confederacy but the greater good. and we call this just building more and more and more ironclad ships. so this was why the battle of hampton way in the two key studies at the end of the war. the war itself over a variety of ways there are some battles like and inventive the most part, they're actually kind of, and the blockade so. [inaudible]. we have to remind ourselves that this strategy on how the u.s. will try to win the war, that has two parts. the going to blockade the entire coastline of the confederacy. so they will blockade a hellenic seaboard in the gulf of mexico and the reason they want to blockade the entire coastline is that they want to prevent the confederate ships to come in or out. and the confederates boat can't get the cotton out to europe they lose money and if they don't have money, they cannot finance a born the confederate ships cannot bring the goods and foods and supplies into europe, it will hurt the efforts pretty soon it will be an economic part of warfare. but the second part of this pla

and the confederacy. the primary feature of them, they come in various shapes, sizes, and designs, the primary feature is the fact that it's some iron plated armor that is put on board a wooden ship. hence the name, ironclad. you're taking a wooden ship, and your cladding is an iron plating. the thickness of that plating might vary. the u.s. navy will also build completely iron hold vessels. they are known as monitors. both sides are developing and evolving their ironclad technology. the reason why they are going to be so committed to ironclad technology, probably one of the most important battles of the naval war for the civil war is the battle of hampton roads this is one of those gold star in your notes. i love the battle of hampton roads. to give you some setup here. again, we are just doing some case studies enable history, not everything. confederate secretary of the navy, stephen are mallory, he has, and's men have captured a u.s. vessel, known as the merriman. they are going to convert this existi

and the confederacy. we are going to look at different aspects of the naval war. how it plays out internationally, looking at some naval technology and a couple of key case studies. then we are going to shift into the guerrilla war to find what guerrilla warfare is. again, look at some examples of guerrilla warfare. your focus is your taking notes, it's going to be on how the u.s. navy compares to the corporate labor what's the kyiv naval case studies are, be able to define delaware for and give me some case studies. there's going to be a lot of statistics today. first up, two nations, two navies. the u.s. will have a navy, the confederacy is going to try to create on as well. as we are talking about enable aspects of the war, i want you to remember, the naval war happens across the globe. the u.s. in the confederacy are actually going to fight on five different oceans and on dozens of rivers. when they are not fighting one another, the u.s. navy is prudently doing block a duty to fulfill the anaconda pla

confederacy function. even today, as we have sort of seen people writing and researching about enslaved people during the civil war, i see confusion about people in their status. i thought i take a second to highlight who some of these people were. trent edwards, who ended up becoming a postwar member of the general assembly, was a prewar brick layer in manchester. a town just across from richmond. it is now within the cities limits. as a property owner, married by 1864. living with his mother and law, his wife, seven children. in november of that year, he was construct constricted. he was forced to leave the work he had been doing. and then go work on the railroad. on in the center is james lip skin. who became a postwar member of the general assembly. he had been a carriage driver prior to the civil war working for a white family enrichment. and november of 1864 he too was conscripted by the confederate government. to go work for the engineer department. i think about lip skin in particular. white house

where the confederacy didn't want to be further harassed by the confederacy yet made a challenging choice of leaving his you know, middle-aged mother at home with younger children. there were his siblings to go fight in us culture unit on so free blacks are facing some of the same challenges that enslaved people are facing and i hope that we can find out more about the flight of free blacks. yeah, absolutely. and as you say would be impossible, you know to count them all and and recover every experience. but the more we can do the better. and for david now a question about the tremendous loss of horses and mules specifically in the pharma confederacy during the civil war. do you have a sense as to how how long it took for the population of horses and mules to recover from those losses during the war? well, certainly probably wasn't until the 1890s because that the the numbers that i was using there were based on the census of 1870. so 10 years after the war you're looking at for the south about 250,000 head down. and again the post war period was not a prosperous period generally in the s

