amy: professor, last semester columbia university, the new president at columbia, suspended both sjpwell as jewish voice for peace for holding a so-called unauthorized event, a walkout in support of the ceasefire in gaza. what are these groups' status right now? you have long been involved with the issues around palestine. israel deported you. explain why. this was before october 7. >> well, my circumstances are much less acute than the circumstances of our students right now. i've been part of the barnard and columbia community since the late 19 avenues. i went to barnard as an undergrad. i've been columbia as a professor for 25 years. columbia's campus has always been a place where students have engaged the most critical issues of the day. when i was there in the late 19th avenues, was issues around sexual rights and later around the iraq war and the invitation of mahmoud ahmadinejad to the campus. students, faculty have used the campus as a palette for learning about difficult issues. that is what we do at universities. for protesting or showing up for communities that are persecu

by the way, i was at columbia university in new york. this is not just a product of southern thinking. it was accepted throughout the country. became a national myth. embedded in textbooks. >> up until the 19 60s and lingers to do so. i'll ask you to erase this. that's a tall order. over the last generation or so. rethinking and readdressing reconstruction and scraping away the crust of lost cause ideology. that'swh the revisionism. what we learn wasn't really so. the lost cause story is the revision. it was extremely bold, politically bold particularly on the part of african-americans. one of the most striking aspects. certainly, it comes through a great deal of what i write-in the book. the speed with which african-americans embrace, not just freedom but the opportunity fores democracy and political public participation. rushed to become schooled. i mean, it's not true every s single person was not educate. some were but not many. everybody aspired to it. the freedman bureau and other churches and other entities. people, formally ensla

we will start with professor mahmood mamdani, professor of government at columbia university, the schoolinternational and public affairs , specializing in the study of colonialism. you are a professor. if you can talk about the response of professors here to the destruction of universities, cultural spaces in gaza, and the significance of this? and where you think this preliminary ruling of the icj, how you think it will affect what is being described today? >> well, i think the more facts come to light, the more israel's actions in gaza look like a textbook case of genocide. this calculated destruction of a people's intellectual resources and intellectual legacy is not something which just has a short-term impact or is based on short-term consideration. it is aimed at a long-term resolution. [applause] [no audio] [no audio] [no audio] already there is considerable concern stop for the last few days i've seen imo's going around with the photographs of was the ap reporter called controlled demolition, premeditated demolition. people are asking columbia university to take action, to declar

a genuine new yorker who did in undergraduate degree at the college at columbia university and although he's lived and worked actually all around the world he and his wife currently reside onwa capitol hill in washington, d.c. a playwright and advisor to the national and international philanthropy. you can visit with her after. i think for starters how about opening a session with the reading from the beginning of the book at the start of the preface. ther. opening narrative situated between durham and greensboro. >> thanks for the kind introduction. anna thank you all for being here today. this section in five, six minutess it's kind of self-explanatory. graham north carolina about 11 p.m. february 26, the nighttime silence was broken by the forces moving fast through the midst.sm they surrounded the small frame house where wyatt outlawed lived with his small children and their elderly mother. the family name was an old and familiar one. they had agreed -- once said cut the head off and another snow to blow her brains out. they went out of the room they passed, one says to the other se

he did his undergraduate degrees of city college of new york and columbia university and although he's lived and worked all around the world, he and his wife currently reside on capitol hill in washington, d.c. a playwright and advisor to the national and international philanthropy and undemocratic governments she's with us todayd and you can also meet and visit with her at the signing tent after our one hour and 50 minutes year is over. i think for starters, how about opening the session wither a reading from the beginning of the book that is right at the start ofyo the preface. it's your opening narrative which is situated between durham and greensboro. thank you all for being here o today. maybe not right at the crack of dawn but close enough on a sunday. so, yes, this section i'm going to read and take five or six minutes. it's kind of self-explanatory. grandma north carolina. about 11 p.m. on february 26, 1870, the nighttime silence was broken by the pounding of horses moving fast through the midst. they wore white gowns and masks isand surrounded the small house where wyatt outla

