brendan had one definition in the squiggles plural and the lower courts have been vowing welling it ever since. the default things is one that rick and abbey alluded to is there are significant difference. one test is would he won the election if only black people had voted, so even in your example of 48%, that would still be considered racial live polarized voting. he got 40% of the black vote but 60% went to his opponent. so the minority preferred candidate is his opponent and even the significant inroads by unless you've achieved either majority, another way to look at it is people say there's a coalition, hispanics are supporting democrats, that's the hispanic preferred candidate, but in a lot of elections, the democrat would only get 60% of the hispanic vote. blacks would say, give 95. so you have a 35% gap and i would argue if whites gave the democratic candidate 25%, then they're just as close to the hispanics as the blacks are, but that's not the way the courts look at it. which a long way of telling you have it's strictly a numbers game, which almost inevitably, even with you're