the confederacy promises to protect that. that is an important factor in their decision. >> definitely, would you say the confederates genuinely saw the choctaws as equals in this racial hierarchy? saw them as fellow slave holders who had that common interest. is it more and an alliance of convenience for the confederacy? >> i would go with the latter. and alliance of convenience. i say that because there are these moments where they are coming to the confederacy, they go to the native nations, they see the indian territory as an important place that they don't want them to side with the federal government. it is making an in road into a place where federal troops can easily attack southern states. there is that motivation, the confederate desire to have native nations as allies. there are these, and i recognize that they are slaveholders and et cetera. then there are these moments in the treaty agreement that they make with the choctaws and chickasaw for instance. they assert, the confederate government asserts authority in

not sign a treaty with the confederacy until july of 1861. so there are choctaw men who are committing to fight in the war even before the choctaw legislature had officially sided with the confederacy. so again, the enthusiasm is is high. historian angie debo notes that the work of consolidating indian support began before any formal treaties were signed between the choctaw indians and the confederate government the choctaw government had already passed a resolution and support of the southern states in february of 1861 though. the formal treaty alliance would not come for five more months. so perhaps getting these men to wasn't a difficult task. surely the choctaw resolution was then response to the february 4th meeting of six southern states in montgomery to form a provisional government and establish the confederate states of america so that resolution of support must have been in response to this meeting the choctaws may have been waiting for the secating states to create a more formal body before expressing choctaw support. us indian age

of the confederacy. some are just going to support the confederacy because the devil that promised me the best is the devil i go with, you know, i mean so and because of all those internal tensions right? it's hard to know kind of who's with who? and then of course, you've got the us army not overly concerned about identifying clearly who is with who? all right. that's just it's it's all kind of a muddled problem to begin with. and there have been claims in the new mexico territory of the kiowa the comanche of the navajo supporting the confederacy and some groups do. many don't and what happens is in late 1863. there's this kind of fear the navajo and kind of the border between arizona and new mexico territory right that they are supportive of the confederacy. there's no evidence for this but in january of 1864 the us army sends kit carson, right the famous mountain man kit carson right out with a unit to bring the navajo in to bring them from kind of that. arizona new mexico border bring them to fort su

there would've been a northwest confederacy there would've been a pacific confederacy.d we would have had in north america almost a repeat of what we saw in the balkans in the 19 nineties. and then, and then, what would have been available to stop the tide of german militarism in world war one? of nazism in world war ii? of the cold war? it's not a pleasant thing to contemplate. >> no, and something that american civil war apart from other countries that's pretty unusual, it only has two sides. how your referring to is usually a few more than that so, it's really hard to contemplate what we would be living today. >> you know, you see later serving on the united states supreme court were two veterans of the civil war. one was edward white and oliver randall holmes, who had been a union lieutenant. every year on the anniversary of fantino, holmes would present white with a red rose. it was a romantic gesture. white's response was this. my god, he said. if we had succeeded. that was the estimate of a confederate and he was right. >> some postwar reflection and then you get

the sectors were there to remind people what the confederacy was.ver time as generations past, statues change. they begin as foils and as generations past, they decline into monuments. the statue became a remembrance of the chapter in richmond history. more generations past and the monument declines further simply a marker. they look up and say hi to robert e lee, some history dude. in fact, for become almost literally markers for negotiating traffic in downtown richmond. we see this and what has happened and other monuments and memorial markers. in california and donna park is a monument to the party, yes, there are folks when the winter collapsed down on them from resort to cannibalism in order to survive. a monument to the party, believe it or not, it borders on a picnic area but nobody looks at the monument and says that's an incitement to cannibalism. maybe they might have set it when it was put up, they might have said that in the 1840s when the donner party was still alive or at least some of it but over time, it simply becomes a marker the s

not necessarily because they agree with the confederacy, but because the confederacy has promised them land, right? a recognition of land. bernie, did you have a question? >> yeah. did those tensions with -- when they signed -- when they agreed with the confederates, were there tensions between tribal members at that time too? >> some, there was internal conflict over whether or not to side with the confederacy, yeah. and so there is, there's always tension that we are going to see. many -- the cherokee, at one point, actually, before they were forced into indian territory, large chunks of them, there were some that owned slaves themselves. they had adopted the notion of african slavery. so some of them would have supported conceptions of the confederacy. anyway, in fact the very last confederate general to surrender is going to be a cherokee general. stand waitie, i believe his name was? sounds right in my head. so there is going to be some that are going to fight for the confederacy because they believe in ideas of the confederacy and summers some good just the devil that promises me

