we have charles nelson.e is going to discuss the alterations as a result of living in an orphanage. charlie: let me begin with charles nelson and shaping the brain. as we already talked about, the dna is laid down, and this forms a blueprint for brain development, and after birth, that blueprint is fundamentally altered by experience. the issue for us is if experiences are good, you can facilitate good brain develop it, but if they are bad, you can facilitate unhealthy brain develop it. perhaps one of the worst you can do is deprive the brain of it needs, particular during what we call critical experiences, and these are sensitive periods, when the brain is susceptible to experience, and if the child must be as brain goes through -- and if the child's brain goes through that, like neglect early in life, of those, children wind up growing up in institutions, and my colleagues have demonstrated for many years that children who are abandoned at birth, placed in institutions, showed dramatic changes in developme