against that by the ku klux klan and similar groups, the white leagues, the knights of the white camelia like that. you had far more violent uprisings than we saw the other day, shocking as though events were. in colfax, louisiana, armed whites literally murdered dozens of members of a local black militia in order to seize control of the government of that parrish in 1873. if you joined forward, 1898, wilmington, north carolina had a biracial democratic government and a sort of white coup d'etat drove out the government and stole white democrats in their place, and that led directly to the disenfranchisement, taking the right to vote away from black people in north carolina. so, yes, the effort to overturn democratic elections didn't begin under president trump, unfortunately, in our history. >> and, of course, there is the most famous violent reaction to an election, which was the election of abraham lincoln. >> well, yes, that's at another level, of course, but, you know, at that time the southern states eventually, quite a few of them, simply said -- they didn't say lincoln hadn't won