if we act wisely, cultural and cognitive crossroads i believe not in live where charles darwin hoped for her species future that we will forge ever more elaborated reading brain circuits capable of endless formed most beautiful. deer in a good reader, come home godspeed. [applause]. thank you. thank you very much. i really appreciate that. thank you, deborah. so, now, we have time for about 10 minutes of questions and if you wouldn't mind is standing up and speaking loudly so our c-span colleagues can-- mario. any questions? i'm sure you have them. >> what you think is the difference between the listening brain and the reading brain? >> part of the question is what about audiobooks and audiotape. >> or oral history. >> and it's a beautiful history and one of the things that i like to talk about is extra ordinary capacities oral culture and how socrates in many ways asked questions that we can ask today because of all that can happen in an oral culture. she used to say this in a chapter we wrote together in tales of literacy and we are not talking about one mean superior to the other.

when charles darwin sketched the little stick figure tree into the transmutation's just a couple of years back and was brainstorming his way to theory and evolution. and to become convinced like the trunk on the tree because those that diverged and to diverge further and further with that biological diversity we could see on earth but all of that was represented in this little tree that was the first evolutionary hypothesis. this is the tree drawn in 1999 to be ticked away from halifax nova scotia. with brilliant men and women with a history of life on earth is a subtitle to incorporate some of those discoveries made through genome sequence e-letter. with the sequence of units with the rna that it is a lot more complicated here on earth and with that darwinian history to be sitting at with lunch at this new york book editor and said want to write a book how this became this. the darwinian tree of life became entangled. that could be a reasonable approach. but another thing to say is that i am writing a book about the most important biologists of the 20th century that you have never heard

if we act wisely at this cultural and cognitive cross roads, i believe not unlike what charles darwin hoped for our species future that we will energy ever more brain circuits capable of endless forms most beautiful. so dear and good reader, come home. [applause] >> god speed. thank you. thank you very much. [applause] >> i really appreciate it. thank you, debra. so now we have a time for about 10 minutes and if you wouldn't mind standing up and speaking up so that our c-span colleagues can -- any questions? i'm sure you have them. yes. >> why do you think is the difference between the listening brain and the reading brain? >> and part of that question is what about audio books and audiotapes or -- >> or oral history. >> and oral history and it's a beautiful history and, you know, one of the things -- i should stay over here. one of the things i like to talk about is the extraordinary capacities of oral culture and how socrates ask questions that we can ask today because all that can happen in culture. stephanie, wherever you are, she used to say in a chapter that we wrote together in

when charles darwin sketched this little stick figure tree into one of his secret notebooks in 1837 hewas a couple of years back from the voyage around world and brainstorming his way to a theory around evolution, he didn't call it evolution, he called it transmutation and he had the idea that he came convinced all life originated from a single or very few points of origin like the trunk on a tree and that over time limbs representing different kingdoms or gatherings of life had diversed and changed and transmutated and diverged from each other and diversity and atapattation, complexity, diversity and adaptation and all of that is represented in this little tree above which darwin scribbled the words i think, that was his first evolutionary hypothesis. here is another, drawn in 1999, american tucked away in novembera scotia in university who was one of a group of scientists, brilliant men and women who brought about a revolution in our understanding of the history of life on earth as subtitle, my book says radical new history of life on earth that incorporated some of the discoveries t

decisions that shaped the beginning were decisions i know from reading and writing about the life of charles darwin. darwin has these interesting decisions in his life. one of which is comical and i will read from the book to give you a sense. in darwin notebooks, his famous notebooks that are maybe at cambridge now and you can see them all online. in the late 1830s, as darwin is coming up with the theory of natural selection, he has pages about the finches and he has returned from -- on one of the pages he deliberates on the page over a different kind of exercise, not about scientific discovery but about a personal matter which is, should he get married. he creates what is recognized as a pros and cons list of getting married. it's a funny list. because is somewhat dated. you might not think quite as well as darwin. one side is not mirroring the other side is mary. under not married these are the things that are advantageous. freedom to go where one liked. choice of society. my favorite one, conversation of clever men at clubs. not forced to visit relatives and bend. and then on the other side he

what charles darwin did for society, think about —— what we understand a society is the art that reflectsn crewmembers. space x has gone from nothing to being one of the world's leading rocket companies in ten years. it's not easy, it will take longer than 2023, no doubt. but i think that combined technological leap, and the ability to see ourselves more clearly a nd ability to see ourselves more clearly and look back at the earth, i think that'll be really interesting, and i admire the idea and the fact that he is much just do it for himself. i was interested to hear him talk about the fact that he wa nts to hear him talk about the fact that he wants to release the dreamer within. when you were working in space, no doubt you are very focused on safety and science. did you also have a chance to reflect? i took 45,000 pictures of the world, and i play guitar almost every night on the space station after i finished all the work. i wrote and recorded an album up there. astronauts are not machines, we are also people and poets, and artists. but to take good quality artist up there, that in ba

and saunders. from his 30 years working in comedy. used as a theatre, to stage a new play about charles darwinday 19 september. ahead of a crucial meeting of european leaders. to improve his offer to the uk over the irish border. where she will try to win support for her brexit plan. our europe reporter gavin lee has more. and will ask the eu to show willingness to compromise. to prevent the need for a hard border in ireland. of the uk, on sites away from ports and airports. and where, when and by whom these checks could be performed. we can also clarify that most checks can take place away from the border. of the uk leaves. theresa may is looking for. and a threat to the constitutional integrity of the uk. summit in salzburg. in england will be announced by theresa may this morning. will start development after 2021. is extremely welcome. with the goal of ridding the peninsula of nuclear weapons. the risk of war. olympics. in the capital this year. and the murder rate has almost halved over a decade. crime died in the capital. on a north london street. and died an hour later. he hasn't been f