it is hobbleby this intense anti-blackness, is fear of black people, this sense of black people as ager to white americasociety. nermeen: so professor anderson, could yotalk about tt, in particular, the role of black militias, which you talk about in the book, their role in the early 19th century, to what use they we deployed, and then how it is that whites stripped black militias of their official standing? >> yes. and so in louisiana, when it was stl the louisiana territory -- it was before the u.s. had puhased it but was on its way, it was on its way -- you had a well-heeled, well-trained black militia that had been very effective. well, as the u.s. came in, one of the first cries coming out owhite new orleans was to strip the black militia, disband the black militia. well, the governor, william claiborne at the time, you know, at first he's like, "yesyou know, asking for more arms, because we have all of these free blacks, and we've got these black folks wi arms," and so he's asking for more arms fromhe federal government. but th he startsoticing how effective this black militia

[laughter] >> some might argue that black church is the first black theater. >> the role of music inhurches everything. >> easy. it talks about the majesty and it's music. >> entertainment should not be in the church what you think the preacher does? [laughter] that is entertainment. [laughter] ♪♪ the african-american church is 80 percent women but leadership is 90 percent mail. there is a price to pay when you say you are a loving person. >> if you say you are born this way then you say god you are a liar. we are a testament to the goodness in the grace of god everything in the world has tried to kill us. >> the lord said i made the race and i did not make any mistakes. >> the place where our people made a way out of nowhere where our souls can look back and wonder. ♪♪ we call it the church. >> wow. let me just say to any of our listeners and watchers today if you have not seen that series you need to see that series in tandem with the book, it is so powerful. >> thank you. >> i got ahead of myself but so this idea of looking at the history of black church of mother emmanuel asking

black.e did not want to offer a point by point debate or he rebuttal. we wanted to offer an inches ins inspirational narrative that acknowledges what 1619 did, slavery has been under-reported and poorly examined. we aca knowledge that. but the -- acknowledge that. but the conclusions we reached are very different than what is articulated in 1619 so we brought together a group of scholars, of journalists and activeists, different ideological stripes and so we authored these essays to offer -- to establish the fact that 1776 is the birthday of america and the values of our founders, no matter how flawed, have been the foundation upon which blacks were able to survive slavery and discrimination, the foundation of family, faith and an attitude of self-determination and so we felt that it was important for this book to be written, to give an alternative vision to america about the plight of blacks. we should never be defined by slavery or jim crow. we were more than that. >> tell us about your ti

a black. but we did not want to operate point by point debate or remodel. we wanted to offer an inspirational and aspirational alternative narrative that acknowledges what 1619 is that slavery has been underreported and poorly examined. we acknowledge that. but the conclusions that we reach are very different as was articulated in 1619. we brought together a group of scholars, journalists and activists. different ideological sites and so we authored these essays to offer, to establish the fact that 1776 is the birthday of america and values of our founders no matter how flawed have been the foundation upon which blacks were able to survive slavery and discrimination. the foundation of family, faith and an attitude of self-determination . so we felt that it was important for this book to be written to give an alternative vision to america about the plight of blacks that should never be defined by slavery or jim crow. we weremore than . >> tell us about your title. let me read the title again. r

the black man, the black man is always the 2nd choice. let us perform better than the oldest to perform better. to get to do more than the other players in the way. how can a black guy for jimmy the when i got off the bus, they yelled, hang games, who and one. i burn. yeah. i go to school here. but 1st of all, i'm leg 3 to be like, live in germany. you'd be confronted. oh, i the germany. when people hear the word, what do they think? known per cars? later hose in brought worst and beer. when it comes to sports, 1936, the lympics comes to mind. invented, feel blonde and blue eyes, germans and then we think of german boxers, tennis players in race, car drivers, all of whom have made their mark, football wise. we think of guys like these winning the world cup 4 times. when we're talking about germans. the automatically think that germans means to be white, for instance rights given from, from my talking has been talking about germans. we think it was, of course the lights and business of obviously is not the case. but as this business discus