that would be in the media and coming out of congress and the white house, so if you're on the columbia university campus, i'll just pick columbia because it gets in the news a lot where i live uh, and you're chanting uh, from the river to the sea, palestine shall be free, you run the risk if you're a lost. student of not even getting interviewed by major new york city law firm and if you're an undergraduate of being put on this list at the 107 uh project people will put you on yeah that's that's precisely what they're doing it's uh they're putting on the list up in harvard at harvard um they were actually going around with trucks that had the pictures of the students who were supporting a a cease fire in in gaza and these people had their pictures and their names on these panel trucks going around town just driving around at random and these lists were also being made to major law firms and and and other normal sources of hiring for harvard graduates and so this is very active, it's very much going on. is there is there a goal to suppress the freedom of speech and the freedom of assembly? guess i

he's a genuine new yorker did undergraduates and graduate degrees in columbia university and althoughs lived and worked actually all arounded the world he and his wife gene inide on capitol hill washington, d.c., she's a playwright advisor to national and international on government and with us today you can a little meet and visit where at the that signing tent after our hour or 50mens here is over. so -- i think for starters how about a reading from the beginning of your book it is rights at start of his preface it is your opening narrative about mr. wyatt outlaw between grens burrow. >> sure thanks for your kind introduction mary, and thank you all for being here today. especially maybe not quite the crack of dawn but close enough and on a sunday. so yes, this section i'm going to read it is like i don't know five, six minute -- to the book it is kind of self-explanatory. graham, north carolina, about 11 p.m. on february 26th, 1870 the nighttime slns was broken by wild and founding of horses moving fast through the drizzly mist. the writers wore white gowns and masks and they surro

edward said joints as professor of english, columbia university, member of the palestinian of palestineo's going to represent whom. the israeli position and the position of the adl is that we are not only entitled to decide what to talk about, but we're going to decide who to talk to. now the palestinians have their own representatives and that's they've..." as he or she might, a palestinian find it very difficult. i won't say impossible, but i i think it's very, very hard, and i, in this, i think most palestinians are like most people, it's very hard for the palestinian who feels himself or herself to have been the victim of injustice by jews, israely jews, to sympathize or imaginatively. incorporate the history of the holocaust and say, well, we forgive them for what they did. i mean, after all, they suffered this enormous, this, this... historical tragedy the jews did, and the fact that they are evicting us from our territory, that they are placing us under occupation, that they're treating - third class citizens, that they are killing our people, that they are confining us to camps,

but according to columbia university, no. because they've... as deep contrastive network. they found the pairs that belonged to the same person which suggests they are not all that unique. 50. person which suggests they are not all that unique.— all that unique. so, as you say, this sort of— all that unique. so, as you say, this sort of truth _ all that unique. so, as you say, this sort of truth in _ all that unique. so, as you say, this sort of truth in the - all that unique. so, as you say, this sort of truth in the world i all that unique. so, as you say, j this sort of truth in the world of forensics, every fingerprint is unique, even those of twins. the way a computer look at something is different to how we would look at it, it shows it's all about your perspective in life. so human beings study finger prints from the outside in, the computer is studying it from inside out. that seems to be the shift in perspective that has yielded this result, and thatjust shows you this is a way that computers can maybe show us reality in a different wa

i am looking to get more involved in columbia university in the coming months.be great. the importance of high-quality education for a well-functioning society is profound. i want to be part of that. universities -- this is not the first time universities have been hotbeds of dissent and turmoil. my whole life they've been that way. that does not bother me, but it is important that people are able to have dialogue and discussion on campus without intimidation and they are expressing their right to free speech. sonali: what is the next big ambition for james gorman? james: today? sonali: at morgan stanley, it is to help ted and your help with the clients. i build up a large clientele and i think i can help in that regard. for me personally, it is to live in a world of the unknown. for my whole life, i have known what the next steps are. i will be joining one public company board, disney. i will be getting more involved in columbia university and then i will take it from there. i want balance in my life. i have loved being ceo. it is a phenomenal company. i am so

this is columbia university new york this is not just a product. it's not just other thinking that was accepted throughout the country the lost cause we can kind of a national mess. reps embedded in textbooks up to the 1960s and it lingers in some places even today. i'm going to ask you for the sake of brevity to try to erase this for a moment. that is a tall order i realize but the story of reconstruction is really quite different over the last generation or so. a new generation of historians to generationsns perhaps have bn rethinking, reit researching and re- addressing reconstruction scraping away the crust of lost cause ideology. that which by the way is the root revisionism. that is what revise the truth. there are those in our society want to use revision is almost a swearword by trying to tell us that what we learned it wasn't really so. the loss because story is the revision we are going back to the roots, to the truth of what actually happened which was extremely bold politically bold and particularly on the part of african americans who

