and then black as a culture. and the culture that we built in this country specifically through media, for black newspapers, through the shared story i'm not just struggle, but thriving and living and existing, and all of the things that keep us tethered together in that linked faith. and so i think, in previous generations, you saw black people coming to this country or people coming to this country and find themselves in a black identity. and then engaging with black culture through, you know, segregated neighborhoods. through these different situations in which black people across class and ethnicity are working, living, and eating together, and that is creating a shared identity. but increasingly, you see that people are becoming more economically segregated, more segregated along a number of lines, and so that feeling of black as something other than this traumatic bonding experience, i speculate is happening less and less. and it's not a guarantee that people are going to come in and feel this black solidar

and what does that then do to black and black ideas about blackness itself? thank you for that. i mean, i really appreciated the fact that you brought those two sides of the same family. for the first time. and i think that is one of the things that's one of your biggest contributions there are a lot. there are multiple concerns, actions that you make to several of history. but that is one of the ones that i appreciate most. can can you tell us a little bit about your sources? because, i mean, i was taken away by the depth and the details of your research, and i was like, where did she get this information from? mean you had conversations and both sides of letters and so what were your main historical archival sources this so this book. well i as i was telling you before the biggest source was marlon spingarn at howard university or warren spingarn is a treasure in terms of the arc material they have on african people letters family stories is a lot of what i was able to glean about the family the details the grim brothers enslavement from archibald graham, his deathbed conversa

we have black. we we've seen a erosion of black institution, whether that be in media space, whether that be each with each of his views, whether that be black economic centers and economic centers. right. there are any number of reasons these things, like i said, in some cases of these economies, environments set up explicitly because the denial of access, almost all of them are set up that way. and so now that there was access to other spaces, better resource spaces understandably see a splintering of the population and yet because of that you start to lose some of your sense of shared collective black identity, both cultural and right. what we also now see in a more globalized world, a post-internet world right, is a world where there where people now the ability and access to information in some ways even specifically to be connected to the places where they are from to, trace their ancestry in ways that they had not before to connect with the diaspora writ large. right. and so in some ways what

what does that do to black consciousness and black ideas about blackness itself? >> thank you and i really appreciated the fact that you brought those to the two sides of the same family together. i think that is one of your biggest contributions. there are multiple contributions but that is one of the ones i appreciate the most. can you tell us a little bit about your sources? i was just taken away by the depth in the details of your research. where did she get this information from. it's both sides of letters and so what were your main was a treasure in terms of the archival material that they have on african american people. family stories, a lot of what i was able to glean from. it's what he wrote herself. dating in every day and that when i started doing research and then covid hit. . we ended up getting a ski, and hundreds and hundreds of. howard having just these boxes of the young angelina and all of your friends circle. the letters between the brothers and aunts. the letters between all of the grim key family contacts. it's how the truck publicly about th

black hole. this is where we don't have sort of the physics knowledge to really understand what's going on. is that correct? that's right, that's right. so our understanding our laws, right? nature has all these laws, the symmetries and i, everything kind of breaks down when we approach the singularity. interesting, fascinating j hand. when, when we talk about sort of galaxies and, and how they've evolved. i know a lot of your research focuses on this. we have people in our live you to chat right now, actually asking some pretty pointed questions i want to share with you. one of them says that the black holes lead to higher dimensions, and maybe the most interesting one to me from solid cancer says can you have 2 or 3 black holes that have joined together or merged? that's a great question. um, so my research focus is on galaxies themselves and how they form and evolve over time. but i'm especially interested in what happens when to galaxy merged together . and we think that all galaxies have the

