columbus has america ever bore ever before senior period when so many monuments came down so quickly. no, not at all. i'm there were periods of questioning monuments and after dylan ruth's massacre and charleston in 2015 and after the deadly unite the right rally in charlottesville in 2017, and those also were periods in which debate focused a lot around naming and flags. so you saw a lot of removal of images of confederate battle flags from state flags. but the statue still stayed in place or were even more protected so there was a sort of backlash to protests of the enactment of laws to protect monuments from being moved. so this is something that in quantity is unprecedented, but again, not in human history just in america and also if you want to talk about statute removal, it's it's happened all along. so one of the things that i am happy to have written about in the book is a number of instances in which statues were removed because they offended people with the power to remove them from the halls of congress etc. but also i start with the book with the fact that the very first m

monuments to the confederacy and 70 monuments to other historical figures like christopher columbus. has america ever before seen a period when so many monuments came down so quickly? >> no, not at all. there were periods of questioning monuments after dylan ruth's massacre in charleston in 2015 and the deadly unite the right rally in charlottesville in 2017. those were periods where debate focused around naming and flags. you saw a lot of removal of images of confederate battle flag from state flags. but the statues still stayed in place, or were even more protected. so there was a backlash to protest of the enactment of laws to protect monuments from being moved. this is something that in quantity is unprecedented. but, again, not in human history. just in america and also if you want to talk about statue removal it's happened all along. one of the things i'm happy to have written about in the book is instance where statues were mechld owe removed because they offended with people power to remove them from the havls of congress et cetera. i also start the book with the abt fact that the first