i'm just curious, chopin's, who has heard of the pact? >> wow. that is a lot of people. that is much more, that's very educated. most people have never heard about it and actually, most law professors have never heard of it. the people who have heard of it think it's among the most ridiculous things that diplomats have ever tried to do. the idea that you could end war by signing a piece of paper strikes many people as the height of foolishness, and to tell you the truth, when my colleague and i taught international yale before we wrote the book, we also treated that way, as a laughingstock and failed experiment in idealism however , through the course of research on a related topic, though at the time we didn't know is related, a history of economic sanctions, we discovered something we didn't expect that is far from being ridiculous. outlawing war turned out to be transformative. it represented the hinge in history where one world order ended and another began. in short, before 1928, war was the legitimate mechanism. it was the way in which states enforced their rights