and the politics of black america in the decades between the voting right act in the election of a black president leading us into the era we are in now. >> so one thing to anchor this i grew up in illinois. i am from chicago my family is multigenerational from chicago. and then to see the rise of senator obama and then president obama. you could feel the electricity on the south side of chicago. i remember those moments in that pride. and what i find fascinating is that in 1983 it was a very polarized time chicago is one of the s most segregated cities. but iff you want to know and then went to mayor washington to get elected with that community organizing it is the era of assassination in the city and he built a coalition of different groups coming together to have those identity interests thatic have come together to shape the economic agenda. so the hangover from those groups work around the local black media infrastructure, all of that was core to get the mayor of washingtonam elected and a lot of also think right now it is an issue people know him as the first black mayor but they

a black man in america. this almost trauma on there goes in cities on police interactions, even myself as a black person live in america. and i'm sure many black people have the same experience that when we are driving our cars and we see on police with their flashlights behind us, even if the cops aren't, you know, but to pull us over a horse or racing, right. even if we have our id, even though we have our registered vision in our assurance, we're still scared. even if we know we're doing a speed them in or the end, you know, go through any stop wires that we had that moment of pause because we don't know that the police officer is going to pull us over. we don't know what's going to happen if the police officer does pull us over. are they going to think that we are dangerous, suspicious, already gone to say that we were wishing for a gun. so a very early age, even before we even learn how to drive our parents or petitioners wouldn't do when we get pulled over by a police officers. and these things are the

black women in prison. black women in low income neighborhoods. geraldo rivera did a two hour special on sexual assault of women in prisons. every one of the perpetrators was black. every one of the victims was black, but it did not generate any response or discussion or outrage at all because it did not fit the racial narrative. unfortunately, as long as blacks are destroying other blacks, then it is all most sanctioned. and yet harvey weinstein, the women who were on the casting couch, they are the ones who are filing suits and everyone is reporting on but not black women in prison. in fact, the most ridiculous example of how we have ascended, there was a video two summers ago a white woman with black lives matter t-shirt on beating a black woman who was pushing a toddler in a stroller because she was in a -- at a trump rally. she had to be restrained. yet again, there was no outrage about that because it did not fit the racial narrative. host: our guest is the author and editor of a number of books. robert woodson's latest, "red, white, black."

so why do we need a black man made? of course we need a black ma made and a black else in flood. if fantastical features can be blue and yellow and our ball . why draw the line at bluff? but it's not just about the color now, is it? recently there was an uproar over the fact that american film company words disney studio, cast a young, brilliant, and black actress to play the role of the little mermaid. now the criticism wasn't raised on the performance of the actress. highly bailey. one group asked why disney had to remake the film with a black actress instead of sticking to a white wine as had been done in previous remakes. the 1st group of people is annoyed that the fantastical form now includes black characters. and not only that, then all style of g for the fill, which has been produced for over 20 times now, is solely missed out. and what's worse is that fantasy and re life and not any more different, for the 2nd group of people, halliburton being the star of an age. all fantasy is not a big when they say that disney is playing a fav by retailing the same old stories. but s

there were a black hoodies. they had scorpion seals on their unmarked cars, and they pulled over drivers for a minor traffic violation. and then escalated those stops. some demonstration of probable cause, right to then figure there are other crimes occurring and that's, that's, that was their whole purpose. and we see the way that laid out. and mister nichols who is engaged in no unlawful offence. all right. and is any, let me come, come to you and i will come back to you in a 2nd, debbie to, to find out more about this issue of diversity and whether or not it helps. but zoe, as alexis talked about there, this seems to be like a systemic issue that can be sold with a quick fix. what do you see as the solutions ah, whether short or long term to end police brutality in america? yeah, i think that the only way that police balance will no longer is this in america is if police doesn't exist anymore in america, that we have to continue to push this idea of the funding, the police in the abolition of the police, and

history, not america's black history, what happened with riots in black communities where black people had a certain amount of economic power that allowed black people to use quid pro quo to manipulate and move legislation and politics in the direction we needed for our communities. riots made it seem like there were good people on both sides, or that both people exercised the same violence when it was white people specifically attacking black people. could you talk to the audience about that? guest: let me also address something else you mentioned, which was that black people were brought to this country to be a permanent underclass. in point of fact, that is debatable. in 1619 when the first slave ship docked in virginia, it was not clear what the role of blacks were going to be in this country. we spent the next 100 years sorting that out. a significant number of blacks in the beginning were not slaves. they were indentured servants the same way many of the white people brought from england were indentured servants. they had the right to be able to earn their way out of servitude an

