corruption, which in massachusetts in the early 1960's provided what we might call a target rich and bierman. his electoral -- target rich environment. his electoral trams were unique in a state that was only 2% black. where school desegregation was an explosive issue. where the face of prejudice might appear ugly with anger or thinly masked by codewords. in one early raced which he narrowly lost, his opponent claims to see no hidden message in campaign bumper stickers that read simply, vote white. repeatedly senator brooke was urged not to run for higher office. to bide his time until massachusetts was quote ready. indeed, in 1962, when he ran for attorney general his opponent was lead richardson. -- elliott richardson. a man with deep connections to the upper echelons from it. but ed brooke did not back down. a straight line can be drawn from his victories to another african-american in the national arena, four decades later. i was in high school when he first ran for statewide office, attracting so many democratic voters to the republican i marry that we had to work for months reregisteri