the center for strategic and international studies, is the host of this if it. >> [applause] >> thank you very much. i appreciate the kind words of introduction and i want to thank the center for strategic and international studies enables a host of today's forum with indication to speak. i thank this isit the ninth or tenth such forum and is the great opportunity in a timely to discuss a lot of critical issues. i also want to congratulate the csis andat john and victor cha, for the tenth anniversary for the korea chairs csis. it marks a decade of contributions of nonpartisan objective research has made to the public policy debate on korean issues that are so important to the american people and to the korean people. it's really been a significant accomplishment for victor and john and all it csis. i am delighted to be here today. i'm also sure the leadership of north korea is delighted that i am here today and a private capacity. [laughter] at least that's what i've read. perhaps there will be a little less delighted now that i can speak in unvarnished terms. about the grave and grow

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this event. it is about 50 minutes. [applause] >> thank you very much, john. i appreciate the kind words of introduction. and i want to thank the center for strategic and international studies and joongang ilbo, the host of today's forum, for their invitation to speak. i think this is the ninth or 10th such forum, and it's a great opportunity, very timely, to discuss a lot of critical issues. i also want to congratulate csis and john and victor cha for the 10th anniversary of the korea chair of csis. issues. i also want to congratulate csis and john and victor cha for the 10th anniversary of the korea chair of csis. it marks a decade of on korean issues that are so important to the american people and korean people. it has been a significant accomplishment for victor and john and all of csis. i am delighted to be here today. i'm also assured the leadership of north korea is elated that i'm here today in a private capacity. [laughter] at least that's what i've read. perhaps they will be a little less delighted now that i

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this event. it is about 50 minutes. use] >> thank you very much, john. i appreciate the kind words of introduction. and i want to thank the center for strategic and international studies and joongang ilbo, the host of today's forum, for their invitation to speak. i think this is the ninth or 10th such forum, and it's a great opportunity, very timely, to discuss a lot of critical issues. i also want to congratulate csis and john and victor fo

on resins director and senior associate of the turkey project at the center for strategic and international studies and he says that plans for an immediate cease fire seem unlikely. the turks will react with scorn it's a total misunderstanding of the turkish psyche and you listen to the president out on statements you've carried a portion of it as well as the kind of coverage you know very. picture to coverage wall to wall 24 hours a day on the turkish t.v. there's very little room for and i don't want to. accept any immediate sad cease fire which let's remember is that is the call by the trumpet ministration or to actually negotiate with the syrian kurds which is absolutely nothing you know if there was a functioning interagency process in in washington trump would never have done what he did in that 1st one call with no one and he would never have sent vice president pence on what appears to be mission impossible. now syrian kurds fleeing the fighting is starting to arrive in northern iraq and the authorities there say they could be the 1st of tens of thousands of refugees so plans are being made

really is an indication that there is still no deal with the raises from the center for strategic and international studies he says the plans for an immediate cease fire seem unlikely. the turks will react with scorn and it's a total misunderstanding of the turkish psyche and you listen to the president are going statements you've carried a portion of it as well as the kind of coverage you know very gingerly stick pictured to coverage wall to wall 24 hours a day on the turkish t.v. and there's very little room for and i don't want to. except an immediate cease fire which let's remember is this is the call by the trumpet ministration or to actually negotiate with the syrian kurds which is absolutely nothing you know if there was a functioning interagency process in in washington trump would never have done what he did in that 1st one call with no one and he would never of sent vice president pence on what appears to be mission impossible for syrian kurds fleeing the fighting are starting to arrive in northern iraq the authorities there say they could be the 1st of tens of thousands of refugees plans are bei

bill donohue razor director and senior associate of the turkey project at the center for strategic and international studies and he's joining us live from washington d.c. mr ali raiser always good to have you with us on al-jazeera if we can start with the developments from where you are on president trump saying you know unfortunately turkey doesn't appear to be mitigating mitigating the humanitarian effects of its invasion do you think that president trump expected something different when he pulled u.s. troops out of the region knowing that it would lead to a turkish incursion. it's almost embarrassing to watch the scrambling by trump in his team to actually mitigate the use the same word that you just used the effects of that rush ill thought through. promise that he made or if it wasn't a promise certainly a green light that he gave to president al gore on exactly 8 days ago that set in motion the series of events where we were now ended where we are. it's difficult to conceive all of a more complicated situation than the one we have where the syrian government. you know which the this administration as