people for black people.a lot of the members of the party were not african—american, or african. they came from everywhere. and our collaborations were with all the organisations that wanted to make a change, so that there be no barriers between human beings. you talked about the police harassment, you talked about the violence, and we'll talk about that some more, but i just wonder whether even the social activism, the free breakfast clubs, the free medical clinics — were they part of the harassment? was there an effort by the authorities, the police, to close you down? absolutely. as a matter of fact, police often came in to church basements where many of the... church and school basements, or gyms, where the breakfast programmes for children were held, all over the united states, and by the way, replicated all over the world. however, in the united states, the police came in with guns drawn to shut it down. and i remember reading a memorandum fromj edgar hoover to his field officers, saying that he wasn't

we have black. we we've seen a erosion of black institution, whether that be in media space, whether that be each with each of his views, whether that be black economic centers and economic centers. right. there are any number of reasons these things, like i said, in some cases of these economies, environments set up explicitly because the denial of access, almost all of them are set up that way. and so now that there was access to other spaces, better resource spaces understandably see a splintering of the population and yet because of that you start to lose some of your sense of shared collective black identity, both cultural and right. what we also now see in a more globalized world, a post-internet world right, is a world where there where people now the ability and access to information in some ways even specifically to be connected to the places where they are from to, trace their ancestry in ways that they had not before to connect with the diaspora writ large. right. and so in some ways what

films with black stars by black director, now in new york, new black film is being premiered just aboutng impressive reviews is boys in the hood directed by 23-year-old john singleton. >> i wanted to make a film that would voice what i had seen growing up as a young black man in los angeles. los angeles police department, i mean, you know, they were kind of occupying force, and really became a war zone. >> i didn't do nothing. >> think you're tough. >> four los angeles police officers who appeared in the video tape of the rodney king beatings went on trial today. >> defense attorneys claiming they couldn't get a fair trial in los angeles got the case moved to more conservative neighboring venture are a county >> felt like these officers were sent to a friendly venue and certainly than a downtown la jury would have been. >> the defense kicked apart the videotape and every image was turned around to see see where king is threatening the police officers and it's not about race, it is about king resisting. >> you didn't see him to have any weapon. did you. >> yes, i did see him to have a we

one data point is many of the gun victims are black and black males. a disproportionately large amount. like over half. the most gun deaths are white folks, and that is the result of the disproportionately large percentage of folks who who are victims of suicide. they have a handgun, they think they will be safer as a result of images they may have seen on the news. they unfortunately are victims of suicide. it is a unique, complex issue where people think they are making themselves more safe, and actually making themselves more dangerous. they are submitting themselves to danger from bringing the gun into the home. it is a complex issue and both sides are very well organized. this debate will go on for a while. we will hear bill: we will hear from cheryl next to republican color. >> i am a 58-year-old black woman. i love my country. my husband and i are successful because we do not subscribe to this victim mentality that black ministers and democratic party has. my son went to i and iv league school. they are all from nigeria because they do not take

they were just being black. the non- violence was a way to short-circuit that traditional fallback narrative what did he dodo i must've been something to get shot. withwi that movement also black folks armed who were protecting these nonviolent protesters that was raining down on them than it needs to be you had the militants, i'd talk about the black panther party withh the black panther party of self-defense they wrote as a response to the massive police brutality that was raining down on black folks. there is no accountability within the system to bring these police officers to justice. to make that violent stop. they were killings, there were beatings, there were false arrests. their acts of humiliation and degradation. and not a mumbling word out of the political legal establishment. the black panther party arose because of that. and one of the things they did was they knew the law. they knew california's law. california's law at the time allowed open carry. california's law the time also allowed for civili

