not sign a treaty with the confederacy until july of 1861. so there are choctaw men who are committing to fight in the war even before the choctaw legislature had officially sided with the confederacy. so again, the enthusiasm is is high. historian angie debo notes that the work of consolidating indian support began before any formal treaties were signed between the choctaw indians and the confederate government the choctaw government had already passed a resolution and support of the southern states in february of 1861 though. the formal treaty alliance would not come for five more months. so perhaps getting these men to wasn't a difficult task. surely the choctaw resolution was then response to the february 4th meeting of six southern states in montgomery to form a provisional government and establish the confederate states of america so that resolution of support must have been in response to this meeting the choctaws may have been waiting for the secating states to create a more formal body before expressing choctaw support. us indian age

why the bastille of the confederacy?it was located in richmond, which was the capital of the confederacy. the first capital was montgomery, alabama. it was moved, very quickly, up to richmond. that made much more sense. richmond was bisected by several roads, several railways and an important river, the james river. it was the bastille. secondly, the south centralized its prisoner population. by that i mean this. any prisoner captured anywhere in the war was first brought to richmond and then brought to libby. from there, they would be sent to other prisons in the process. everyone walked through libby at one point or another. the prisoners also called it, the castle of despair, or just simply, rat hell, or just hell. why was it called libby? it had been owned by a fellow named george libby from maine. there was a sign hanging on the side of it. you can see the white horizontal sign in the middle of the prison there. it said libby and son. when the confederacy made it a prison they never took the sign down. everyone just

they're the best equipped, best officer, veterans, all there, the confederacy could not match. but the point was early, is he receives word that the federals are back in martinsburg. you know, they west virginia. and so he instead of sending to see whether it's true he marches to of his division robert rhodes's and john gordon's to martinsburg to find out whether the yankees are in martinsburg. well guess what not but and i love irony or whatever in the war are always in telegraph office and the intercepted they find out that grant had visited now this in september the 18th and sheridan making plans to move the next morning and what becomes the third battle winchester two so early hustles to war they don't make it gordon and rhodes don't make it and so by the morning of september 19th, earl these armies strung out and i'm going to riverside. that's not point. the point is, as they would say later shadow whirling through winchester he rallied to the. can you imagine though always thought you know you northern end it an inverted l and north of winchester on the pike you're confed

she tried to persuade him to recognize the confederacy.but napoleon questioned the military strategy and also did not want to act unilaterally. he would not act unless great britain did. rose did not have any success in convincing palmer son who was the prime minister and head of a liberal government that approved of slavery. she did not have any success in convincing palmer center do that. she thought about going to rome and try to get recognition and finally decided against that. so, on july 30 she went to paris one last time to talk to a little rose and say goodbye to her because she had decided to return to the confederacy. she wrote the desperate struggle in which my people are engaged is ever present i long to be near to share in the triumph or to be buried under the ruins without home without nationality. so on august 10 rose boarded the condor which was a sleek runner that left of the scottish port and went to bermuda, then halifax and the goal was to make it back to wilmington. the ship was captained by william nathan white cute w

the confederacy is fighting very hard. i mean, big battles there. they're determined to win their independence. so they're there. they're going to up the ante on the attack. and there's also some complications for in the field who are running into slaves. is this a loyal master or is this a disloyal master? i don't know what i'm supposed to with these slaves that have just come within my lines. all right. we're going to make it a little bit more simple for if it is state that is seceded and the slaves come within lines, they're free, they're emancipated, you do not them to the owners. not only do you not return them, you will be court martialed. if you do. it is illegal to return slaves to their owners. that's the second confiscation act. there's thing in the second confiscation act. it it calls for the president, the united states, to issue a proclamation declaring all slaves the states in rebellion to be free. now we all think lincoln kind of came up with this idea, i'm going up the ante. i'm going to issue this emancipation proclamation and i'm g

she had decided to return to the confederacy.he wrote, the desperate struggle in which my people are engaged is ever-present. i long to be nearer to share in the triumph, or be buried under the ruin. without home, without nationality. on august 10th, rose boarded the condor, a sleek, fast blockade runner. it left out of the scottish port of grand -- it went to bermuda, and then halifax. the goal was to make it back to wilmington. the ship was captained by william nathan white hewitt. a british naval officer on furlough. rose, on the ship, on saturday october 4th, 1864, about 3 am, the condor encountered blockade runners -- blockaders off the coast of fort fischer. one of those blockaders was the uss nyphon. the defense fired a broadside at the condor. the condor saw a ship ahead, thinking it was another blockade, swerved to miss it. captain hewitt ran the ship aground upon a shoal. the ship that wright saw had actually been the wreck of another blockade runner. the ship is in this position where it is stuck on this shoal. it was

united daughters of the confederacy helped lead the effort to shift the narrative of the civil war bythe civil war. in 2017, after the deadly protests over the robert e. lee statue in charlottesville, virginia, the county convict commissioners in manatee voted 4 to 3 to remove the confederate statue and put it in an equally prominent respectful location. but gravity had other plans. the monument toppled over as it was removed from its pedestal and it broke into pieces, which were then placed in storage. five years later, manatee county now has some new commissioners, all republicans, who have voiced support for an effort to not only put the pieces of that confederate memorial back together, but to re-install it at the manatee county historic courthouse. that matter is now listed as an agenda item for the county commissioners meeting next tuesday, where may come up for a vote and it may very well pass. manatee county could find itself in the unique position of erecting a monument to the confederacy in the year 2023. because those century old efforts to shift the narrative of the civil

