during the time spent without communication, the members of the cambridge five rose through the ranks. donald maclean worked in the british foreign office. blunt and kern cross were counterintelligence officers. the intelligence services believed the cambridge five, but fittin was sure that the truth would always find its way. in september 1939, world war ii began. one after another, european countries fell under the onslaught of the german war machine. poland, denmark, norway, belgium, france. at this time, fittin made several trips abroad. the main one was to germany, where there was no communication red chapel. this is what is important: after fitin’s visit, contacts with the red chapel were restored with breitenbach. a piano transmitter, a rodist-pianist, is not an invention of yulian semyonov. such jargon really existed in german counterintelligence. an entire orchestra, or chapel in german, was in contact with moscow. these were resistance groups scattered across hitler-occupied europe, from france and belgium to the capital of the third reich, berlin. breitenbach’s agent, willy

expecting an offensive and information leaked through intelligence and, first of all, through the cambridge fivewhen german radiograms were read, and this data turned out to be quite sufficient to build a german plan, that is, how it looked in general terms, again without specifics, they didn't know the direction of the attacks to a kilometer, and in addition they made a mistake in the balance of forces. the british said that the largest number of divisions were on the northern face of the kursk bulge, and the germans were the main... suggested not to wait until the germans had built up their forces near kursk and to go on the attack first. stalin had the final say. he decided to prepare for defense. the best guards divisions, numbering about 900,000 people. it was assumed that these forces would be able to suppress the resistance of the red army and capture kursk. hitler's main hope was the new german tanks. in addition to the tigers, they brought in here for the first time self-propelled gun ferdinand medium tank panther. these armored vehicles were. at the beginning of july , 134 tigers, 190

was expecting an offensive and information leaked through intelligence , primarily through the cambridge five, when german radiograms were read, and this data turned out to be quite sufficient to build a german plan, that is, how it... on three fronts: in the north, central rakosovsky's front, in the south - vatutin's voronezh front. konev's steppe front stood at the base of the kursk salient. the generals argued about what to do, defend or attack. vatutin proposed not to wait for the germans to accumulate forces near kursk and to go on the attack first. stalin had the final say. he decided to prepare for defense. there were arguments, hesitations, what if the germans break through our defense, there were such thoughts, it will turn out like in 1941, it's good when the decision was made to build defense so much rigid, so that they would not break through. in total, 1,3000 soviet soldiers were concentrated near kursk. the frontline zone was turned into a huge fortress. the defense line consisted of three strips of trenches, anti-tank ditches, and antitank obstacles. in some areas, the depth of

expecting an offensive and information leaked through intelligence and, above all, through the cambridge fiveerman radiograms were read and this data turned out to be quite sufficient to build a german plan, that is, how it looks in general terms, again without specifics up to a kilometer the direction of the attacks did not know, in addition, they made a mistake in the balance of forces. the british said that small. i would not like to think that they did this on purpose, but the fact remains: three fronts were entrusted with holding the defense near kursk: in the north to the central front of rakosovsky, in the south to the voronezh front of vatutin. at the base the kursk salient was the steppe front of konev. break through, when the decision was made, to build such a tough defense that they would not break through. in total, 1,300,000 soviet soldiers were concentrated near kursk. the frontline was turned into a huge fortress. the defense line consisted of three strips of trenches, anti-tank ditches , and obstacles. in some areas, the depth of the fortification line reached tens of kilomete

cambridge called this the jelly battery. it looks like a sticky lego made from hydro gels. >> with about five of these stuck together, we can then make the power source. >> reporter: scientists took inspiration from electric eels, which stunned their prey with powerful pulses. >> by mimicking the electric eel, we were able to make a power source out of these materials, which are soft and stretchy and sort of like our brains. >> reporter: the goal is to implant it for therapeutic treatment. >> and they can last over several days of week and to power these devices for things like deep brain stimulation and trying to cure diseases like parkinsons. >> reporter: designed to work in other parts too. >> if you have them in robust places of joints, this is where you feel the real force within your body. having a material that could withstand that is important. >> reporter: while it could be years before the jelly battery is used inside bodies, scientists say they are confident that the idea will stick. >> and now in addition to being soft, researchers say the batteries are surprisingly tough that they could withstand being squashed

he's published five books on american constitutional ism and is at work on a volume for cambridge university press. on the political writings of the reverend john witherspoon was adams and franklin's preternaturally active colleague in the continental congress. and now i'm honored to introduce our james madison lecture this afternoon. distinguished author and pulitzer prize winner, mr. jesse schiff. mischief is a graduate of williams college in massachusetts. since she's authored many, many articles for various publications such as the new yorker, the new york times, the washington post and many others. mischief is also the author of six books dealing with a wide variety of topics, such as benjamin franklin, the salem witch trials, cleopatra and one of my personal favorite historical figures. pilot and author antoine de saint-exupery. her book entitled vera ms. vladimir nabokov won the pulitzer prize for biography in 2000. her incredible 2005 book on benjamin franklin, which i think most of you have. entitled a great improvization franklin, france and the birth of america won the washington

cambridge of the archives hand ambassador said earlier when the world watched the systems and essentially collaborated together, looking back on hundred and five years the writings when the world but in a different direction and the trajectory of protectionism and excellence punishment was disastrous consequences. the direction in which the world is going free market capitalism for granted and realizing is the president of all is so important that a politician. we have to ambassadors on the stage, both have been fighting for trade remark is for a long time who open for that and was around ten, 15 years ago. sliding back into protectionism and conflict in a way we saw 105 years ago. >> i am concerned, politics have changed and we need to figure out a way forward. one of his, to engage more broadly going forward but addresses weaknesses but also maintains strength. i guess i am concerned about trade-offs we tend to have about protectionism isolation and making those explicit. they can go a number of directions and turning the approaches. and very concerned our political dialogue doesn't have room for that in helping is something to contribute to