and those four states being part of the confederacy would have shifted the trajectory of the war. lincoln was a politician. he was the president that i admired the most because he had this remarkable capacity to ship then evolve and i'd hire someone who thought about the world in one way and 1850 and thought about it in a different way and 1855. that's something to be commended and in some ways in many ways will never know because he was assassinated a week after the civil war came to an effective and that's another example of making sure we understand things like emancipation in a more new ones complicated terms rather tithan saying the emancipation proclamation is the rationale behind it and the reason they came into existence was a little more complicated than that. >> i want to thank all of you for coming out and i want to thank our panelists adam harris and clint smith for a wonderful discussion. [applause] >> where a moment where several people from america think the country is on the wrong track but but this is not just the sentiment has not just existed in thisbut this tim

but lee's obviously the best the confederacy hat. lee, his stature and reputation are towering, dominating. his soldiers have very high morale. they do not believe he can be defeated, they don't believe they could be defeated. this will serve them in good stead. they are quite good! lee had put together quite a winning team. one advantage that lee have had in putting together a winning team with the army of northern virginia is that lee knows how to handle jefferson davis. when and when li wants and offered transferred out of my army, he's not getting the job done! davis will let him do it. lee has to do it right. he asked you some tact and some finesse but he knows how to do that and he can get it done. lee has the team that he wants there in virginia. he well, he doesn't have stonewall jackson because he's dead. he would've liked to have had him. otherwise, but lee gets the officers he wants in virginia. he is very, good his armies good. it was totally unrealistic for grant to win within a matter of weeks, to win very cheaply and e

the confederacy could become independent. and there's almost a certainty that emancipation would be revoked. that slavery would survive. so people had said to lincoln you ought to cancel this election and lincoln said no. we're fighting. to preserve self-government. we're fighting against the idea that if you lose the election you get to start a war and see if it can win it with the war when you couldn't win it in an election and we're fighting against that kind of idea. and if we were to postpone the election because of the war. we've already lost the cause we were fighting for. yeah, we postpone the election so we say in power. but we were fighting to maintain the id of self-government so we can't do that. we're going to hold the election exactly a scheduled we're going to do exactly what the constitution says. right but politics is tricky and how's that going to affect grants campaign? well for one thing it means there's going to be a lot of scrutiny. it's going to be important. but another thing and i've already told you

we never looked at the confederacy and dismantled it in its entirety. instead, what we have, we started erecting statues to it. to its leaders. robert e lee. jefferson davis. we started having in our textbooks because of the united daughters of the confederacy the lost cause becomes this relic event and when you begin to think about what that means for theway that our children learn , what they understand so that slavery really wasn't that bad. you had reallybenevolence, kind owners . you had, the enslaved were fed well.they were closed. they had housing. what could be so bad? and you had this bigmean nasty north coming down and trying to impose its willon these really good , honest hard-working noble folks . when that becomes the narrative in our textbooks until like the 1970s, and think about the battles that we have had recently overtaking down these confederate monuments in these public spaces. because what that's telling us is that this is who we should be honoring. and so we've got these tectonic plates underneath american society that basically s

and and that those four states being part of the confederacy would have all so significantly shifted the trajectory of the war. so lincoln was a politician right? like he's the he is the president that i perhaps admire the most because i think he had this remarkable capacity to shift and evolve and like i'm i admire someone who thought about the in one way in 1850 and thought about in a very different way in 1865 and i think that that's something to be commended and in some ways. i mean in many ways we'll never know how far lincoln would have evolved because he was assassinated after the end of you know a week after the civil war came to an effective end, but but i think that's another example of making sure that we understand things like emancipation in more nuance complicated terms rather than saying like in the emancipation proclamation freed the slaves when it actually is a more the rationale behind it. and the reason it came into existence was a bit more complicated than that. all right folks. we are at time. i want to thank all of you for coming out. i want to thank our panelis