by blacks?ill blacks still vote democrat in their cities, given these are the defund police grabbed? >> guest: will again i think it's going to depend on whether the republican nominee goes and looks for these boats and portuguese voters. that's what is going to come down to is the republican nominee going to go into these communities and ask for the soul. the real story of blacks under donald trump is how well things were going in terms of employment, in terms of poverty, in terms of income, wage growth. blacks were doing tremendously in the pre-covid economy under donald trump. so it's clear that that the policies he sported were policies -- supported -- were policies that help blacks advance in this country. i think the next republican nominee ought to go remind black people of that in person in their community.s >> host: how is a black republican regarded in mainstream black life? >> guest: an oddity i think very much still an oddity. and that's despite the fact that i think black american i

um, so that's 180 88 black soldiers in august 1778 147 in september 17 to 1779 down to 124 black and indian soldiers in june 1780 at that point. the regimen was disbanded. it was formed into two large companies and served in their home state until january 1781. um, and of course that was when they were consolidated with the second rhode island regimen to form the single, rhode island regimen now by some tip we have a return as the as the rhode island regimen was on his way to yorktown in september 1781. and those two large segregated companies numbering 108 privates were incorporated into the rhode island regiments and kept as segregated companies. adding black musicians and soldiers on other duty at that time social comprised 29.29% of the regimen. so it's it's much larger than a 17.5% that you saw in october 1777 and it must have impressed the viewers anyone who had seen it recommend at the time. now before we move on from the rhode island regimen a bit more about the unit. the segregated robot first rhode island regiment was an outlier an experiment board of a necessity in an army

the black man, the black man is always the 2nd choice as a phone better than the oldest, to perform better, to the, to more than the other players in the way. how kind of like i say for jimmy the when i got off the muscles they yelled, hang gate and, and one. i burn. yeah. i go to school. yeah. but 1st of all i'm leg 3 to be like to live germany would be confronted. oh, germany. when people hear the word, what do they think? known for cars? later hose in brought worst in beer. when it comes to sports, the $936.00, the lympics comes to mind. invent its film, a blonde and blue eyed germans. then we think of german boxes, tennis players in race, car drivers, all of whom have made their mark, football wise. we think of guys like these winning the world cup 4 times. you're going to be talking about germans. we automatically think that germans means to be white, for instance, rights can be given from, from my talking that when we talk about germans, we think of course l, y, and business of obviously is not the case. but it's, this is, this is the self image of germany is still walking the street

i still see black men seeing being shot. black bodies lying in the street i still smells smoke and see fire. i still see black businesses being burned. i still hear airplanes flying overhead. here the screams have lived through the mascara every day. a country may forget this history, but i cannot. i will not and other survivors do not and our descendants do not. when my family was forced to leave tulsa. i lost my chancellor education. i never finished school past the fourth grade. i have never made much money in my country. today and city took a lot from me despite this i spent time supporting. the war effort in the shipyards and of california but most of my life i was a domestic worker serving white families. i never made much money but to this day i can barely afford my everyday needs. all the while the city of this tulsa have unjustly used the names and stories of victims like me. to enrich myself and his white allies through the 30s. million met two through the 30th million worries. by the tulsa centennial commissioner

intact families were the norm in the black community in the 1920s and thirties black marriage rates were higher a lot of what we see today from the 19 sixties. >> try and set out on a college campus today. [laughter] it has >> through his twenties even after studying economics under milton friedman he was still a marxist and then was working in the government. and what saw was government was not always a benevolent force or a benevolent force. so when it comes to lower income minorities with the study of minimum wage in terms of the effects on employment. >> you studied under milton friedman did he haven't big impact on him? >> yes. in several ways. milton friedman one of the bigger impacts he had was on public intellectualism. and what i mean by that after he won the prize and left the university of chicago he said about writing popular books that were to general interest readers. he did a lot of speaking to groups on campuses and elsewhere and he felt the role of the scholar was not something to talk to your peers but to display your discipline to those who were not in the discipline s

