canal i think can help inform the debate about whether the federal government should be creating a national infrastructure bank to fund infrastructure objects. . . . >> there is really no good route and he wound up, jesse hawley is his name, another connecticut native who tried to find his fortune in the west, winds up in debtor's prison, under a pseudonym writes the argument -- newspaper essays, arguing for and proposing and arguing for a canal across new york state directly to lake erie and it was actually his idea but dewitt clinton picks up the idea, three years later, and he is the guy that makes the erie canal happen and if you know anything about dewitt clinton he is a long time new york city mayor, new york state lawmaker, a congressman, a -- one of the canal commissioners, eventually and a long time new york governor, an

the erie canal did a direct connection between albany and new york city by the navigable outs in. and began struggling frontier settlement of buffalo on lake erie. bacchanal, three under 63 miles, most of it across unbroken wilderness, 83 loss to deal with 700 feet of elevation change, and just 40 feet wide and 4 feet deep. it was the first bond of union. the phrase that was used to describe it before it was finally approved. it was the first bond of union between the eastern seaboard states and the vast unsettled interior. it immediately became the conduit for people and manufactured goods headed west and raw materials and produce coming east. with new york city as the gateway for immigration from and commerce with europe. bacchanal was begun after much political popular and economic debate in 1817, completed 1825, cost $7 million, entirely funded by new york state at a time when the total capital in new york state was about $20 million. this logic cost seven. but that $7 million was entirely recovered by tolls on the canal within eight years. when tolls were abolished in 1882, t

a report by the federal reserve bank in kansas city found that between 1996 and 2006, visa and mastercard average interchange rates increased from approximately $1.30 per $100 transaction to $1.80. that's about a 40% increase over that ten-year period of time. and the rates have gone up even further for dhardz have rewards -- cards that have rewards programs. the total amount of interchange fees collected last year was $48 billion, according to estimates of the national retail federation. that's a huge increase from 2001 when the figure was $16.6 billion. despite these rising fees, many merchants have no real choice but to accept these cards as a form of payment. consumers use their credit and debit cards for over 40% of all transactions. interchange fees cut into retailer profits and force many merchants to raise consumer prices or go out of business. as you think about it, what does it mean for the profitability of a company if the business is required to pay the credit card company 2% of the sale price on every sale? well, for some companies that operate on a very tight marge irntion i

. >> there was some back-and- forth between you and arianna huffington. he would like to see a blogger a city council meeting 3 to go over the bridge between the traditional journalism outlet and the blogs and what you see as a challenge in the migration of quality content? >> i do not believe in citizen journalist. i do not believe in bloggers as anything other than an additional resource that can't provide raw information that can then be synthesized by professional journalists. i believe that journalism is a craft and the people will -- people. it is obvious to anyone who is actually been in the journalism, but i will give you one of them. the best editor -- or one of the best team of editors i ever worked with was the guiding celebu might know from "the washington post" -- a guy some of you might know from "the washington post." some of these stories, there was a hole to drive a delivery truck through. that was an incredible gift. the ability to destroy a fraudulent piece of journalism before it was published. no such thing exists on the internet. people said in a room and they put two fa

that is how john came in third as there was a tie between jefferson and-- but john left the capitol city before the inauguration of thomas jefferson. he left at 6:00 in the morning, at daybreak and did not stay for the inauguration. he was so hurt. not only by losing office but his son, his second son had just died, and his son died that day. he learned that his son died the same day that he learned that jefferson won the presidency. he was not a happy camper that day, so he didn't stick around. are there other questions? well, thank you very much for coming and hearing about abigail incheon. [applause] >> edith gelles is the author several books, including "abigail adams: a writing life." she is currently a senior scholar at stanford university's michelle r. climate's institute for gender research. for more information visit stanford.edu/group/a gender.

the russians the erected numerous checkpoints and it was difficult to get in the city of gori let alone betweenhe area between gori and tskhinvall. we banged our head over a number of russian checkpoints and found this road -- it was more like a goat trail over the mountains. the village we're seeing here is a farm area. all of these people are farmers and when we got there, we were speaking to some civilians there and they said that there were bombs there in their farms and they described to us what sounded like cluster bombs so we decided that we would go out and investigate. [speaking russian] >> oh, yeah. it's a dpicm. oh, my god. it looks like an m85. wow! okay. listen if the chickens touch that, that is going to explode, already? she's armed. she's got the trigger. she's armed. cluster munitions are dropped by airplanes or launched by rockets that have many dozens to hundreds of smaller bombs inside. and when it opens up it covers about a football field area and then when they come down, they're all supposed to destroy their targets. the problem they're manufactured very poorly and more o