shows russia as the enemy earlier this year you gave a interesting talk at the center for strategic and international studies in washington in which he talked about russia u.s. tensions as a new cold war which has existential significance for both sides and which cannot be resolved through a compromise he suggested that it would only add to with one of the sides reconsidering its role in the world. i think it's going to be. well i hope that it will be the u.s. transformation the transformation of the u.s. foreign policy which in my understanding is already on the fold it started with the obama administration donald trump continues that with the other means but there's also the reconsideration of the u.s. role in the world i would refer you to the leader's speech that donald trump gave in the u.n. general assembly the manifest of this new approach well i think that the major challenge that do night is states faces is that the u.s. legs historical experience of equal coexistence with other great powers in the multipolar world while staying while staying integrated into the international order the american expe

alleyways as director and senior associate of the turkey project at the center for strategic and international studies and he says it's unlikely that there will be an immediate cease fire in north korea. it's difficult to conceive over a more complicated situation than the one we have where the syrian government. you know which the this administration as as well as the previous one has really fight they've called for an ounce there of president assad and because of his actions trump has cleared the way for the syrian government and the russian auspices to work out a deal with the syrian kurds and through to all the syria and now he's very late in the day he's. announcing some sanctions which are going to have absolutely no effect whatsoever on the turkish government and to compound the error he's sending rice president pence to encourage where he's sure to come in for a very difficult a series of negotiations it's mission impossible the turks will react with scorn and it's a total misunderstanding of the turkish psyche when you listen to the president out on statements you've carried a portion of it a

and we also have a nori. also joining us from jakarta he is a research in for the center for strategic and international studies we also invited several government officials to join us on our program but they were not available but it is really good to have you at india and noory i'm going to start with a map which sort of breaks down why people many people are so unhappy in indonesia right now however look at the map you will see the big blue icons here these are some where some of the main protests have been happening on the island of sumatra in the west see protests happening there people also unhappy about forest fires again some much and of the big islands kalimantan and then across the west papuan people also upset about the continued action there and some human rights abuses so much going on right now in indonesia and india how do you explain this this moment where people protested what about one thing but multiple things. i think it's very interesting on how the staff allowed i think this is like a lot of accolades from whatever there's a lot of stuff that has been going on for so many years that nobody

center for strategic and international studies, this is little less than an hour. >> good morning, everyone. welcome to csis. thank you. i'm kathleen hicks. i direct the national security program here. our ceo wanted to be here this morning to welcome the commandant, but he's been under the weather, so i get to both moderate the conversation and also do that. before i begin, i just want to remind everyone that this is the fourth of our maritime security dialogue series of 2019. our maritime security dialogue is co-hosted between csis and our partners at the u.s. naval institute. and our goal is to highlight current issues and future challenges facing the navy, marine corps and coast guard. i want to thank our sponsor, huntington ingalls industries who has made this possible. today we're talking with admiral karl schultz, a commandant of the marine corps. and i want to get right into it. we were lucky enough to have you join us in august of 2018. pete daily was the moderator for that session and here we are a year-plus beyond that, a few months beyond that when you began which was roughly ma

political step a woman tally raiser is the director of the turkey project with the center for strategic and international studies he says these latest developments put a further strain on the relations between the u.s. in turkey. what it tells us is that the relationship is really in trouble the charities share position in washington was fragile that we for all but ever since the fateful decision has been present trouble and present on the job at 6 which carry the weight of it's urgent mission no no is syria there is name great it was action from democrats as well as republicans from tribe so cocky it notes the church action and. the number of republicans who voted for the sections bill in the house is indicative. of kerry's we can position the u.s. search for election should really. rests on the truck that on relationship and we're talking about an american president who is about to be impeached by the house of representatives even if he doesn't get convicted by the media said it's his ability to influence his will in washington is the mission day by day as a result rarely has to worry about the future of the u