most black and brown children's dreams have been deferred. and we have consistently had our homes undervalued and we are told that we are not worthy. we have been told that where we live, where we raise our children, where we celebrate birthdays and host holidays is worth less for no other reason than our race. having your home undervalued is bigger than just the number on a page. it can be the difference between getting a home, a loan, or not. between having enough money for your retirement or not. it can determine whether your children or your chirp's children have -- children's children have access to broader and better opportunities. the economic consequences are real. and they are clear. but the impact this level of systemic and pervasive bice can have -- bais can have on hardworking people's well-being cannot be overstated. this has been yet another signal to black and brown communities that our systems do not see us as equals. think about what that does to a person. think about how it feels for you to have to removing everything in you

it was not just blacks. we had a series of exclusion acts, the most important began in 1882, which barred the chinese from entering this country. we had the indian removal process. the indian removal act of 1832 basically moved thousands of native americans to the western territories, effectively stealing their land. we had the immigration acts which i refer to earlier in, 1921 and 1924, which tried to make the united states into a white nation. that was the origin of the ethnic origins of a lot of legislation where we tried to replicate in this country the ethnic mix that , while we tried to freeze in place the ethnic mix that existed at the time, the time in this case being the 1920's. you have several instances where we as a country made the decision that america was supposed to be a white country and we did not really stand change that until the immigration act where we got rid of the immigration origin -- natural origin stipulations. we did not decide that in terms of african americans until the 1960's

that's the anti-blackness which i define as the captain of black people is dangerous. the casting of black people as a threat to the white community, the casting of african americans as a constant. that courses through our history. so as you know i track this from the 17th century all the way up to the 21st century so the response of black gun ownership, the response to black militia is not as surprising in the 21st century. it's one of the things that we said when with the insurrection at the capital, on january 6. that if that had been a group of lack folks storming the capital, it would have been a massacre. so part of what i'm doing with this book is to make legible the things that we know would happen. because of the culture of ethos that is here that black is dangerous. it is what led to kyle rittenhouse who was the white teenager who went up to kenosha wisconsin and was welcomed by the police as he was carrying an ar 15. and shoots three men, killing two of them, seriously wounding one. walks back with his hands up and they don't see him as a threat and he goes

black women in prison. black women in low income neighborhoods.eraldo rivera did a two hour special on sexual assault of women in prisons. every one of the perpetrators was black. every one of the victims was black, but it did not generate any response or discussion or outrage at all because it did not fit the racial narrative. unfortunately, as long as blacks are destroying other blacks, then it is all most sanctioned. and yet harvey weinstein, the women who were on the casting couch, they are the ones who are filing suits and everyone is reporting on but not black women in prison. in fact, the most ridiculous example of how we have ascended, there was a video two summers ago a white woman with black lives matter t-shirt on beating a black woman who was pushing a toddler in a stroller because she was in a -- at a trump rally. she had to be restrained. yet again, there was no outrage about that because it did not fit the racial narrative. host: our guest is the author and editor of a number of books. robert woodson's latest, "red, white, black." a

so black folks in the black rural south are facing unique challenges that we have to kind of grappleh. yes, there is some commonalities and what is really important is that we understand some of our common challenges, but i think it is also important that we don't ignore the unique challenges that are faced by whether it is black community's in black rural south or tribal populations in their history and the contemporary life that many folks who are on reservations are living. and so, yes, we have some similarity. we also want to recognize the differences and, you know, ensure everyone has an opportunity. host: our lines are open for your comments and questions. spencer, we had you on the program about a year ago and focused very much on capitol hill was pushing voting rights legislation. a year hence and now the 20 election has passed, -- 2022 election has passed, what is your view on capitol hill to pass voting rights legislation and the changes that were made to some voting laws in across the country? where are we? guest: bill, we are in a mixed place. certainly it was a mixed bag