so far this year it's been a one-sided affair between the red sox and yankees. new york city is one of the most expensive places to live. why mark sanchez won't have any trouble buying a new home -- or two. and kobe bryant is the best closer in the nba. how he and the lakers have left the door wide open for dwight howard and the magic. captioning by captionmax ♪ >> we are keeping you ♪ ♪ >> we are keeping you current with the latest news, scores and highlights, this is espnews available in high definition, along with j.w. stewart, mike yam with you, and sports fans love streaks but the yankees not a fan of this one. >> yammer, dating back to last year, the red sox have beaten the yankees seven in a row, tied for their second longest win streak against their archrivals. johnny damon says, "hopefully, we'll beat them sometime soon." bottom two, dustin pedroia off chien-ming wang, nick swisher giving chase, but it's into the seats for a ground-rule double. george kotteras scores. red sox up 3-1. seventh, mark teixeira, after johnny damon homered the yanks go back-to-back, tex's

between tyranny and freedom. ronald reagan saw america as a city on the hill set apart pie god, who intended us to be free.first inaugural address he said freedom in the dignity of the individual have been more available and more assured here than any other place on earth. three years later congressman rating the fallen warriors at omaha beach, reagan said we will always remember. we will always be proud. we will always be prepared so we may always be free. today our freedom is defended by 1,092 foot long air carrier and 5,500 sailors on the ronald reagan and their motto is peace through strength. ronald reagan's legacy is intact, and i am confident it will be for generations to come. if you study the man and his times you will see the rhythm of life described by shakespeare. all the world's stage and all of the men and women are merely players. and one man in his time will play many parts. ronald reagan played his parts brilliantly with words and deeds. he inspired his countryno one great heights and inspired a great vision. we are honored to grab his likeness. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, the repu

the city is not suggesting that. there is a difference between where you score on the test and how many openings you have an to the effect and if -- the extent there is an adverse impact on one group or another so that this first seven who will be hired only because of the vagrancies of the vacancies of that moment, not because you are unqualified. the pass rate is the pass rate. but if your test is going to always put a certain group at the bottom of the pass rate so they are never going to be promoted, and there is a fair test that could be devised that measures knowledge in a more substantive way, then why should not the city have an opportunity to try to look and see if they could develop that? >> because they already developed it. >> it assumes the answer which is spent the test is valid because we say it is valid. >> they had evidence that that test was job-related invalid for use under title 7. >> you did not present an alternative. >> there are plenty of alternatives. they went back and said we had more vacancies. three african-americans.

the city is not suggesting that. there is a difference between where you score on the test and how many openings you have. to the extent that there is an adverse impact on one group over another so that the first seven who are going to be hired only because of the vacancies at that moment, not because your unqualified, the pass rate is the pass rate. but if your test is always going to put a certain group at the bottom of the pass rate so that they are never going to be promoted and there is a fair test that could be devised that measures knowledge in a more substantive way, then why should the city not have an opportunity to look and see if they could develop that? >> because they already developed it. >> this is not the answer. it assumes the answer. that the test is valid because we say it is valid. >> the testing results are valid. he told me it is valid. they have evidence that the test is job-related and balanced. >> you did not present an alternative, did you? >> i had an alternative. there are plenty alterative. that could have gone back

question -- my understanding is that there is a fair amount of differences between the iranians in the countryside and those in the cities. what proportion of the population lives in cities, to what extent to the protesters represent the people of iran? >> i did not hear the last part of your question. >> to what extent to the protesters represent the people of iran? >> you have people from all walks of life walking those streets. even including the clerics and members of the militias that are part of the system, who also show solidarity or some kind of coordination with complicity. i think it is very broad based. it is not limited just to the intelligentsia or a group of students. no, it is people all ages and all walks of life in the society that are in defiance, collective defiance, of this regime. >> mondawmin for middle east truth. as you know, mir hossein mousavi was a member of the republican guard and had to be selected by the clerics even in order to run. you really feel that this is about the election and the corruption of the ballot box, or that what we're seeing in the streets is just the final straw on the b

concern is that the orioles on the road have a tremendous differential between here and what they do. >> buck: you can see kansas city and oakland, they are first and second. >> gary: right down the middle. and that's seven strikeouts that braden already picked up in the ballgame ant orioles trail it 6-0. you don't do laundry at the beach. you salt-wash everything and let it breeze dry. knit, delicate, permanent press... the ocean doesn't care. so grab your bag. times may be tough today, but the things we all look forward to haven't changed. like owning a home. watching our children grow. and retiring with confidence. so whatever you're looking forward to, m&t bank is here to help you get there. m&t bank. understanding what's important. . >> gary: 6-7-1 for the a's- 3-0 for the o's. mark hendrickson is dog his share out there. hannahan stands in, third businessman. he will take a pitch down low for a ball. 7 in a row retired by the orioles former starter, now reliever, 34-year-old left hander. hannahan will take it for a strike. >> buck: hendrickson has made some quality pitches since coming out of the bullpen. h