turn the tide away from companies backing down for more, i'm joined about it free main chair and china studies at the center for strategic and international studies. and jefr moon, former assistant trade rep to china great to have you here jeff, i'll start with you. is this a turning point given the backlash that we've seen by the public here to what the nba has done this week >> i think this may be a turning point in our trade discussions with china for the first time politics raer rather than economics are front and center in the trade discussion it's in the nba discussion and sanctions chinese companies doing business and previously and in previous administrations, we separated mill issues out frpolitical isss it gets much more difficult to get to a red lugs. this is something different and going to complicate the trade discussions. >> jude, i certainly don't blame any businesses, the nba, you know, the litany of u.s. companies with big presence in china. it hooked very hopeful there even just five, ten, 15 years ago. but it's taken an authoritarian turn under president xi. so what should businesses do now when confronted with existing

us in ,ashington is heather conley senior vice president for europe, eurasia and the arctic at the center for strategic and international studiesnk a deal will be achieved, or will we go toward october 31 with an embryo meant in the courts? heather: i think we are heading to a no deal scenario, or an attempt by the opposition to hold a vote of no-confidence against prime minister boris johnson, if he returns from the european council meeting on october 19 and that there is no deal in place. in some ways, today is a good day. the british government actually articulated what it wanted. this has been demanded by the eu for many weeks. now the challenge is so many of the issues the u.k. has placed againsteal it wants go everything the eu says it will not allow. so i think that both sides will tiptoe around this. either side does not want to be blamed for failure, but i think that they are too far apart and honestly there are about 14 days they can actually negotiate and it will not be done by october 31. joe: do you see a softening in the european position? heather: rhetorically, i think you already saw the softening with european

let's bring in john oldman at the center for strategic and international studies, nonprofit policy research organization and he was on the policy planning staff at the state department under president george w. bush, john, good to see you again. >> good to see you again. >> shepard: how do you make sense of this? i think the turks have had a problem with affect the u.s. light -- these kurdish forces and the president gave in december and gave in again october. >> shepard: why do you think why? >> i don't know why and possibly the president is getting danger. if you take the president at his word he's tired of being there, what i hear from my friends in the pentagon and then the military is 5200 soldiers on the u.s. soldiers giving what we were getting, giving what they were putting forward against isis and all sorts of threats of instability were very much the u.s. national interest at a very low cost. we were enabling the placement to police the area. and we were doing a lot with a lot of bad guys. not only ten or 12,000 isis fighters, you have about 70,000 family members, isis and provide

we'll have his remarks at the center for strategic and international studies tonight at 8:00 eastern here on c-span3. >>> commerce secretary wilbur ross and other policy officials gave an update on u.s. trade policy. you can watch that at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span2. a reminder that you can watch all of our programs online at c-span.org or listen with the free c-span radio app. >>> the house will be in order. >> for 40 years, c-span has been providing america unfiltered coverage of congress, the white house, the supreme court, and public policy events from washington, d.c. and around the country so you can make up your own mind. created by cable in 1979, c-span is brought to you by your local cable or satellite provider. c-span, your unfiltered view of government. >>> former federal reserve chairs janet yellen and ben bernanke, among others, discussed the impact of inflation on monetary policy. during this portion of the event, the focus of the discussion was on the role technology and globalization play in dictating the economy. the brookings institution is the host of this forum.

how brexit could change the election cap was, we welcome heather conley of his center for strategic and international studiesn washington. thank you for joining us. everyone says this is an unpredictable election, even if it does happen in december. what do you expect? heather: i think we will see a political fragmentation of the likes we have not seen in the u.k. we may see what they call tactical voting, which is going to be the parties that support a softer brexit or remaining in the eu will try to tactically vote in certain constituencies, and we don't know how the brexit party is going to do, nigel farage's party. we have never seen an election in december in the u.k. since the 1920's, and we have never seen this type of political fragmentation attempting to find a majority in parliament. it is going to be in extraordinary election, if they have it in december. david: whenever we see an election anywhere the world, turnout is the issue. it is not happen, as you said, for a very long time in great britain. what will that mean for turnout, and if turnout is suppressed, what might that leader to? heather:

david said he with us now a senior associate at the center for strategic and international studies and also former u.s. deputy assistant secretary of defense he's on skype from kabul always good to talk to you missed 70 what do you make of what the united states has announced today probably no surprise that it support its allies saudi arabia however $3000.00 troops plus patriot and thad systems that's a big step up well it is a big step but there's something that you need to remember here is that the united states normally has a carrier and u.s. aircraft carrier in the persian gulf and because of us fire on u.s. carriers they carry out what we use will not be replaced but the new forces that are being sent in particularly the new fighter wings that are being sent and in many ways are just there to replace the carrier that is being pulled out. and what not be replaced because the carrier that was supposed to replace it has had an electrical fire now the additional missile defense systems seem to be a clear reaction to a successful attack by drones and by missiles on the saudi oil facili