and, i think some people just don't want to think about the confederacy or think about what it meanslot of times, they aren't. not everybody in government or in politics is comfortable with what comes with booking a system that's been in place for 400 years. as long as there are confederate monuments everywhere, white supremacy will always be here. i just don't know what to do. the community, the city council, the city administrator, none of them are helping to get this thing going. i think they've got somebody coming in to make sure they don't commit. but, then i almost thought, we'll never get to the bottom of that. it's sucks! >> the controversy over a confederate flag continues tonight. >> justin and i have tried to exhaust all reasonable evidence, and it's just not walking. >> tommy darius is not threatening to remove the flag and confederate marker himself. he -- just so he could shove that flag up the s of everybody in orangeburg fraternity. >> they stun the sons of the confederate telling them if they want their flag in marker, you need to come and get. it >> would if i don't

so most of the people in the south had no economic interest in the purpose of the confederacy. they didn't put secession to a popular vote. they knew it couldn't win at the time the secession the governor of georgia a man named joseph brown made a very interesting comment. said slavery is the poor man's. government slavery is the poor man's best government. so at the time lincoln and the republicans were proposing all sorts of things for the north for the union united states schools and railroads and a new a better financial system in georgia and the rest the south they did want that what they were promising the south where there were promising poor whites in the south with one thing and only one thing that they would be one rung above the lowest cast obviously the black slaves. they didn't want a government that modernized that helped industry that help poor people rise up. they didn't want any of it and really didn't want any of it for two reasons. one of them was exactly what you'd expect. they didn't want to encourage anything that there would be emancipation as far back as

we started having in our textbooks, because of the united daughters of the confederacy, the lost cause becomes this heroic event and when you begin to think about what that means for the way our children learn, what they understand, so that slavery really was not that bad. you had benevolent, kind owners. the enslaved were fed well, they were clothed, they had housing. what could be so bad? and you have this mean, nasty north coming down and trying to impose its will on these good, honest, hard-working, noble folk. when that becomes the narrative that is in our textbooks until like the 1970's, hoo. and think about the battles we have had recently over taking down these confederate monuments in these public spaces. because what that is telling us is that this is who we should be honoring. and so we've got these tectonic plates underneath american society that basically says, the confederacy, they were good. slavery was not that bad. i think about bill o'reilly, who, after michelle obama talked about living in a house that was built by the enslaved, and on his show he said, it was not th

we have these tectonic plates underneath of american society and the confederacy they are good.nd think of bill o'reilly who after michelle obama talks about living in a house built by the enslaved and on his show he says it wasn't that bad they were house and well fed and well clothed. so how bad could it be? when you get that coming in in the 21st century that is the thing wee have not dealt with. and then how they are demanding a revision of the curriculum so to make them feel uncomfortable it does not. so we don't talked about slavery. i sought in texas they are thinking about renaming slavery involuntary relocation. when you can create euphemisms but when you don't deal with the reality of what this nation has been through, and deal with the slavery or the reality of genocidal violence against people or xenophobia and in tight immigration policy.wi you don't deal but when you don't deal with any of thoseu realities you don't understand america and you do a disservice to america. america is an aspirational nation. we hold these truths to be self-evident. to make those self e

learned they were free to half years early the emancipation proclamation and the slavery and the confederacy. think about that. for more than two years in slave people of texas were kept in servitude for two years intentionally kept from the freedom for more than two years. and then on that summer day 156 years ago the enslaved people of texas they learn the news that they were free and they claim their freedom. indeed it was an important day. [applause] and remember is not the end of slavery in america. the truth is it would be six more months before the 13th amendment was ratified and enslaved people were free. so as we commemorate the history of juneteenth just as we did with the torso race massacre we must learn from our history and teacher children our history because it is part of our history as a nation as part of american history. we are gathered here in the house built by enslaved people. footsteps away from where president lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation. and we are here to witness president joe biden establish juneteenth as a national holiday. we have come far and far

nathan bedford forrest was a general in the confederacy and the first commander of the ku klux klan sout up, it's not 1878 there putting up a bust. it was put up in 1978 andonly recently came down i think in the last year or two . if you put up a bust of the first grand wizard of the ku klux klan, that says something about what's your policy orientation is. that says something about what your priorities are and that for me is inextricably linked to the decision about like how your funding historically black colleges in tennessee compared to predominantly white universities so i think the symbolism and monuments and street names and all those things and tell us a lot about what stories places are telling about themselves and how they understand what they're sort of priorities are in terms of a society they are attempting to build. what the history they are attempting to a knowledge . >> i want to open it up to the audience. does anyone have any questions? there is amicrophone in the center there . i see a question inthe back . question upfront. i think to the microphone there. >> i thin

