beyrer: there was not a scientific consensus and there is now. a pretty strong one.changed is first of all , the reality that this virus is circulating in the population that is highly immune. it is also the case that south africa has been using pfizer, mrna vaccines. this virus is spreading. the good news is at least for the preliminary data we have seen so far, which south africa has been great about sharing, people who are fully immunized appear not to be going to the hospital. it is early. we will have to follow that mc. as we have all seen over the last year and a half, the wave of hospitalization and severe disease in the timeline for where this start circulating. the jury is somewhat out. it looks like vaccine protection is holding and boosting as a way to bump it up. given the fact that vaccine is preventing some severe illness, putting into place vaccine mandates, angela merkel of germany saying the lockdown for the unvaccinated number of nations. do you have any sense scientifically of whether this increases resistance or gets more of the population and ocu

chris beyrer there. are we to the administration saying to be fully vaccinated you need a third to be fully vaccinated? how close are we to that now? lisa: that's a good question, especially as we get a michelle jet on the show saying he is -- gets a mischa doll joe -- then you have some data we got yesterday from pfizer bond tack from this isolated study suggesting perhaps there is more to this. we have not gotten this versus a health prescription and a big way. there are overlays as some of these health mandates. jon: that question has huge workplace applications as we see vaccine mandates go through. do they mean the booster now? will they mean that in the months to come when we look back? do you need a third shot to go into work? what does that mean? lisa: it's an unanswered question. this is the definition of constantly changing. you had to have at least one shot of the vaccine to go into a restaurant and now you have to have the full two dosage. will that be a 30 shot. we have spoken to scientists

beyrer: it is a complicated picture.o remember, south africa is 10 years younger than the u.s. and the u.k., a much younger population. and old age is a major cause of covid death and disease. but there is no question that south africa has the world's largest hiv epidemic. one in five adults. when we looked at immunizing health care workers in a study done with johnson & johnson, we immunized half a million health-care workers and proved to be robust protection against the delta variant, and 10% of that workforce is living with hiv. what we take away from that is that it is really important to prioritize people with immunocompromised for vaccination and boosting, that is extremely important for people living with hiv and tb and south africa has a huge tb problem. we have to do better with using our platforms, like the program that the u.s. supports in africa as a vaccine platform to protect those people. that is really important. kailey: really valuable, thank you so much for joining us this morning. it has been great to

. -- chris beyrer. >> vaccine immunity wanes over time and you get a tremendous rejuvenation with this. they compared those with two doses of messenger rna with those that had a third. that showed a 90% reduction in mortality. that is just really significant and dramatic. the astrazeneca data is also important because even though any countries are not using it, many used astrazeneca early on but the fact is now the who has been working carefully on this and many countries are going to have later doses that are different either with the protein subunit vaccine that is coming along or with mrna. this is what happened in south africa. they started with astrazeneca, and then j&j and now mrna. that mix and match strategy is very good. >> that is the booster and its rollout. talk about how long immunity lasts when we get a vaccine. is this unusual that the immunity lasts as little time as it seems to or fades as quickly as it seems to? is there a chance that science produces something that does not wane quite so quickly? >> this is the biology of coronaviruses. with the coronavirus a that ca

chris beyrer there. good morning. kailey leinz, matt miller, jonathan ferro.e advance one third of 1%. tom and lisa abramowicz will be back with us at some point. maybe they will wait until the new year. euro-dollar about 0.1% down. a brilliant just now to talk about the fortis ugo -- about the pharmaceutical companies, geoff meacham. i want to talk about mrna technology. it felt like a huge step forward 12 months ago. i wonder how things stack up 12 months later. geoff: that is a great question. mrna technology has shown durability of affect. the pfizer and moderna vaccines look like they do their job, limit hospitalizations, prevent severe infections, prevent death and a lot of patients, but the question is still unknown whether they will be as infectious as flu or cardiovascular diseases. kailey: when we talk about those vaccines that exist for covid-19, talking about a third booster in israel, how much are they revenue generators for companies like ours and moderna? geoff: for the most part, -- it is perfectly normal to have antibody levels go down over ti

beyrer: than side body response from boosting probably starts to go up immediately.e the benefit within a matter of days. it's impressive how much of an immune, we call an immune memory response, that we see. which is that given another dose of vaccine, the body really rallies, and the anti-body fighters go up dramatically, not a little, a lot. so, that's really important. we also have data now, who has been collecting data from a number of countries that have had to mix vaccines because they've had a variable spark. many started with astrazeneca, then they, had to switch to something else j&j. the data there are quite compelling, specifically if you mix classes of vaccine. people getting a j&j and then having an mrna boost, that also looks encouraging. for those countries that don't have a choice, it's a good option. tom: thank you so much. greatly appreciate it. with johns hopkins this morning. caroline hyde, we go to the bank of england in six minutes. we go to england that is just a tumble. what are you looking for? what have you read in on with the chancellor of