the dunning school as you mentioned, that name, by the way, was a columbia university in new york. this isn't just a product of of of lost cause southern. it was accepted throughout the country the lost cause became kind a national myth. okay embedded in the textbooks. embedded in. but up to the 1960s. and it lingers some places even today. okay. i'm going to ask you for the sake of brevity. just try to erase this for a moment. that's a that's a tall order. i realize. but the story of reconstruction is really quite different over last generation or so. a new generation of historians, two generations, perhaps you know rethinking re researching and re addressing reconstruction and scraping away the crust of, lost cause ideology that, by the way, is the real revision ism. that's what revised the truth. okay. there are those in our society who want to use revisionism as a kind of almost a swear word about by trying to tell us that what we learned wasn't really so the revered, the lost cause story is the revision. we are going back to the roots to this to the truth of what actually happ

itself would not have been possible not long ago. edward said joins as professor of english, columbia universitynnot legislate in advance who's going to represent whom. the israeli position and the position of the adl is that we are not only entitled to decide what to talk about, but we're going to decide who to talk to. now the palestinians have their own representatives, and that's the..." never found, nobody has found any other representatives of the plo, after all it was the israeli government a that dispossessed the palestinians, that destroyed labanon in 1982, هولوکاست یک مسئله بزرگی تو اروپا شده و از این ابزار استفاده کردی که مظلومیت برای یهودیا برای اسرائیل ایجاد کردی. as he or she might, a palestinian find it very difficult. i won't say impossible, but i i think it's very, very hard, and i, in this, i think most palestinians are like most people, it's very hard for the palestinian who feels himself or herself to have been the victim of injustice by jews, israeli jews, to sympathize or imaginatively. incorporate the history of the holocaust and say, well, we forgive them for what they di

well, for the question, charles, my professor from columbia university, my beloved professor, the things for the question also, because i need to make a make it more precise, i think that putin will take it to the brink but not the nuclear armageddon some some of the some of the russian certainly but even western experts said that he may go for to explode the tactical nuke in a way from from a you know, a a a key population center maybe somewhere in estonia, somewhere poland. i mean, horrible enough. but i think that would fall into that that wonderful escalate to de-escalate. dr. that some say exists say doesn't exist but basically when you're desperate detonate a tactical weapon. and of course this is be anywhere from, you know, five kiloton or a third of the hiroshima or up to 100 kilotons and. and and then and then step back and and de-escalate everybody steps back. so i don't think it will come to a actually strategic nuclear exchange with the united states. i think he will take it as far as possible to get effect that he wants, which let's settle in ukraine. let's settle here. but

edward said joins us, professor of english, columbia university, member of the palestinian of the palestineatives of the palestine except the plo, after all it was the israeli government a that dispossessed the palestinians that destroyed lebanon in 1982, killed, no, i'm saying. or herself to have been the victim of injustice by jews, israeli jews, to sympathize or imaginatively incorporate the history of the holocaust and say, well, we forgive them for what they did. i mean, after all, they suffered this enormous, this, this colossal historical tragedy the jews did, and the fact that they are evicting us from. territory, that they are placing us under occupation, that they're treating us as third class citizens, that they are killing our people, that they are confining us to camps, etc., etc., etc., we understand. look, i would, nobody can understand that. mean, you can, you can grasp the first fact, the fact of the holocaust, but you can't translate that into your own - doom. my mind has always been busy with this question, what is the reason behind? the occupation of palestine and the we

of the states is the complete absence of responsible and honest people in the white house, columbia universityssor jeffrey sachs laments. that's why everything falls apart before our eyes. the state elite has stopped to take care of the interests of the americans, former adviser to the head of the pentagon, douglas mcgregor, agrees with him. they are not used to putting the interests of their own country above all else, so is it any wonder that they don’t? however, the so-called allies are only expendable for washington, but zelensky does not understand. it will be thrown away like a used napkin or toilet paper, it has served its purpose, it’s time to throw it aside and wash it off, that’s what will happen to it. ukrainian refugees are already faced with the fact that attitudes towards them have changed dramatically. in ireland in the city of roscrea, local residents picket the hotel with ukrainians around the clock, trying not to let them out onto the street. they say that after the arrival of kiev guests in the city, crime increased several times. local authorities do nothing and... the enra

