and you just heard what bob zoellick had to say about changes and reform at the world bank. are reform efforts under way at the imf as well, and can you tell us about them. >> okay i'd be happy to do that. i think since the crisis in 2008, we've had a sort of renaissance of reforms at the if as a result of it, and those have been around increasing lending, changing the way we do surveillance and monitor countries. adapting our policies, we've developed new products and we've also transformed the governments and the institutions. i'll just say a little bit about each of those. on lending, the imf has committed over $300 billion since the crisis of to of fund countries going through the jock that resulted. and that includes a fourfold increase to low income countries in 2009 to enable them to cushion the adjustment that they had to make after the collapse of lehman's and the resulting financial crisis. and we did that financing to low income countries as the zero interest rates because we were able to mobilize subsidies from our membership so they were able to cushion that sho

bob zoellick. i think it is telling that during his tenure, and i think i'll address you as bob since we've known each other for a while. bob has not only led one of the institutions in the world but has done so in a manner that has been based for significant recognition not only of the role of civil society but civil society as a fundamental partner and critical player in the development space. as you all know bob zoellick tame from the private sector as the vice chairman international of goldman sachs group but also someone who has devoted years of public service whether as deputy secretary of state or a career in terms of time as the 13th u.s. trade representative. an individual who is perhaps the best of what a public servant is, someone with both dedication, knowledge, and a vision for change. we're going to have a brief conversation and thought we could explore a number of topics before we turn it to you, our audience, and there will be some mikes for that. perhaps the place to start is as yo

i think the world is changing, and obviously development, as bob zoellick pointed out, is going to require huge public/private partnerships and increasing involvement of private sector actors including corporations as well as nongovernmental organizations. and i think that the notion of coordination is i think increasingly a mirage. i think we're going to have to adapt to this network world in which we move away from simple hierarchy and get much more comfortable with some fluid networks even though there's going to be redundancy often. i think the big challenge from the perspective of global governance is how you actually match up the top-down aspirations that are often set by multilateral frameworks or institutions with the sort of bottom-up efforts of these groups. i think that is a challenge that increasingly is going to go -- cut across a huge number of challenges. >> did you want to comment on that? >> yeah, just a couple of thoughts. i mean, i think in some ways -- you know, i agree with the observations. there are a couple of developments that i see in the human rights arena in res

but i think even the the trend is very positive at making them more of what bob zoellick calmed if not networked institutions, at least networkable institutions. you know, the openness around data, the willingness to engage. these are not going to be cool, hip, 21st century institutions. i'm sorry. you know, they are what they are. they tend to look at new problems from the perspective of, you know, if what you've got is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. and, you know, there's still -- that's still the kind of process, and there is strength to that because there is strength of expertise and focus and seriousness rather than, you know, a butterfly quality. and i think one should not understood value that. but i think these are institutions that are now much more harnessable to what the world needs, much more open to influence, much more open to being focused around things that a broader community thinks are important and should be -- you know, should be worked on and sustained, indeed. and i think the mgds -- i was actually, i would say, rather skeptical about the mgds at the outs

bob zoellick until recently, the president of the world bank, was one, and he believes that -- in dealing with china and other countries, what we should ask of countries is to be responsible stakeholders in a rule-based international economy. that's pretty close to the theme of bruce's paper. here's the one exception, which i think will -- is both curious in terms of its motivation and effect, and will probably fade. and that is, a lot of -- sort of cheap bashing of other countries. john michael and i make the point in our paper that every country on the planet with two exceptions has to hope and pray it's never mentioned during american presidential campaign. because if it's mentioned, it's going to be bad. two exceptions are israel and great britain. and, of course, china has come up a lot. russia has come up a lot. governor romney has for some reason decided to declare that russia, i think, is the number one strategic threat to the united states. that sounds very yesteryear, i must say. we'll have other panelists in this room about russia, but i don't think anybody is going to buy on t