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this forum with climate and foreign policy experts. we begin with a panel on the

and we also have a nori. also john. us from jakarta is a research for the center for strategic and international studies we also invited several government officials to join us on our program but they were not available but it is really good to have you at india and noory i'm going to start with a map which sort of breaks down why people many people are so unhappy in indonesia right now how we look at the map you will see the big blue icons here these are some where some of the main protests have been happening on the islanders marchin jarvis or west see protests happening there people are also unhappy about forest fires again some much and of the big island's kalimantan and then across the west papuan people also upset about the continued military action there and some human rights abuses so much going on right now in indonesia and india how do you explain this this moment where people protested what about one thing but multiple things. i think it's very interesting on how the staff allowed i think this is like a lot of accolades from whatever there's a lot of stuff that has been going on for so many years that nobody

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this event. it is about 50 minutes. [applause] much, john. very i appreciate the kind words of introduction. center forhank the strategic international studies, and the host of today's forum for the invitation to speak.

for governments and people. well let's get more on this from prevents he's director of the turkey project with the center for strategic and international studies in the form of turkish cypriot diplomats and joins us now live from washington d.c. via skype gets a have you with us on the program 1st of all why do you think this motion passes by controversial motion that what helps it over the line. i remember the genocide it was an issue of the. web medicine is. better even or start playing the on the reason that i say that it was because of the turkish government the german past 3 decades has made great efforts as your correspondent here said you know to prevent this from happening unless that if this issue were popping the house of representatives. up there it passed a resolution which was the part of president maybe turkey with your its ambassador here could prevent it from reaching the floor so that you're responding to your bed . or 2000 and. 10 it was very important. arguing that it's irrelevant but frankly it is using that word but their homes. and that is something that i think a lot of their age doesn't want that there is trouble there'

trafford monitoring everything there for us from a collie in turkey and is director and senior associate of the turkey project at the center for strategic and international studies joins us via skype from washington and there was an inevitability to this incursion wasn't. as long seen withdrawal of u.s. troops as the opportunity to i suppose crush s.t.'s fight as you are in this pos of syria previously somewhat protected by the american presence that what are your thoughts on turkey's objectives. well there is a observers from washington. you know the what you refer to as a sense of inevitability projected to a call that the president are going to put to president trump here in washington on sunday where president trump a sense essentially gave the green light for the for their operation and and within 3 days the operation was launched now there are 2 parts to this operation and go on this morning i can from both of them one is to actually clear the the why p.g. from the border area and to set up what he calls a safe zone and 2nd need to. send back as your reporter said some of the refugees you know up to 2000000 and maybe even more. to northern syria that part

for their. child's thank you well boone and ali raises from the center for strategic and international studies heays it's unlikely they'll be an immediate cease fire in northern syria. it's difficult to conceive over a more complicated situation than the one we have where the syrian government. you know which the this administration as as well as the previous one has really fight they've called for an ounce there of president assad and because of his actions trump has cleared the way for the syrian government and the russian auspices to work out a deal with the syrian kurds and to return to northeast syria and now he's very late in the day he's. announcing some sanctions which are going to have absolutely no effect whatsoever on the turkish government and to compound the error he's sending writes president pence to ankara where he's sure to come in for a very difficult a series of negotiations it's mission impossible the turks will react with scorn it's a total misunderstanding of the turkish psyche when you listen to the president out on statements you've carried a portion of it as well as the k

seeks to end harassment in public spaces and we also have a actor also joining us from jakarta he is a research in for the center for strategic and international studies we also invited several government officials to join us on our program but they were not available but it is really good to have you at india and norway i'm going to start with a map which sort of breaks down why people many people are so unhappy in indonesia have right now how we look at the map you will see the big. blue icons here these are some where some of the main protests have been happening on the islanders marchin jarvis or west see protests happening there people are also unhappy about forest fires again some much and the big island's kalimantan and then across the west papuan people also upset about the continued military action there and some human rights abuses so much going on right now in indonesia and india how do you explain this this moment where people protested what about one thing but multiple things. i think it's very interesting on how the staff a lot i think this is like a lot of us from whatever there's a lot of stuff that has been going on for so many years