goes to black panther. right. but by the time costume designer, ricardo won her oscar. she'd spent a lifetime celebrating african, her guided with life whole entire life had been a journey recreating hit black history and, and presenting the culture of black americans as the african diaspora. and black panther specifically was a combination of everything that i had done my entire career. carter work with director spike li, taking inspiration from black styles past and present to design costumes for films like malcolm x and do the right thing. i came from a family that was always very much into, you know, black nationalism and really kind of knowing a bit about your, your heritage. and it was a very big, broad, general knowledge. so what black panther allow me to do was really take a deeper dive into the him, but tried where the tora, what was north africa, what was south africa, you know, and we actually were inspired by them to create these tissues groups and were conduct black panther was infused with rea

there has been throughout black business history, if you were the first black to do something, you gain visibility, notoriety, and access to other people, particularly white business people who knew you by your reputation, so when there was a team coming up for sale in charlotte, i said, you know, why not be first? i have the capital from the sale of bet to viacom, so i said, why not? i decided to make a bid and got a call from some of the business people in charlotte who said we would like you to be the majority owner of the team and we will be minority owners and work with you, so it seemed to be the right place in the right time to do something that i thought would be part of being a strategic approach to being first. david: you sold it to michael jordan? bob: yes. david: after that, you begin to build a small business in part with investments in private equity, financial services, fashion, lodging, hotels, real estate, and my own firm did something with you in private equity and so is that what you are trying to do now, build a mini empire and what are the most important points? bob

coffee makes you black is a black-owned coffee shop that serves coffee to black people and people who being near black people. >> milwaukee in the '60s was the 11th largest city in the united states. >> really? >> yeah. isn't that strange? >> this is sarita mcfadden, a milwaukee native, writer, and new york city english professor. and she knows all about the racial history of this city. >> people believe that black people moved out of the south to escape racism. and then they moved to these northern cities where there was no racism. >> there was so much racism. >> yeah, exactly. >> it's hilarisad, if i can -- >> hilarisad? >> i'm like, i don't know if that can be a word, but it means to me. >> i don't think i've ever heard that, but i knew exactly what you meant. or sadlarious. >> sadlarious. >> yeah. >> the north, or definitely the middle west north, buys into this narrative that they are somehow far more superior in terms of character and tolerance. you know, we call it, what, midwest nice? >> yeah, see, i was going to say that. yeah. >> but there's this veneer of, like, i'm not in

you understand there is a i lot made of black-on-black violence, lot made of black—on—black violence,ally significant. at the man had been a white man killed by black police officers, how do you think this would have been reported now? t think this would have been reported now? ~ , ., , think this would have been reported now? ~ , ., ., . now? i think black-on-black violence is a misnomer— now? i think black-on-black violence is a misnomer each _ now? i think black-on-black violence is a misnomer each racial _ now? i think black-on-black violence is a misnomer each racial group - is a misnomer each racial group commits violence against each group members, why people kill white people, black people kill black people, black people kill black people, hispanic people kill hispanic people. but my experience has been that black officers would not dare to think they would treat a white suspect in the manner that black people have been treated, which is why we talk about the culture of policing, because what happens is that black police officers, some of them have to do was what's called blac

city council members and may be black mayor -- may be a black mayor.o while they were offering programming to everybody else, mtv, cnn, espn, black city councilmembers saying, 'what are you offering for my community?' that is where bet became a must-carry product for cable, and the diversity product, but bet was really an extension of what john johnson did with ebony magazine, except his was print. david: how many years did you bet before you sold to viacom? bob: 20 years. david: $3 billion, ultimately. what it be worth more today or less today because the cable world has changed so much? bob: it would be less today, because once streaming came along and the technology allowed people to have streaming wherever they could carry content, on your phone, on your laptop, in your home, wherever you go, it change the paradigm of cable, and it allowed people to sort of pick and choose a la carte what they wanted to watch. only want to watch netflix, just get netflix. cable, you are paying for a bundle even though you didn't watch all the channels. if you are n