i took war powers in south africa, bob zoellick, bernie aronson took central america. if you think about how contentious those issues were in the reagan administration, particularly late reagan, and how they really became almost nonissues or moved in a positive direction as in the case of south africa, that didn't come about just by magic, you had to think that through. so i would look at the transition a little bit more closely for what hints it gave of what was to come later. >> so let's throw the floor open to questions from you. please wait for the microphone to catch up to you. fred? >> i came in a little late, phillip, so i didn't hear your remarks. but one question i think this panel could clarify is doing teaching in the anti-terrorism sort of era, growth of the taliban, the increasing strength of osama bin laden after that period of time when he was shepherding the arab brigades in afghanistan when the mujahideen was trying to drive out the russians. the account seems to be fairly steady from steve call and others that reviewed it that at the end of the soviet

i think the world is changing and obviously development as bob zoellick pointed out is going to require huge public/private partnerships and increasing involvement of private sector actors including corporations as well as non-governmental organizations but i think the notion of coordination is i think increasingly a mirage. i think we are going to have to adapt to this network world in which we get away from civil hierarchy and get much more comfortable with some really networks even though there is going to be redundancy often. i think the big challenge from the perspective of local governance is how do you actually match up the top-down asp rations that are often set by multilateral framework or institutions with the sort of bottom-up efforts of these groups? i think that is a challenge that increasingly is going to cut across a huge number of global government challenge. challenge. >> do you want to comment on that? >> just a couple of thoughts. i think in some ways i agree with the observation. there are a couple of developments in the human rights arena in response. one is an effo

if you were given a poor country tomorrow, and told bob zoellick, you have to make this country develop grow, what's the answer? >> well, growth is still the best anecdote for poverty, but one of the things we've learned over the years is growth alone isn't enough, so we try to talk about inclusive growth. so, that means you need all the components. you need the environment for private sector investment. you need the opportunity for creating jobs through companies, but at the same time, what inclusive growth means to me is that you also need an efficient social safety net so that when the vissisitudes of economies or world events strike, that people at the bottom aren't crushed or you don't lose a generation through proper -- improper nutrition or education, but i don't think there's one mechanism. i guess if there's one thing that i would stress is it won't work unless countries own it, so this, again, relates to the role of the world bank as opposed to an old elite model where people from excellent universities would come and say here's the three things that you have to do. i think th

bob zoellick who is the president of the world bank group.i think it is telling that during his tenure, and i'll address you as bob since we've known each other for a while, that bob has not only led one of the major multilateral institutions of the world, but has done so in a manner that has been based on a significant recognition not only of the role of civil society, but of civil society as a fundamental partner and critical player in the development space. as you all know, bob zoellick came from the private sector as the vice chairman of international goldman sachs group, but also someone who has devoted years of public service, whether it's been as the deputy secretary of state or a career in terms of time as the 13th u.s. trade representative. an individual who is, perhaps, the best of what a public servant is, someone with both dedication, knowledge and a vision for change. we're going to have a brief conversation and thought that we could explore a number of topics before we turn it out to you, our audience, and there'll be some mics

zoellick, the president of the world bank group. it is telling that during his tenure, i will address you as bob, that bob has not only led one of the major institutions of the world, but has done so in a manner that has been based on a significant recognition not only of the role in society but as a fundamental partner and critical player in the developed space. as you know, bob came from the private sector as the vice chairman of international for goldman sachs but also someone who has devoted years of public service, whether it has been as a deputy secretary of state or a career in terms of time as the 13th u.s. trade representative. an individual who is perhaps the best of what they permit -- public servant is, with dedication, knowledge, and a vision for change. we are going to have a conversation to explore a number of topics before we go to our audience. there will be some microphones for that. perhaps the place to start, as you and a successful term antiworld bank, -- at the world bank, what have been the areas of accomplishment? we have had conversations about transparency, as you reflect back and look at where you think yo