chief justice robert declared that the court traditionally looked at texts, backgrounds, negotiating history, and posting history, namely the practices of the nations. justice scalia wholly joined this opinion. because chiefe andice roberts was quoting citing an opinion. and scalia says we have considered it pays to and thetation area post-ratification of the contract. they did not have a categorical aversion to legislative history. i use it now as a tool of statutory interpretation, no more problematic than a theoretical matter or use of as tom pointed ,ut, none of those dictionaries the courts use it nonetheless. we assume the congress understands it. congress could tomorrow -- to understand legislative history. the real question is what is the default? ensuring we aren't as reliant on legislative history as we have been in the past. it was sort of a crazy opinion to start legislative history. senset think it makes that you should not use it at all. sometimes it is ok to find your friends. [applause] we hear it -- we heard it is ok to use legislative history because all of our friends are using it. >> it is a great pleasure to be here and an honor to be here on this occasion. follow directly from ideas expresse