my understanding is that there are a fair amount of differences between iranians and the -- iranians in the countryside and those in cities. what proportion of the population live in cities and what do they represent the population of iran? >> i am sorry? >> to what extent do the protestors represent the total people of iran? >> you have people of all walks of life walking in the streets streets, representing every aspect of society, even including clerics and members of the militia that are part of the system, who also show solidarity or some kind of coordination or come policity. it is very broad-based. it is not just limited to a group of students. it is all walks of life in our society that are in collective defines over this issue. >> as you know, musavi was a member of the republican guard and had to be selected by the clerics in order to run. do you really feel this is about the election and the corruption in the ballot box, or what we are seeing in the streets is the final straw on the back of a pressure cooker of people yearning to be free? >> iranians will examine with scrutiny after the dust settles, so to spea

cities that use them. banks to a remarkable partnership between automakers, autoworkers, environmental advocates and stateswe created incentives for companies to develop clean more efficient vehicles and for americans to drive them. we set in motion a national policy aimed at both increase in gas mileage and decreasing greenhouse gas pollution for all its cars and trucks sold in the united states and as a result we will save 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the lifetime of the vehicles sold in the next five years. the projected equivalent of taking 58 million cars off the road for an entire year. we know that even as we seek solutions to the energy problems at home, the solution to global climate change requires american leadership abroad. that's why i've appointed a climate on the way to help lead the real engagement with the international community as we find sustainable ways to transition to a global low carbon economy. and, now just last friday the house of representatives came together to pass an extraordinary piece of legislation that will finally open the door to decreasing dependence on foreign oil,

of the funding will come from redevelopment funds directly from the city of emeryville and also an anticipated local bond of between $40 million and $75 million, that would also direct some funds to the project. the remainder of the necessary capital, which is expected to finish this project, will will come from state, local and federal sources, including school facilities funding, competitive state bond programs and federal development or infrastructure grants. several years ago an evaluation of the emery secondary school gymnasium was connected based on fema's criteria for structurally sound facilities and came to the following conclusion, without seismic strengthening of the buildings, they could experience high levels of localized structural and nonstructural damage in a moderate or large earthquake sufficient to pose unacceptable high levels of risk to the life safety of the building's occupants. the hayward fault which runs through emi have really and the two neighboring cities is is considered one of the most dangerous earthquake vaults in the world. scientists agree that the hayward fault could soon experie

between carriers. northwest airlines served my state, it would fly its jet carriers into that city, one of four cities in north dakota with 727's with a pilot, co-pilot, and flight engineer. i assumed they were pilots that have less experience and were bet on. i understand longer routes and the bigger planes are going to get pilots with more experience. the way this hub and spoke system has morphed, the network carriers have decided, we're going to move a lot of these spokes off to a commuter carrier. that commuter carrier is going to be out there with smaller planes in most cases. it is going to cost us less. we're going to wear our name on the fuselages. it will cost us a lot less, because frankly, it can be a carrier that we have perhaps 100% ownership of and not the same contracts we have. we have pilots with less experience at an entry level of $18,000 a year. you have, without the meeting a pilot or the pilot's ability, you do have the potential of a separate standard of capability. i'm talking about a separate standard of capability. the major question that started with a day is, the faa said i

city. this is not rural verses urban, this is a huge difference in quality between hospitals a mile apart. i am not sure what the reason is that you get such a dysfunctional hospital in south bronx in new york, but i don't have any doubt that the message with in that school has been well thought out. 2 questions. what do we mean by cultural competency? are we really zeroing in on something that is ultimately very important? the second question, you look at that bronx hospital and what is going on. >> there has been a lot of information and literature coming out, looking at cultural confidence and its impact on health care, i call your attention to harvard's program in georgetown. >> the definition of cultural competence is what? >> you can narrow it down to 2 things, respect for the person's culture? >> how do you measure that? >> measure it in how you treat a patient, how you interact with patients, how your staff interacts with patients, there are a number of sarah goods. one of the things we have to do is educate people in the role of culture. we have a large and growing student populat

city. this is not rule versus urban, this is a huge difference in quality between hospitals that are 1 mile apart. i am not sure what the reason is that you get such a dysfunctional hospital in the south bronx of new york, but i do not have any doubt that that message with them at school has been well thought out. so, to questions, what do we mean by cultural competency? are we really zeroing in on something that is ultimately a very important issue? the second question is, if you look at the bronx hospital, what is going on? >> first of all, i think that there is a whole lot of information and literature coming now that is looking at cultural competency. i would call your attention to a program in harvard -- >> and the definition of cultural competency is what? >> you can narrow it down to two things. number one is respect. respect for culture. >> how do you measure that? >> you could measure rip by how you treat that patient and how you interact with the patients. how you interact with the patient. there are a number of things. one thing that you will have to do is to educate people on th