the states' big problem is the complete columbia university jeffrey sachs. the absence of responsibleest people in the white house, the professor laments . that’s why everything is falling apart before our eyes. the state elite has stopped caring about the interests of the americans, former adviser to the head of the pentagon, douglas mcgregor, agrees. they are not used to putting the interests of their own country above all else, so is it any wonder that they don’t? however, so. called allies are only expendable for washington , but zelensky does not even understand this, noted larry johnson, who previously worked as a cia analyst. ukraine is a sinking ship that is so damaged that it can no longer be repaired, partly it is still above the water, someone is even trying to keep it afloat, pump out the water there, start the pumps and prevent it from sinking, but not for long. what will happen to zelensky? the united states doesn’t care about zelensky, and he will soon understand it, he will be thrown out like a used napkin or toilet paper, he has served his purpose, it’s time throw it

and i met in a writing program at columbia university. she she is a writer herself. and i started at that time as a translator. we were getting to know these different worlds and corners of the publishing industry. and then later we both found work in the publishing industry in new york and i think we started to see how much literature was coming through and what was also being left behind, what was being overlooked by the corporate houses and we saw an opportunity there for works that we could champion and connect with readers, booksellers, critics. and we saw and we saw an opportunity for for a list of our own. and that's that's the. those were the the original seeds of of the press. well, i've kind of buried the lead here, mr. levy. but the washington post recently had a headline, one of my favorite headlines of all time. this couple just published a nobel winner from their living room. tell us the story. well, we started the publishing house after we moved out to the san francisco bay area in 2015. at that time, we both held full time jobs, you know, to afford th

amna: radley horton, professor at columbia university's climate school, thank you so much for joining ♪ geoff: we're learning more about what went wrong when a door panel blew off an alaska airlines flight mid-air. officials are looking into whether four bolts that were supposed to hold the panel in place were missing. the investigation grounded at least 170 other planes from alaska and united airlines. and it's leading to many questions about boeing and the role of the faa. jon ostrower covers this all closely as the editor in chief of "the air current", a site with reporting on the aerospace and aviation industries. thanks for being with us. yowere first to report that united airlines found loose bolts on plug doors during its early inspections of the 737 max alaska airlines also said its nine. found what it called "loose hardware." based on your reporting, what accounts for it? all the installations were poor design? >> you are heading what boeing, the faa, the ntsb wants to understand. how did these bolts become loose? did it happen during flight? did it happen during manufacturin

in one of these events, two students attacked the gathering of pro-palestinian students at columbia university with chemicals , as a result of which eight people were injured and taken to the hospital. a bomb explosion in quetta , the capital of pakistan's baluchistan province, killed three people and forced haft tanjar. so far, no group has claimed responsibility for this explosion. taken at the same time, the spokesperson of the government of balochistan, pakistan he said that seven terrorists were killed in the preventive operation of the security forces and the attackers did not reach any of their targets. the former prime minister of pakistan was sentenced to 10 years in prison. imran khan's crime of revealing government secrets has been announced. in another case, he was accused of illegally selling government gifts and embezzling 190 million pounds. the national election commission of pakistan had previously disqualified imran khan. a warehouse of oil derivatives in erwil, iraq, caught fire . this fire happened this morning in makhmour city, and the fire brigades have not managed to con

there is a complete absence of responsible and honest people in the white house, laments columbia universityhs. that's why everything falls apart before our eyes. the state elite has stopped caring about the interests of americans, the former agrees. keep it afloat, pump out the water there, start the pumps and prevent it from sinking, but it won’t be long. what will happen to zelensky? the united states doesn’t care about zelensky, and he will soon understand this; he will be thrown out like a used napkin or toilet paper. it has served its purpose, it’s time to throw it aside and wash it away, that’s what will happen to it. ukrainian refugees are already faced with the fact that attitudes towards them have changed dramatically. in ireland in the city. local residents picket the hotel with ukrainians around the clock, try not to let them out onto the street, they claim that after the arrival of kiev guests in the city, crime has increased several times. local authorities are doing nothing, and the enraged irish intend to hold a protest march. ekaterina radaeva, news. russia is going to break