of the confederacy, which was to become a white supremacist government.cy was slavery and white superiority. when you read that, you realize wasn't just a conflict of ideas and about policy. it was a conflict of visions of human nature and human equality and reality itself. and self righteousness is a very, very pernicious thing. we know it in our own lives and in the nation. so i think that the more people believe their entire way of being, their entire identity is tied up in the minute to minute political development, we are at greater risk and the great thing about the country is in extremists we have tended to see politics not as total war but as a maediation of differences. what you're seeing now, day to day, you have this unfolding assault on the rule of law. you also have, and president biden as you pointed out, he is my friend. i help him when i can so satisfy it in that context. he's governing. this has been a remarkable period of making a very divided country. take concrete steps in a future that a lot of people want. and a majority of people in

i think they acted reasonably in the confederacy was attacked at battery strength.al beauregard arrived in petersburg at 6:00 p.m. that night traveling from his headquarters north of uptown. the attack that quickly followed in particular surprise him and in predicting this disaster for days but now the question for him was simple. should he defend petersburg by the defenses or forsake the city and hold the line. he appealed to the war department unsuccessfully all through the day for instructions of into which of those options he should exercise but never received an answer so he was on his own. and not long after that federal break through the leading elements of hopes division arrived in petersburg in the form of johnson haygood's 1400 south carolinians much to the delight of the panic-stricken citizens. he initially received instruction to extend the army's right flank but when the news of the collapse of the eastern portion of the damot line line smith met haygood to establish a perimeter behind a broken batteries. they could almost stumble into the federal line

but, in fact, two and a half years earlier the emancipation proclamation and it's slavery in the confederacy. think about that. for more than two years the enslaved people of texas were kept in servitude. for more than two years they were intentionally kept from their freedom. for more than two years, and then, on that summer day, 156 years ago, the enslaved people of texas learned the news. they learned that they were free. and they claimed their freedom. it was, indeed, an important day. and [applause] still, let us also remember, that there was not the end of slavery in america. the truth is it would be six more months before the 13th amendment was ratified. before enslaved people in the south and the north were free. as we commemorate the history of juneteenth, as we did just weeks ago with the history of the tulsa race massacre. we must learn from our history, and we must teach our children our history. because it is part of our history, as a nation, it is part of american history. let me end by saying this, we are gathered here in a house built by enslaved people. we are footsteps away

but we tend to forget this fat black men of the former confederacy got the right to vote because of theact three years before the 15th amendment was ratified black man in the south got the right to vote in the summer of 1867. 80 percent of the black man eligible to vote in the south registered to vote in the summer of 1867 i call it the first freedom summit and in 1868 they voted 500,000 black men cast their ballots for the republican party we say ulysses s grant but he won the popular bow by just over 300,000 votes so black people said they elected a president of the united states through the popular vote but the most important point in reconstruction was the manifestation of power through the ballot was south carolina with the construction election the house of representatives secretary of state was black, secretary of treasury was black. and in the racist film the most ever made, we tend to think it was about slavery. but it wasn't. it was reconstruction it was the people of reconstruction and the evil to give black men the right to vote remember that famous scene they were in the le

but as part of reconstruction any tend to forget this but black men in the former confederacy the rightyears before the 15th amendment was ratified in 1970, the abutment in the south got to the right vote in the summer 1867 is that they registered about a 90 percent of the black men eligible to vote in the south register to vote in the summer of 1867; the first freedom and in 1868, 500,000 black men cast ballots for the republican party. now grant one the electoral college overwhelmingly but he only wanted the popular vote by just over 300,000 votes. so you can say and the like people said they elected that the president of thehe united states through the popular vote and as clyburn said, the most important point in for the reconstruction in the devastation of power through the ballot was south carolina. and in the first election, instruction election, the house of representatives was majority black speaker the house, secretary of state was back on the secretary of treasury, was black and it was amazing braided and in racist film, the most rat film ever made of the nation, we tend to th