blacks were confined. that happened so blacks were denied the intergenerational wealth transfer that that provided from the late 1940s through 1968 when the fair housing act was enacted and even after that because it was a relatively weak act. that is the damage that was done. the other aspect of it was that segregated neighborhoods made it almost impossible to integrate schools, because there were located in different districts. a supreme court case held suburban districts could not be included in any school desegregation plans. so that built on these issues. two other things that the government did was to creating the interstate highway system which destroyed hundreds of black neighborhoods and promoted segregation by using the highways as boundaries between black and white neighborhoods. that happened starting in the mid 1960s. even after the fair housing act of 1968, local municipalities used zoning to exclude african-americans from those neighborhoods. that's why the circumstance exists today. in the

black the secretary treasury was black. it was amazing and in the racist film probably the most racist film ever made birth of a nation. we we tend to to think that it was about slavery, but it wasn't it was about reconstruction rightful of reconstruction and the evil of giving black men the right to vote. you remember that famous scene where black men are in the legislature lady just falling out right with their feet up and you can bones, you know second on chicken bones and drinking liquor, right and they all jump up and cheer in the caption because it's silent film says miss as a nation made legal, you know, right it was terrible man. it was terrible. it was horrible. um, so thank you for asking that question and you can see power of the of the church in politics and you know often christianity especially has been accused. well karl marx accused religion of being opiate of the people famous and as i write in the book people forget the rest of there were more to it. there was more to that quote wonder. yeah, absolutely an

that is why mixture of black and black people wealth from their land allotments. sometimes oil and gas wealth. but also people willing to farm, get education, things like that. they really create the community we think of as black wall street. >> thank you. like i said we have a number of questions in the chat here. i'm going to try to get to as many as i can. we have a couple questions about gender. i will start there. one person ask you talk about the role gender played when the sports tribe that have access to the lands. the role that is native women are perhaps a black women played in marriages and black people during this period just wondering how gender played a role as the allotments were playing out. >> there has been a lot of writing on the allotment process as it relates to native women. let me see if i can over the names right now, rose has the. [inaudible] everyone gets an allotments. men do allotments, children get allotments. sometimes are perhaps often you find out they are not next to each other. there are decisions to be made about which over goin

too many black m are in prison. too many black men are out of prison, but semi-employable for the rest of their lives. and you can look at that imbalance, and i say that is a terrible thing. but the way you eliminate it is not to teach white people not to be racist. that's not going to solve the problem. nor do i think that going into the criminal-justice system and trying to find examples of how sentencing bias is a racist endeavor and to reverse the racism of judges and prosecutors and all the other people involved -- i don't think that's going to work. but i do believe that an awful lot of what we see is stimulated and kept going by the war on drugs. if there's a possibility to have money in your pocket on the basis of selling drugs on the black market, not getting rich, but having money in your pocket, naturally, a critical mass of people are gog to drift into selling drugs for a living. i firmly believe that if that black market did not exist, then the very same black men would be more likely to stay in school.

there's a stigmaing to black. the caller -- i don't want any of my kids to believe there's a stigma being black. every black person in the country is not marginalized or oppressed. there are a lot of white people who are in far inferior conditions to many black people, so we have to focus on ensuring that every single kid of all races, but especially kids, black kids, you know, communities that have had a history of oppression know what the opportunities are in front of them, know that there are millions of black kids. for example i think there are 3 million black kids in college today. we have black people who are leaders in every possible industry, policy, and so i just want the caller to recognize the incredible progress that has to be made. we need to remove this idea that somehow there's a stigma to be a black person? we need to eradicate that kind of thinking, especially for young people. >> chanelle wilson, did you want to respond? >> i didn't hear him say that there weren't successful black people. i inter