perkins, who had known fdr from his days as a new york state senator, described the seizures to columbia university historians in 1955, quote, the change in his appearance had to do with the oncoming of a glassy eye and an extremely drawn look around the eyes and cheeks and even sort of a dropping of the muscles of the jaw on the mouth as though they weren't working exactly when he fainted, as he did occasionally, not for many years, but for several. that was all accentuate that it would be momentary, it would be very brief, and he'd be back again, unquote, even. and i mistook these episodes for what she called little brain bursting that she described to a close friend. a record of that conversation was found at the herbert hoover library at north branch, iowa, as well as other about fdr health. that, thanks to these are certainly never made it to hyde park. fdr en also presents for the first time the story of relationship with vincent astor. one cannot truly understand fdr without examining that close relationship, among other, astors hosted on his palatial 263 foot yacht norman for medical treatm

a columbia university professor comes to this conclusion in his article for foreign affairs magazine. beadol, according to him, ukrainian soldiers had to pay dearly for success at the front. at the same time , the russians won back the successes themselves, regaining their territories. 19 km, which the ukrainian armed forces temporarily managed to capture, kiev, according to the russian ministry of defense, gave up 159,000 soldiers; there was no hope for victory in this regard. difficult ignore the sense of desperation in the corridors of power in ukraine. 2 years have passed since the start of a full-scale war, the authorities still continue to turn to their partners in the west with a long-standing request: give us more weapons, more help, more political commitments. however, in the short term, like ukraine's problems at the front. likewise, disagreements in washington can aggravate the fate of the conflict. the west now faces a decisive choice: support ukraine or cede an irrevocable advantage to russia. the european military-industrial complex is trying to catch up with russia in t

fdr from his days as a new york state senator, described the seizures to >> the seizures of columbia universitytorians in 1955. quote, the change in his appearance had todo do with the oncoming of a glass city eye and an extremely drawn look around the eyes and cheeks and even a sort of dropping of the muscles of the jaw and the mouth as though they weren't working exactly. when he fainted, as he did occasionally, not not for many years, but for several years that was all accentuated. it would be momentary, very brief, and he'd be back again. unquote with. evenen adams took these episodes for what she called as little brain c burstings. a record of that conversation was found at the herbert hoover library at west branch, iowa, things that never made it to hyde park. fdr unmasked also presents for the first time the story of his relationship with vincent as to. one cannot truly understand fdr without examining that close relationship. among other events, astor hosted finishing dr on his 263-foot yacht for medical treatment and acted as a personal spymaster for over a decade. vincent was the son

states is the complete absence of responsible and honest people in the white house, laments columbia universityeffrey sachs. that's why everything falls apart before our eyes. the state elite has stopped caring about the interests of the americans, former adviser to the head of the pentagon, douglas mcgregor, agrees. put forward the interests of your own country. it will sink, but it won't be long. the united states doesn’t care about zelensky, and he will soon understand this, he will be thrown away like a used napkin or toilet paper, he has served his purpose, it’s time to throw it aside and wash it off, that’s what will happen to him. ukrainian refugees are already faced with the fact that attitudes towards them have changed dramatically. in ireland, in the city of roscrea, local residents picket a hotel with ukrainians around the clock. do not let them out into the streets, they say, after the arrival of kiev guests in the city, crime increased several times, local authorities do nothing, and the enraged irish intend to carry it out. protest march. ekaterina rydaeva, news. now economic news

bruin was not young, but rather a full professor of medicine at the highly prestigious columbia universitylege of physicians and surgeons and one of america's leading clinical cardiologists, he had graduated from johns hopkins medical school in 1925, this young man. and is recruited in 1942 at age 37 with one child and another on the way, specifically to take care of the president. and accidentally, he also treated eleanor. bruin's disclosures, burns wrote, which are full and authoritative as anything we're likely to have on the matter, will force us to revise the most interpretations of the significance of roosevelt's medical condition during the final year. this is surely music to the ears of the three co-conspirators. the book remains the primary source for subsequent biographies fdr in the final year. i call that paper the gospel according to bruin. anna never said anything publicly and she died in 1975, but bruin continued to promote and enhanced the deception in interviews and films and shortly -- and shortly-- until shortly before his death in 1995 at age 90. his last interview was

