abby: i can explain it as a monetary economist with cemex variance and say, ok, in a financial crisis idea was for a short period of time to have negative interest rates. what we are seeing in terms of the implications from the real economy, not so pleasant. so, for example, in nations where the yields are negative, people are not spending money. in fact, they are saving more than they did before. there is the opposite impact. it is not stimulative. we see the impact in the united states. our fed has pushed back against the idea of negative yields, yet our yields are much lower than they would be because it is happening in other countries. tom: one of the great losses in economics was margaret goodwin. precisely this criticism of the professor's work is that people like you are in the at the real of economics talking to chairman powell and the rest of us are out there with the negative interest rates. it does not were created is chairman powell aware of that into 2020? there is almost a social need to normalize rates back to the incentives we knew? abby: i have great confidence in cha