and no matter whether that black person is black. it's not racist, other things are. so, i hope this book will be a part of that. >> by the, way you quote jody bottom and you take the phrase the elect from jody bottom. but he was talking about religious people and you are talking about people whose politics have become a religion. i have to tell, you totally radicalized me. i spent 24 years as a conservative columnist for the san francisco chronicle, and i was really tender about how i dealt with people. but you are saying, one of the things i really got out of your book, is you're telling people, don't apologize for your viewpoints. dickey ditch the anguish, don't back down. when people start challenging you in a certain, i don't try to be nice to them, get back to them. i was on twitter yesterday, asking about what we are going to talk about. and i just jumped down someone's throat. you've made me sort of feel that people, when people start trying to challenge you and make you feel like maybe they're going to say you are racist, that you've just got to slam them bac

you know so much since black. now, there are a final oscar winner approved hollywood wrong about the oldest tradition at the academy awards. ah, there have been best picture winners. set in morocco. sat in rome and even sat in china. but for 91 years, every single one was an english filmmakers who changed the language of cinema. like federico ferlini, a cuba could a sour being mar bergman or yes, the google or shoot? never one oscars talk process. their native language was too big. i heard it took a korean film to make the oscars truly go. globe bong june hose parasite and the oscar goes to paris. ha ha. for a korean language film to when best picture it was a shock to me and i think it's a brilliant shop ah, in parasite bong june home took a very korean story about 2 families. one for one rich. and they're mutually parasitic relationship and told it with the stylistic a palm of a quentin tarantino or an alfred hitchcock. he beat hollywood at its own game. ah, i mean this film made more than 53000000 at the u. s.

, he was not black like you. tell us about that quote, how the culture of an institution like the police can overturn parts of an individual's identity. >> let's be honest about it. we are always embedded in his did to shunts did leave their mark on our behavior. partly because these structures that those institutions set up. if you look at this particular squad, it's obvious that those who were recruited in the squad, were those that were incentifies to -- who wanted to go out and be aggressive. when the system is setting out the reward structure so that that behavior is the thing that gets selected, and people acclimate that environment. it doesn't matter who they are. it's obviously not just policeman. if you go back to history, any system that is set up to reward people for the particular kind of mentality, even against people who look like them, is going to produce the apparently innocuous, but perfectly understandable dynamics. >> well put. a quick last question to you. since the release of the video, there

sturdy black bridges, visions of black women and. so we're very excited. have this conversation today. we will invite all to ask questions towards end. so you'll just queue up to one of these two microphones and we'll have time for just a few questions. so please sit back, enjoy and thank you both so much for your work and for your wisdom. thank you. let me say how, please, i am charlayne to be in conversation with you and to in your presence. before i get started, i want to acknowledge the presence. our new president at spelman college, dr. helene gayle. okay. so before we start, i want to remem our friend and comrade valerie boyd, a journalists to whom you dedicate my people. and this is what said in the dedication to the next generation of journalists who i hope will join me in fighting the good fight. and to the late valerie boyd, the charlayne hunter-gault distinguished writer in residence, then at the grady college journalism and mass communication at the university of georgia and. a multitalented author and journalist and friend who helped me choose

i think the black-on-black violence is a - black—on—black violence is a misnomer.oup members — white people kill white people, black people kill black people, hispanic people kill hispanic people. but my experience has been that black officers would not dare to think they would treat a white suspect in the manner that black people have been treated, which is why we talk about the culture of policing, because what happens is that black police officers, some of them have to deal was what is called double marginality. i have to balance my racial group against my employment group, as well as expectations of the black community, being a black man on the police force, versus my white counterparts and how they see black people as a culture. i think ithinka i think a lot of black people within the workplace could identify with what you have just described. what happens and how do you fix it? in the united states, one of the happens and how do you fix it? ii the united states, one of the baby steps is passing the george floyd policing act, the policing reform. we talk about