that is senior vice president and director of the middle east program and the center for strategic and international studies in washington and we are joining the center, he served as a member of the planning staff at the u.s. department of state and as a special assistant to the secretary of state for the near eastern affairs. he recently worked on china's increasing engagement with countries in the region for many reasons. investments and oil import, et cetera, but as david shanker told us in the beginning of the event, china is increasingly probably also with its political rule. you have the floor. >> thank you to kareem and the atlantic council for having me. look, to start it's not -- china is not in the position mark was describing russia and describing iran. it's the old policy manifesting itself. i want to make four points. the first of which is that china is in a whole new world when it comes to the middle east. there had been an explosion of ties starting at about 2000. in 1999, china imported less oil from the middle east than canada did and canada had 2.5 the population of china, right? china was

and we also have a nori. also joining us from jakarta he is a research of for the center for strategic and international studies we also invited several government officials to join us on our program but they were not available but it is really good to have you at india and norway i'm going to start with a map which sort of breaks down why people many people are so unhappy in indonesia have right now have a look at the map you will see the bait. blue icons here these are some where some of the main protests have been happening on the islanders marchin jarvis or west see protests happening there people are also unhappy about forest fires again some much and of the big island's kalimantan and then across the west papuan people also upset about the continued military action there and some human rights abuses so much going on right now in indonesia and india how do you explain this this moment where people are protesting what about one thing but multiple things. i think it's very interesting on how the staff allowed i think this is like a lot of accolades from whatever there's a lot of stuff that has been going on

china , senior vice president and director of the middle east program at the center for strategic and international studies in washington. on the policy planning staff at the u.s. department of for middle eastern affairs. he recently worked on china's increasing engagement for many reasons. us at the beginning of the event, china is increasing its political role in the region. you have the floor. jon: thank you to you and to the atlantic council for having me. to start, it's not -- china is not in a position -- mark was describing russia, describing iran. the old policy manifesting itself. i want to make four points. the first of which, china is in a whole new world when it comes to the middle east. there has been an explosion of ties really starting in 2000. less oilchina imported from the middle east than canada did. canada had 2.5% the population of china. focused on middle eastern oil in 2000. china is focused on middle eastern oil now. 2000.s. spend most of the preoccupied with the global war on terror and a war in iraq and afghanistan. china was busy deepening all kinds of ties throughout the middle

. >> and we're live this morning awaiting the start on the forum from the center for strategic and international studieslive coverage should start in a moment. >>> thank you all for -- we really appreciate you joining us. that's better. thank you all for coming today. really appreciate you joining us here today. thanks for coming out this morning. i think we've got a really exciting morning of discussion. first of all, breeief introductions, i'm whit saumweber director of the stephenson ocean security project. and from my point of view, there is no better representation of that nexus than the issue of climate change and how it's impacting our oceans and what that means for our broader world. a few weeks ago the ipcc released reports taking deeper dives into the effects climate change is having on this world. one focused on the impact on lands, and the ocean and the cry owe sphere. that report is fascinating. it's the current state of the science about what we know, what we understand, the impacts of climate change are going to be on the ocean. and it posted a really, really stark view of the differences

chief, talks about how maritime security is changing due to the ice melts, the center for strategic and international studies posted this forum with climate in foreign policy experts, we begin with the panel on the impact on a changing climate, rain biodiversity and human populations living in popular vulnerable areas. coming back from the coffee break, things begin to our first panel, really enjoy the conversation, is so i want to pick up on some of the themes we ended our conversation, around this idea of the dynamic world and what that means now and the policy and security space, i'm really excited to have an excellent panel to talk about, that we have had there was a vice president for europe, eurasia we have the vice president of oceans for the environment offense fund, we have the debris the affairs of fisheries, and we have amy, so thank you to the panel and i'm going to sit down and we will start off with heather. >> thank you so, much good morning everyone, i think the arctic is the best place to talk about that intersection between climate stress and security. in many ways, the arctic is telling us

