only two names were in the encyclopedia, and that was booker t. washington and george washington carver, but she lectured about the contribution of frederick douglass, w.e.b. dubois, and how jackie robinson had broken the baseball barrier. and we remembered the opera singer who was not allowed to sing in the hall and had to sing in lincoln center. all the discrimination and the local in justices. like, everything was separate and unequal. the school was inadequate. we could not go to the hospitals. they built a house adjacent to the main hospital. the white people were not supposed to be in the same room with an n-person. you know the n-word? i said to myself at the end of the day that i love my country and i'm glad that that day, i took a stand. i saw through the supreme court that the flaws that america had tried to correct them by removing those horrible signs -- "white" and "colored." i said when i testified at the trial, i went through how we were treated, and the lady dramatize it, so i do not have to go through that, but it is the whole system of sepa

we did not agree in the end with the booker t. washington debate by you took the reins to work with community leaders and neighbors. i respected that and we did not agree in the end but i respected the way you work together and it has been a great experience with you so far and i wish you all the best of look and look forward to working together for years to come. supervisor chu: i find myself not quite knowing what to do in budget. with you gone, it will be a big change. you can to sail lot and i tend to say almost nothing. -- tend to say a lot and i tend to say almost nothing. i want to thank you for really being a great committee member and for being a great supervisor. i can see how you connect with your residents and that is something we can all learn from and that has been said many times. in particular, my experience working with you in this budget year has been wonderful. you have exhibited an ability to understand budget issues and get to how it is we can pass the budget. i want to thank you, the work you did to make sure we had the

i usually quote booker t. washington. he said to send down your bucket where you are. i was in st.why not? >> you've been handling it all along. >> reporter: in st. paul penumbra has produced 23 world premieres and hundreds of other shows that have made an impact all of the way to broadway and beyond. for instance, when bellamy was starting out he took a chance on an unknown playwright named august wilson. penumbra became the launchpad for wilson's legendary career leading to two pulitzer prizes for "fences" and "the piano lesson." >> you know what the world is now? the world is a slow, dreamy place. >> reporter: this day, bellamy is directioning a rehearsal for one of his latest production. >> always pull it back. make them, make the audience take that step. >> every piece that is produced, directed, acted at penumbra is acted as though there are only african-americans in the house. what you get is a kind of authenticity, a kind of truth. a nuance that people feel. if you're not of the culture, you have to lean forward into it. >> lou bellamy was an infant when his family moved to

he asked to booker t. washington to come and speak to the assembly. when booker t. washington and his wife arrived, justice hughes escorted him to his own table and sat in there. at that time, that was a controversial thing to do. justice hughes took advantage of that to speak about the importance of diversity and tolerance. he was very disappointed that a group of religious people themselves would be intolerant to having booker t. washington at their table. >> we have about 22 minutes left talking about charles evan hughes. we have brought back one of our first guest who is joining us on the plaza of the supreme court. david pietrusza, one aspect we have not spent much time on his his chair as secretary of state in his pivotal one post world war i years. would you tell us about what contributions he made in that role? >> he is regarded as not only one of the great chief justices, he is regarded as one of the great secretary of state. he is regarded as one of the top three. what he does is he inherits a great mess because of the failure of the league of nations, he w

booker t. washington was for it and the advancement of a black development and black middle class saw the obstacle of alcoholism as central or as a huge enough problem that they needed to join that bandwagon, but then the cue ku klux klan was for it too, anti-jew, anti-black, and anti-catholic. they feared a black man with a bottle in his hand. by the end of the century, two things made it a reality. the first was the 16th amendment. now, the anti-saloon league shrewdly alied -- allied themselves, many say cynically, with interest groups interested in the redistribution of wealth in the united states because there was at that time as we argue and debate at this time today, a huge disperty between the haves and have-notes. they squeezed the middle class, poor were rising, rich getting richer, and progressive movements wanted to redistribute the wealth in the united states. they thought the best way to do this was pass an amendment to the constitution that would initiate an income tax. strangely, the anti-s