people of emancipation why there's many black in towns and white has black wall street of course, the anniversary of the massacre just past the more people are far more aware of the black wall street in its existence. and so at this moment, and reconstruction indian territory history is really one of those interesting historical moments where my identity is both historian and dissented of former slaves which i call craig people. and i have to recognize something is legally wrong as u.s. intervention in the foreign nation or is indian nation known after the turkey nation in the georgia supreme court case domestic case the nation. but i also have to recognize the people like my family might never have been freight if not for these technically legal and just actions on the part of the united states. now going to use that term for former slaves and again and again. in a free people in general target i use my work to refer to any former slaves of any of five tribes and of course more specifically, the chickasaw's freed men and women specifically. and so the reason that the land designated

black kids that were racist. black kids said they would not listen to me because i was white. is that racism? host: one more call. go ahead. caller: good morning. i'm a 65-year-old gentleman who grew up in segregated schools. one thing that lost me in this discussion is the disparity between black and white and i want to look at employment. in the companies i have worked for, i have yet to have seen an all black department. and i challenge anybody to tell me if there is. so, it is not a question of is there or has there ever been discrimination, most people -- have had an opportunity to exercise, but until you live in that environment, to this day in 2021, i would love for anybody -- this is a c-span challenge -- to tell me one fortune 500 company that has an all african-american department from the manager to the c-suite. guest: what you articulate is exactly why i run schools. how do we expect there to be a department in a fortune 500 company if in a district in the bronx, which is predominantly black and hispa

utilize direct interviews and say you mean i'm on with other black relief that he would say black elites no more representative of black whites are of whiteto people and you can't conflate the two so you talk about an issue like voter id laws or canceling police were i'm sorry, defunding police, these are views where black elite, the ones in the media, their views are not held by the black community, people live in these neighborhoods. voter id laws are supported. most people want more. >> more school twice. >> so oftentimes the media is guilty of running to these black elites and accepting their opinion as the opinion of black people this is by no means a new phenomenon. you go back to the busting floors of the 70s and 80s for the naacp. they did not support fussing. >> as i mentioned, school choice. that's huge so if this is true, why do plot box keep voting democrat? >> not a phenomenon unique to blacks. i'll give an example, in 2020, there was a referendum in california that would have reinstated racial preferences in college admission, something california voters rejected in the 199

the black man, the black man is always the 2nd choice as a next to perform better than the oldest. you have to perform better to have to do more than the other players in the way. it's how kind of like, i feel for jim the gun. when i got off the bus, they yelled 10 games and one. i burn. yeah. i go to school. but 1st of all, i'm going to be like, live in germany. you'd be confronted. oh, i the germany. when people hear the word, what do they think? known for cars? later hose in the worst and beer. when it comes to sports is $36.00, the lympics comes to mind, invented film, blonde and germans. then we think of german boxes, tennis players in race, car drivers, all of whom have made their mark football wise. we think of guys like these winning the world cup 4 times when we're talking about germans. the automotive things that germans means to be white, for instance, rights will be given from, from my talking that when the talking about germans, we think of course l, y, and business of obviously is not the case, but it is the business to have the image of them and it's still walking th

it was wonderful because we went to all black schools and all black churches and everything was blacki knew. integration as a kid, as a kid it shattered my world. >> you all have never witnessed integration. you witnessed desegregation where they allow you to come into now what they used to keep you out of. >> so greenwood, even when you were coming up, long after the massacre, had black businesses. when did it start to change? >> when negro removal came in and right before that when they built an expressway right through the heart of greenwood business district. ♪♪ believe in their dreams. the more wild and absurd, the better. ♪♪ because bringing out the best of them, takes the very best of us. ♪♪ ♪ limu emu & doug ♪ takes the very best of us. oh! are you using liberty mutual's coverage customizer tool? sorry? well, since you asked. it finds discounts and policy recommendations, so you only pay for what you need. limu, you're an animal! who's got the bird legs now? only pay for what you need. ♪ liberty. liberty. liberty. liberty. ♪ ♪ sometimes you wanna go ♪ ♪ where everybody knows y