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this forum with climate and foreign policy experts. we begin with a panel on the impact of the changing climate on oceans, marine biodiversity and human populations living in vulnerable areas. >>. >> i appreciate it andthanks to our first panel. i've enjoyed the conversation . i think we're going to pick up on the end of that conversation around this idea of the dynamic world and what that means now in the policy and security space so i'm excited to have an excellent panel to talk about that. heatherconley , john mimikakis was vice president for oceans environmental defense fund, there was director of fisheries and amy lehr who is the director of the human rights initiative so think the panel and i'm going to sit down and be quiet and handed over to my panel and we will start off. >> thank you so much, good morning. i think the arctic is a tough place to talk about. the intersection of climate stress and security. and in many ways, the arctic is telling us, actually most polar regions are telling us they are under the most dra

from the center for strategic and international studies, this is little less than an hour. >> good morning, everyone. welcome to csis. thank you. i'm kathleen hicks. i direct the national security program here. our ceo wanted to be here this morning to welcome the commandant, but he's been under the w

the center for strategic and international studies, is the host of this if it. >> [applause] >> thankappreciate the kind words of introduction and i want tonk

the center for strategic and international studies hosted this event. [applause]

china and john haldeman, senior vice president and director -- jon alterman director of the middle east program for center for strategic and international studiesin washington, and feel free to join the center, he has been a member of the policy planning staff at the u.s. department of state. he recently worked on china increasing engagement with countries in the middle region for many reasons investments and ports et cetera. but as david schenker pulled out at the beginning of that, china has a big political role in the region. so you have the floor. >> thank you much, arturo, faq to you and to karim and atlantic council for having me. look to start it's not china is not a position part was is russia vicious the old policy manifesting itself. i want to make four points, the first of which is that china is in a whole new world when it comes to the middle east. there have been an explosion of times really started in about 2000. in 1999, china imported less oil from the middle east then candidate did. canada had to 2.5% of the population of china. china was not focused on middle eastern oil in 2000. china is focused on middle eastern oil now. the

chief, talks about how maritime security is changing due to the ice melts, the center for strategic and international studies posted this forum with climate in foreign policy experts, we begin with the panel on the impact on a changing climate, rain biodiversity and human populations living

thank you very much john i appreciate the kind words of introduction and i want to thank the center for strategic international studies and the host of today's forum for their invitation to speak, i think this is the ninth or tenth such forum and it is a great opportunity, very timely to discuss very critical issues, i also want to congratulate csis and john and victor cha, for this is also the tenth anniversary of a korea chair at csis, so it marks a decade of contributions that the chairs nonpartisan objective research has made to the public policy to debate on korean issues that are so important to the american people and to the korean people, it's really been a significant accomplishment for all of us csis. i am delighted to be here today, i am also sure the leadership of north korea is lighted that i am here today in a private capacity. >>n speak in unvarnished terms about -- about the grave and growing threat that the north korean nuclear weapons program poses to international peace and security, let's start with what i think are the main presets of dealing with the north korean nuclear weapons threat are. first

chief, talks about how maritime security is changing due to the ice melts, the center for strategic and international studies posted this forum with climate in foreign policy experts, we begin with the panel on the impact on a changing climate, rain biodiversity and human populations living in popular vulnerable areas. coming back from the coffee break, things begin to our first panel, really enjoy the conversation, is so i want to pick up on some of the themes we ended our conversation, around this idea of the dynamic world and what that means now and the policy and security space, i'm really excited to have an excellent panel to talk about, that we have had there was a vice president for

live coverage from the center for strategic and international studies here on c-span3. we are live at the center for strategic and international studies this morning awaiting comments from the coast guard commandant carl shultz. congress returns from their break and here's a look at the agenda in the house and the senate. >> follow c-span as congress returns to capitol hill today after a two-week recess with house committees working on impeachment inquiries against president trump, legislation to lower prescription drug costs and curbing the outsourcing of u.s. jobs and the senate continues work on the president's executive and judicial nominations including barbara barrett. watch live coverage of the house on c-span and the senate live on c-span2. you can also listen live on the go using the free c-span radio app. >> our c-span campaign 2020 bus team is traveling across the country visiting key battleground states in the 2020 presidential race asking voters what issues they want presidential candidates to address during the campaign. >> i would like the presidential can

from the center for strategic and international studies this is little less than an hour