but i am also a great of meyer of charles evans -- admirer charles evans hughes.most of the heavyweights in foreign and defense affairs were on the republican side during that decade. and i suppose that the one name you did not mention, which i think you are not -- you are right not to come a was theodore roosevelt. but his -- hughes, i always posed to my students, first of all when i'm lecturing on the united states during the great work -- war, i tell the story of the 1916 in election and how it came down to the wire, and how easily local splits in the progressive republican movement in california swung that state to wilson, so that something like 8000 votes kept charles evans hughes out of the white house. one can only speculate on how either the war might have been different or prevented, the american involvement in the war, for a given the fact that they did go into the first world war anyway, how the paris peace conference would have played out differently. if charles evans hughes, this very judicious new york statesman had, a future supreme court justice, h

jeffrey: c-span viewers, check out charles evans hughes. you can find this really cool article from the 1920's. lisa: i love old law review articles. they are so meticulous. jeffrey: they are in that beautiful typeface. lisa: i read one from the 1890's the other day. it was great. jeffrey: about what? lisa: civil damage loss. the sexually ties in. there was a use of a civil damage law pre-prohibition, since women were not able to own lisa: civil damage loss. property if they were married, their husband owns the property in the name, therefore if a woman had a husband who had become a drunkard, which was the category used at the time, she could file an official report with the bartender and the police department. and if they continued serving and if they continued serving her husband, they had denied her her means of support. so the fact that she relied upon her husband as a means of support, because the law only that's what they are about. joshua: the fact that so many women were on the forefront of this movement as well as other progressiv

you can see this gentleman, charles evans hughes. he was a judge that was also running for president at the time. he promised republican party loyalists that he would win by an overwhelming majority. his words. if you are not heard of president hughes, that is probably because he didn't win by an overwhelming majority. he visited the city and the summer as is campaign. the new us laska -- the new announced aing line new service from san francisco to new york. was a city that had arrived, had to these famous moments happening. if you took a quick glance at 1916, itisco, and seemed like a city that was revitalized and on the scene. the economy was strong, the city had all sorts of previous histories as a labor city that had a little bit affirmance, unrest, except, by this point, this is the -- the city seemed that relative peace as the rest of the war world was at war. let's talk about this saturday in 1916. there is a young mother of oakland california, and she made her way across the bay to san francisco, that today and that's mornin

and america first, persuaded the american public that a vote for the republican candidate, charles evans hughesg of responsibility has been misclothed in the phrase of a coward. he kept us out of war. in actual reality, war has been creeping nearer and we face it without policy, plan, purpose, or preparation. >> in september 1916, wilson accepted the democratic nomination for president. >> we have been neutral, not only baupz it was the traditional policy of the united states to stand aloof from the politics of europe, but also because it was manifestly our duty to prevent the indefinite extension of the fires of hate and des lags kindled by that terrible conflict and to seek to serve mankind by reserving our strength and our resources for the difficult days of restoration and healing. when peace will have to build a house anew. >> the debate reached every corner of american society. voices for and against the u.s. joining the war included not only politicians, but men who would likely be called to serve, women, african americans, and native americans fighting for an equal role in american civi