you are the black hills of south dakota are very sacred area as a whole in the black hills. i believe that at one time or another there is a piece of the rest of the world here somewhere. we're in the epicenter of sometimes testy relations between native and non-native inhabitants. stretching about 110 miles long and 70 miles wide the black hills of south dakota rise up from the planes just to the west of rapid city. black hills are very important to the native american community members that is referred to asapa the heart. the black hills. it's just because of the rich greenness. it's from the pine trees and and the elevations that we have that surround all of that. so thinking of where rapid city is at we're positioned out the gateway to the black hills is kind of how we've always build ourselves even all the way back to the earliest founders of rapid city. you i'm donovan sprague. my lakota name is chunkaju wakantia translates to high backbone from the hump and crazy horse families of the mini cozyu lakota. firm tribal affiliation from cheyenne river sue reservation, whic

spaces defined as a higher black population as well as black white a higher black white slm the similarity significantly correlated with higher rates. sorry higher homicides of black person by police. so i know that it was sort of a broader approach where a lot of historical forces have converged to create such. state of sort of reality, but our sort of direct implications was that in order to engage in reform of law enforcement. it requires understanding. sort of the historical understanding acknowledgment of the historical legacy and practices of the police profession as instruments of state sanctioned violence and social control and how this still affects the perceptions of participation of black communities and sort of collaborative and cooperation problem solving and co-production and so forth. sorry, i'm using a lot of broad language here, but no in order to look at different aspects of judicial procedures changes to police practices and all that. we sort of. wanted to sort of have sort of historical approach right historical understanding is what created this conditions to lead to s

lynch that young man that night but 75 black men, including black veterans. arrived to standard words are exchanged then a scuffle. then a shots fired. hell was unleashed. literal hell was unleashed. through the night and in the morning the mob terrorized greenwood torches and guns shooting at will a mob tied a black man by the waist to the back of their truck. with his head banging along the pavement as they drove off. a murdered black family draped over the fence of their home outside and only a couple now by their bed praying to god. with their heart and their soul when they're a shot in the back of their heads. private planes private planes dropping explosives the first and only domestic arrow assault of its kind. on an american city here in tulsa eight of greenwoods nearly two dozen churches burned like mount zion across the street at vernon ame mother randall said it was like a war. mother fletcher says all these years later. she still sees black bodies around. the greenwood newspaper publisher aj smitherton smith herman panda poem of what he heard and

but 75 black men, including veterans, arrived to stand guard. words were exchanged, then a scuffle, then a shot is fired. hell was unleashed, literal hell was unleashed. through the night, and into the morning, the mob terrorized greenwood. torches and guns, shooting at will. a mob tied a black man by the waist to the back of their truck with his head banging along the pavement as they drove off. a murdered black family draped over the fence of their home outside. an elderly couple knelt by their bed, praying to god with their heart and their soul. they were shot in the back of their heads. private planes, private planes dropping explosives. the first and only domestic aerial assault of its kind on an american city, here in tulsa. eight of greenwood's two dozen churches burned like mt. zion, across the street it burned at ame. mother randle said it was like a war. mother fletcher says all these years later she still sees black bodies around. the greenwood newspaper publisher, a.j. smitherman, penned a poem of what he heard and felt that night. h

but the one you know for him you can take is the one you were born in the black man, the black man is always the 2nd choice. as you perform better than the others. yes, it's a form that has to has to do more than the other players in the way. how can i pay for jimmy? the when i got off the bus, they yelled $10.00 games. who and one. i burn. yeah. i go to school. but 1st of all, i'm going to be in black, can live in germany. you'd be confronted replacer. mm . the germany, when people hear the word, what do they think? known per cars? later hose in the worst and beer. when it comes to sports, 1936, the lympics comes to mind, invented spill blonde in blue i, germany, and then we think of german boxes, tennis players in race, car drivers, all of whom have made their mark football wise. we think of guys like these winning the world cup 4 times when we're talking about germans. the automatically think that germans means to be like, for instance, right, given from, from my talking that when they talking about germans, we think of course l, y, and business of obviously is not the case. but it