and as the 1st black oscar winner, she paved the way for a new generation of black performers in hollywood. 2 years after hattie mcdaniels historic, when another pioneer made a masterpiece, that would change the language of american civil. ah, oh. when orson welles made citizen kane, he was just 25 and had already revolutionized to art forms. wells had wowed broadway with an all black adaptation of shakespeare's macbeth. and his radio version of each g wells war, the world's was so realistic. it caused real world panic in the streets. for his hollywood debut, wells picked an epic tale of the rise and fall of newspaper magnate, charles foster kane. this one movie was enough to earn wells a place in cinema history and a place of honor at the academy awards museum in los angeles. well singular, artistic vision, citizen kane changed the sound look and feel of sin. when wealth arrived in hollywood, he demanded complete creative control. he would be in charge of everything even cast himself in the starring role. playing came from 20 year old upstart to 80 something paranoid recluse. he's the wri

ah, they caught, uh, black black african americans. ah, for some crime.ell, or at least went in some kind of crime. and outside the court some reprisals were said against them, mostly they were hanged, but it could be accepted absolutely wildest forms. well, for example, in america at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, after the first class had come to naught, which i will talk about, a little later , various postcards or photo postcards were popular, on which, for example, a hanged man is hanging, there is a group of white people. and such postcards could be sent, uh, by relatives. this could be accompanied by some other signature, for example there mom i'm there the third track yes nothing they were subjected to about 4.000 people, most of whom were blacks. and only in 1981. and what is considered to be the last official victim. in general, here are such, uh, such a lynching that uh organized such a relationship, uh, a black youth, ah, but only in 2020 only 2020, if not even in 2020 the second year, literally this year, and in amer

because not only am i seeing black people being killed by police officers, i'm also seeing black people not getting justice for brutal murders. so those images and those videos don't do anything to motivate me. i don't need any more motivation to know that people deserve justice and black people deserve to live and i shouldn't have deals stir me to action is only one of the complexities of this case is the fact that it was 5 black officers who are seen beating tyrene nichols and who've been charged with mad at how much does that add to the anguish? it doesn't add to the anguish for myself. what it does is add to the argument that the police is a racist institution and that it doesn't matter if you hire more diverse police officers of black fist, hers no less than a white face right there. a black foot doesn't hurt any more or less than a white foot that police officers are a volunteer institution and they go move on with their black or white. and these are things that we have to address and america, debbie in baltimore. let me come to you. what was it that talk to you most about this vi

you said the most effective way to help black people, poor black people in america is to do three things, and the war on -- in the war on drugs, teach phonics and offer more vocational training. you don't mention the family. so -- >> no. >> i was surprised and obviously -- explained to me. >> i'm sorry if -- >> no, go ahead. >> i know many people who -- [laughing] i know many people who have written very compelling pieces about family values and the value of the being to parents in the home. i certainly know -- two parents -- well for in the late 60s it to black unities. it's a little told story. and now and then said i wish someone would make a movie about that because we get into the consciousness of what that did. my feeling is to write about the family, to write this is what people should do, , more people should get married, more men should stay relationships that the maybe don't want to be in, i don't see how effective that would be. that's all. it's not that i don't agree. there's the wonderful statistic that if you graduate from high school and you get a job and you don't have a

to black potential homeowners, to black businesses and black consumers, it's certainly greater thanmainstream banks. combine these banks, they probably have less than three billion in assets. a relatively small, even on a combined basis. the growth opportunity is significant. what they need is equity capital. they can plus that up and landed at a greater rate. to the extent that you and this committee can find ways -- i would say, senator toomey, this issue of strengthening black businesses in the 70s, 80s, and the 90s and even into the early 2000s with the bush years, was an area of bipartisan consensus. there was a tremendous effort. this was one of the things that never brought the same amount of partisan friction. i would agree with that. i think we need to think about that. as far as cdfi's are concerned, one way to assist cdfi's would be to figure out a better way to fund the loan loss reserve component of their capital structure. that tends to be very difficult to raise the money, to sustain them. that is not money that you -- it is money that you raise and hold to offset non