carl marx. he placed both books back. what are you doing reading this stuff for? surprising i soon moved in with estella and a gun in the closet that we didn't know how to use. thank you. >> thank you for the reading. before we move to audience questions, i wanted to circle and allow you to wind things together again by asking you would you talk about afro pessimism and how that applies to your book? >> a small passage from book and one of the things that i i think this notion that he's bringing up is gratuitous. violence has no coherent sense-making reasons for it. in other words, you can't say awe, it's not triggered and paradigms need to discipline people to produce, say, occupied land or to produce surplus value in capitalism. so if you live in a paradigm of contingent violence, then you can actually tell stories of redemption. redemption in abstract way. moving from plenty and equilibrium, 1492, if you're native american. art of conflict in america which would be different equilibrium. occupation of europeans and genocide, and then moveing to equilibrium rest

in effect carl marx had to be , wrong. so what mussolini and the intellectuals around him concluded is it must be the nationstate and it must be irrationality of people's identification with the nationstate that drove them forward. as you pointed out what that does is it taps into this febrile environment of all of these land claims and everybody that is disaffected by the war and the way the war ends. you get this kind of identification so that fascism becomes identified by the ways in which it is not bolshevik and bolsheviks become identified by the way they are not fascists. you get polarization in these societies that occurs all across europe. it occurs in france. there is a civil war in spain that is partly informed by this, so the center comes under pressure. the way i described it to students is both of these systems are real challenges to the democratic capitalist system that, in the anglo american and british empire world, they are trying to hold onto. they are trying to hold this in -- hold that center ground. th