this was found by thomas jefferson's last bookbinder. he put a ticket in the book cover so we know exactly who he is. we saw other book bindings done with the same tools. same number of stitches per gathering. same four sewing stations. unique, this binding is it is not unique because of its binding style. we are starting to build the case for being justified. which was the case before we found it. the reason the binding was damaging is because as any scrapbook or can tell you, when you clue multiple layers of paper, where those multiple layers are its thicker. jefferson's 43 folios were thicker in the center. what the bookbinder had to do was increase the thickness at the spine. he did that by adding little full to paper called stubbs. and they were between the folios, some inside, some outside, so the book became more now hectangular shape. is ready to bind it. time and age and oxygen and waste or have all contributed to the book becoming >> -- becoming less flexible. even a paper color is different because it was so tightly packed, it