national civic league in 1949, the all-america city award wreck are nieses localities for community projects involving grass root civic engagement and cooperation between public-private and nonprofit sectors that best illustrate community-based problem solving. each year the civic league honors 10 communities throughout the country for addressing the most critical challenges facing america's communities. caroline county submitted three community-based projects including the dawn rehabilitation project, the caroline lie brarery, and the caroline dental program. these projects blend public-private, and civic resources to address specific challenges of the community. i am proud to see our citizens and local government work in concert to meet community needs. caroline county was the only city or county from virginia in a field of 32 finalists from across the country. caroline county delegation traveled to florida to a panel of experts, and i'm proud to recognize them as a wonderful and unique community of virginia's first congressional district for receiving the 2009 all-america city award. the speaker pro tempore: for what purpose does the gentleman from

city, state, country. i get very energized about the ability to make a difference. host: are there any parallels between being a dentist in dealing with the budget deficit? guest: yes, every once in awhile you probably need to give the patient a little pain medication. but it definitely reflects what is going on around the country. most states except north dakota and texas are in a deficit. this is an economic collapse we have not seen since the second world war. this is a moment where we just have to deal with. it is not unreasonable for state governments to live on 97% of what they were doing produces. caller: i am a registered republican and was trying to get in on the independent line. i am a retired state california employee. i told the governor not to raise my taxes. if the illegal immigration thing is encouraged by the government because clinton passed the law -- because the mexican consulate has roving consulates, of a hand up this matriculate forms so that they can get a driver's license. we have to apply when i registered to vote, the first time i did, i filled up the application in the persia

city with dynamite. the paratroopers from the united states and from a british division had been dropped behind the first line of defense. between 3:15 and 5:00 a.m., 5000 bombers had bombed the entire coast. that 4:15 a.m., the troops started to be transported to the boats. the guns of warships opened fire. at 6:30 a.m., the disembark and had begun. the winds were very strong. the boats were buffeted by waves that were several meters high. the soldiers were soaked, freezing, sick. they were bailing out their boats with their helmets. those who got out too soon drowned. the small boats sank, many of them before they even reached their targets. out of the 19 tanks of the canadian division, 15 were lost before they even reached the shore. those who did reach the shore had to step over the wounded and the dead who were floating in the water, being swept away by the tides. that had to step over bodies buried in the sand. one of the first american soldiers who disembarked on omaha beach wrote later, " it seemed entirely unreal, sir real, like a living nightmare. you could walk over the entire beach without ever touching the ground, b

the subway series heads to citi field with both the yankees and mets in second place. we have a 1993 world series rematch between the phillies and the blue jays. >> oh, yeah. >> the red sox and braves clash in the battle of boston teams past and present. and the red hot mariners head to l.a. to take on the best team in baseball, being the dodgers. our "baseball tonight" crew takes a couple of cuts. >> steve berthiaume here with tim kurkjian who takes his three swinswgs., the t tim, the three things you're foa most looking forward to around the meanings on friday. we' >> we'll start with cc sabathiae of the yankees. remember, he had to be taken out of his last start because of tightness in the forearm. last he didn't want to come out ofnin the game. h he said he was fine and he said he'll be fine for this start. i believe he will. he'll love citi field. 1.6 home runs per game there compared to 3.4 at the newared t yankee stadium.th new second beck josh beckett. we know how good a pitcher he is, but beckett against the graves the last 40 innings, he'a allowed two earned runs. that's domination of the highest order

example, that is why we have a bigger city -- a babysitting category, helping parents to get a baby sitter. that is craigslist. for me, and going back and forth between mostly talking just for myself, occasionally referring to our history, you know, it in the company, but i thought a lot about governance, four countries, foresights like ours and wikipedia, for anything. sometimes, to make decisions or recommendations or anything, you need a balance between command and control, top-down systems -- for sites, for countries. on the other hand, if you believe in democracy, we believe in people working together and decide together what is going to happen from the bottom-up. again, that is true when it comes to news or being a movie critic or whatever. sometimes, you are an expert to place some kind of a role, and sometimes, you want the crowd to decide, but i do think you need some kind of balance. i think wikipedia does a very good job, but this whole thing is in motion because the technology is still moving. >> are we going to be happy if we want to open government with that methodology? the political leaders listen through anecdotal or other means and