. >> reporter: new research from columbia university shows they are happening twice as often and despite, it is still making winter the fastest warming season. it is leading to less snow overall according to another study, like new york, philadelphia, washington, they saw the evidence going more than 700 days without an inch of snow. when snow does call climate change is making the storms more powerful. >> your ocean temperatures are warmer. when you are bringing that northeast flow off of the ocean that is bringing in warmer temperatures that a lot of times changes it over to rain. if you have the cold air, the warm ocean off of the coast will produce much more snowfall. these are the 1-2 feet of snow that comes in. it just cripples everything. >> reporter: the same intersection fuels monster lake- effect snows and out west along california's sierra. examples how climate change is making winter not just warmer but weirder. national climate reporter chase cane. >> we got weird weather heading this way. rain here but by the end of the week you are thinking springtime. >> let's focus on th

we are talking with the most prominent american economist, political scientist, professor at columbia universityofessor sachs, we are very glad to welcome you. i think. then an even bigger victory, as public opinion polls predict in south carolina, by the way, in the state where nikki haley was governor, but according to... yes, of course, the team will gather, they will discuss how they can defeat trump, because trump is in the lead, but it’s quite difficult to do something in this situation, i think it’s unlikely that biden will be able to come up with something, so far everything is against this administration, people in america are very dissatisfied, basically they don't like the economic situation, they don't like the situation. border with mexico, the war in ukraine is clearly in favor of russia, the war in gas is also very unpopular in the united states, so the issue of foreign policy for biden is precisely the weak link, the economy is also not very good, so everything seems to point in favor of trump, well, age. age , of course, is constantly affecting biden, more and more people are ta

montas roosevelt is senior lecturer in american studies and english at columbia university and director of the and citizenship program, which introduces low income high school students

>> thanks for the question charles my professor from columbia university.thanks for the question also because i need to make it more precise. i think the putin will take you tonk the brink but not the actul nuclear armageddon. some of the russian's certainly and even western experts say that he would explore the tactical nuke and do it from key population center may be somewhere in estonia or poland. enough but i think that would fall into that wonderful dr. and that some say exists in some say it doesn't exist. basically when you are desperate to designated tactical weapon in the courses could be anywhere from five-kilo prom or a third of hiroshima or up to 100. and then step back and de-escalate. everybody steps that. i don't think it will come to a strategic nuclear exchange with the united states. i think he will take it as far as possible to get the effects that he wants which is let's settle it here but you know when you get the book which i will in scribe for you, you will see there's a wonderful epigraph from a terrific book. let me read it to you.

it appears her like ability struggles followed her to columbia university.st year she taught in the situation room. it goat a lot of attention. many students complained. one student voiced disappointment with the class saying clinton came across unrelatable, i am personable, acting like a politician, basically reading passages from her book most of the semester, didn't provide the class with any new insight. a lot more was said. here with the host of fox news saturday night. a killer knew show debuting tomorrow night here. jimmy, congratulations, sir. >> here it is. >> hannity: i don't know if america is ready for this. >> listen i'm in trouble with this promotion. all of my old bookies know where to find me. >> hannity: that's right. you owe them money. some are known for breaking legs. i mean i'm looking at -- i have four pages of student comments. i mean, there was a divide between the student and professor. he was not relatable. she was talking at us. it was frustrating. i thought it would make us think carefully and analytic whraoe. analytically.she did

genuine new yorker who did his undergraduate and graduate degrees at city college of new york and columbia university although he has lived and worked all around the world, he and his wife jean currently reside on capitol hill in washington dc. missus fergus bordewich is an advisor to national and international philanthropy and democratic governments, she is with us today and you can also meet and visit with her at the signing event after our our. so i think for starters how about opening this session with a reading from the beginning of your book, right at the start of his preface. your opening narrative about mister wyatt outlaw right between durham and greensboro. >> first, thanks for your kind introduction and thank you all for being here today especially maybe not quite there but close enough on a sunday. this section i will read in 5 to 6 minutes, opens the book and it is kind of self-explanatory. graham, north carolina. 11:00 pm on february 26, 1870, the nighttime silence is broken by wild pounding of horses moving faster the drizzly missed, the riders were white gowns and masks and surrounded

montas roosevelt is senior lecturer in american studies and english at columbia university and director of the and citizenship program, which introduces low income high school students to. the western political tradition through the study of original