what does survive the battles our understanding of why the confederacy ultimately capitulates. >> i'mgoing to look in to it, hicks third rate. in the hicks third rate becomes part of the national consciences, lay out for me what the impact in how it's spun in modern civil war history. if it does become part of national civil war memory, are different groups in america today going to understand spin this? >> as we all know as historians, we feel comfortable looking into the past and predicting the future but i think it is smart and interesting, the most compelling part of the story that's not been told is a story that would require me to be an anthropologist and i am barely a historian on a good day now that i had to become an anthropologist, i would love to talk tomorrow the people that kind of run up against walls and i don't need to give you the details, there is a vibrant historical society, i want to know about the african-american community and how that memory or story transmitted and i want to remind us all again, i think it's unfair we make demands upon people and i hear all th

it would look like an act of desperation and it would lead england and france to recognize the confederacy as a legitimate nation. and so, lincoln agrees and lincoln decides to wait until there is a union victory. the problem is, lincoln's generals can't get their act together and so there is a major loss at manassas in august and that is not a victory until september, september 17th, at antietam. so while this is going on, lincoln is waiting for this victory to come, he does several things to try to prepare the white, racist north, the white, racist electorate in the north, for what is coming. he knows he's going to issue an emancipation proclamation, he knows he's got to wait, but he might as well begin to prepare and shape public sentiment on this issue. so he does several things. one of its as he writes a very famous letter to horace greely, where he says my paramount object in the struggles to save the union. and it's not either safe or destroyed slavery, he's trying to get people on board. if you are willing to fight for the union, think about how ending slavery might help do that. a

threshold, not constant teachable, fresh with knuckle, stressed in much in the is knife of the confederacy. the new at the style segment. some special moment for your patient. but i'm still eat one now because when you my layer, jimmy almost crunched. the qu failed, the conspirators were arrested and the internal affairs minister, but his poor guy shot himself with roller that would be cheaper than the woo woo schumer, daniel roller, which was almost all you diluted new york in crucial dot com or give just a early as much as little san elizabeth marshall, you question lou. a year choose through or swear you, at least in the spirit narrowed them was that was to yeah, mark in a soon meal is deal with the actual berserker, i need say, is keesa, who's schoolboy ambit sores? nehemiah worcester, she wouldn't have good news, would charlotte? nor tim yamini, even though what he did not odms. of course, the youngest from your sick, with and bill of asia forest is a huge nature reserve covering both sides of the bell. a russian polish border in soviet times, the government residents stood within the

constant house engagement, blood pressure is not going stressed in much in the is knife of the confederacy during your test. i will segment some special moment for you, but the eat one, they are now because when you, my layer change almost constant, the cou failed. the conspirators were arrested and the internal affairs minister about his cougar, shot himself with roller. that would be cheaper than the woo woo shermer daniel roller with you to lose it. yours carrasco. dot com more. give just a i need a new question lou. a year choose toya. so you, at least in the spirit narrow them, was that was to your mark in a soon meal has deal with the actionable circuit. i mean say is q saves schoolboy ambit source. now my yahoo stir. she wouldn't have good news. would charlotte? no chimney, minnie, even though what, what he did not odms. of course, the youngest music with in beulah of asia forest is a huge nature reserve covering both sides of the bell. a russian polish border. in soviet times, the government residents stood within the park and that's where the leaders of 3 countries, russia, ukrain

famous artillery -- thought that this was the most interesting point in the whole history of the confederacy. you may not agree with him, but the event between -- an 1864, if they had gone differently at petersburg would have altered the trajectory of the civil war tremendously. perhaps shortening it by months. so my talk is going to address the movements to petersburg at that time, the conduct of combat -- not in a micro tech [inaudible] >> now the petersburg campaign was [inaudible] appointment of ulysses s grant, the chief of all union armies. grant brought to strategic [inaudible] first, to apply [inaudible] across the various theaters of the war. it looks like we're gonna get some technical help here. you don't want to miss any of my words, i'm sure. we'll -- if i was brian wills, and telegenic right now. i'll just keep going. . the second thing of course is that he decided not to make his headquarters in washington [inaudible] , instead i don't think this [inaudible] to make his headquarters with the army [inaudible] and pursue relentless operations against the confederate opponents. g