of intent black rebellion. and 72 when they start and then again in 1980 kind of reemerges black rebellion on a large scale in the 92 and la. so there's an obvious dip even as the conditions and the poor working class and the african-americans remains somewhat consistent partied how do you explain what happens in one's changes quite. bill: that's an important distinction to make because the rebellions of the 60s are not the same thing as what we witnessed last summer although like the continued missed opportunities in the continued social economic inequalities that are through the them havesa remained the same and of course the police intervening as more tangible expression of these various forces of systemic racism. but in the 60s and the 70s, especially 68 - 72. then a call the per unit in response for the war on crime. you see rebellion in response to the placing of ordinary everyday activities. the things that i talked about predict community gatherings and family barbecues. young of mother getting evicted

there are the mobs of homeowners that tried to him black people into black neighborhoods but there is a kind of wanton violence among white people directed at black people that is unbelievable. that is just outside the law. so you capture this when you talk about robert rhodes in north carolina. there is no law for black people and the language that black people seem to understand is the language of violence. so you have both issues happening. one is that policing is a source of oppression and 2, that white people only appear to be responsive to violence and in both of these ways, black resistance is legitimized for you, is that right? >> i think with robert f williams, he's basically saying given the fact that we are living under not only oppressive white supremacist policies but an oppressive state law enforcement wisdom, the only way that we can ensure the safety of our communities is to arm ourselves and to fight back. absent any recourse from government, and this comes up again in the 1980s in miami. self-defense becomes a way to maintain one's dignity and people in this communit

any black community straight in lives, black pool and in the side of the police. as a young boy chain and lost his mother and his father. he grew up on the streets in a seems to me. like so many others got into trouble, went to juvenile detention, and ultimately to j. prostrate in may call us statistics. we know those numbers. we have 3 percent of the population and the food values behind bars keen and is noticed statistic. he's real. busy and his friends and his family are real and his pain is real. my come back to my community and all i see is pain. all i sees flaunting memories where i used to play with my friends and my brothers, that i've lost, where i used to sleep. but now my brothers are in prison, serving shifting youth. we never wanted to grow up to be drug addicts and criminals. we just wanted to be loved. we wanted mom and dad to be home. we want to have food on the table and we want to be safe. and we spend the rest of our lives trying to pick the pieces up and understand why we never had such a beginning like everybody else. and where do we fit in an

will it happen again in 2022 with all the crime of blacks by blacks? will black still vote democrat in their cities i think that depends on if the republican nominee and that's what it comes down to. so the real story is is how well things were going. in terms of property and income and wage growth. and in the pre- covid economy under donald trump. it is clear that many of the policies and that the next republican nomination remind black people of that in person in their communities it's important to showw up. >> in mainstream black life. >> it is an oddity. and those hold up quite conservative views. but the republican label very much so. host: and has been effective. and then nearly all of them are democrats. but a tell the little ones i have a great line a thank you would love i say to them why don't you preach what you practice? [laughter] >> but it has argued for years that one wayay for the republican party and the inroads they would haven't took advantage of it what has taken place with schooling under covid. and how blatantly they show themselv

therefore, the lack of investment in black businesses and black entrepreneurs actually results in the transfer of wealth from the black community to other communities. this -- the approach taken by banks and corporations support black banks and mdis can only have limited impact. black mdis tote al aggregate access as approximately $10 billion compared to total u.s. banking assets of $20 trillion. given the limited size and smaller geographic focus they are simply incapable of addressing the racial equity gaps. fintechs, however, are creating a transformation of banking and financial services and similar to the other industries tech-driven companies are designed to scale and efficiently build new models to support the market. traditional companies and banks generally do not have those skills to make those kind of changes to attach to the driven economy and, therefore, also many small community banks are adding fintechs on top but none of them are black-owned banks and, therefore, they are not part of it. for the bank offing industry the keys to closing the racial wealth gap and support