well, as doug said, things are falling apart for the confederacy elsewhere. so, johnson is going to be sent to the west. and in the fall of 72 he's gotta be sent to the western theater commander asked department. it is a tremendous territory. it extends from the appalachians to the mississippi river. and he is responsible for the army of tennessee, which is in tennessee. in the department of mississippi and alabama, which includes the defenders of vicksburg under general pemberton. and so, johnson's new command, takes up his headquarters in chattanooga in the winter of 18 62 to 3 he is going to be coordinating the efforts of those two armies and all the other military units in this vast department. and he has got a lot of challenges. roxanne bag. but seriously, he is trying to coordinate these two armies which are defending union forces advancing on them in tennessee and in mississippi. he has a very rickety railroad network that is not well connected. unlike in virginia, the railroads in alabama, mississippi, georgia, the lines are not well maintained. they

his objective is 150 miles south on the railroad and the capitol of the confederacy. from there on the same day we rose, david issues a proclamation when he says no peace will ever be made with the infamous manners. so that's what's waiting at the end of the line down there. the distinction. number one, it's leading from the east and south, lines of march occupied at this time by the union army. number two, it's lee's telegraph's house. i'm going to go back to sherlock holmes. the silver plays, he's investigating the kidnapped horse with a typically clumsy inspector with him and as they are writing back, the inspector asked homes, is there any thing that you'd wish to bring to my attention? the famous quotes even people who don't read a lot on him probably know this quote. he said i will commend your attention to the dog in the ninth time, referring to the fact that the watchdog at the stable where the horse was didn't make any noise at night which for homes meant somebody on the inside did the job but was dumb and said but the dog did nothing in the nighttime. holmes

the united daughters of the confederacy, helped shift the narrative of the civil war by rewriting and sanitizing history and literature. in 2017 after the deadly protests over the robert e. lee statue. they voted to remove the statue and put it in an equally prominent respectful location but the monument toppled over as it was removed and broke into pieces which were then placed in storage. five years later, man tee county has new commissioners, all republicans, who have voted support for an effort to not only put the pieces of that confederate memorial back together but to reinstall it at the manatee county courthouse. that matter is listed as an agenda item next tuesday. manatee county could find itself in the position of erecting a monument to the confederacy in the year 2023, because those century-old efforts to shift the narrative of the civil war, those efforts are alive and well in the state of florida. last spring, ron desantis signed into law a bill that requires schools to publish lists of all school library content and requires a specialist to select all reading materials b

lee so they served together in the and when johnston joined the confederacy and fought in civil war, he carried his father's sword the revolution with him. have fun without one. i'll wrap it up at this point and if doug and chris will join me for trying to answer any questions you have, thank you for the chance to speak about this. [applause] [applause] >> all take questions from the floor. [inaudible]. [inaudible]. >> i would say yes in terms of army organization and administration and logistics and things like that maybe unnecessarily battlefield creativity's and leadership. >> i would agree with that, the only battles of really studied with him, he did not do a good job of communicating or coordinating or of following up and i can't say that was always the case with him but that was the case with the study and however he was very intelligent man. a good organizer. >> getting along with people, and he is not with davis obviously in treat him like a violin. [inaudible]. he trying to manage his own reputation and so they pass the buck in tennessee, and so he doesn't want to get up ea

the south confederacy is fighting very hard. there's big battles. they are determined to win their independence so they're going to be anti-on the attack and there's also complications for soldiers in the field who are running into slaves is this our oil master or a disloyal master mark i don't know what i'm supposed to. we're going to make it more simple for you. it is the state that seceded the slaves come within their lines their free, there is a. you do not return them to the owners. not only do you not return them will be court-martialed if you do. it is illegal to return slaves to their owners. the second confiscation. there was the second thing, it calls for the president of the united states commission a proclamation declaring all slaves in states in rebellion to be free. using lincoln came up with this idea. i'm going toissue this division proclamation and change the war . congress calls for him to do this. it is common for congress to do this. there's a great book by james oates called freedom national that way stop this whole discussion o

the confederacy could become independent. and there's almost a certainty that emancipation would be revoked. that slavery would survive. so people had said to lincoln you ought to cancel this election and lincoln said no. we're fighting. to preserve self-government. we're fighting against the idea that if you lose the election you get to start a war and see if it can win it with the war when you couldn't win it in an election and we're fighting against that kind of idea. and if we were to postpone the election because of the war. we've already lost the cause we were fighting for. yeah, we postpone the election so we say in power. but we were fighting to maintain the id of self-government so we can't do that. we're going to hold the election exactly a scheduled we're going to do exactly what the constitution says. right but politics is tricky and how's that going to affect grants campaign? well for one thing it means there's going to be a lot of scrutiny. it's going to be important. but another thing and i've already told you

and the temporary capital of the confederacy. from there on the same day that lee arrives at amelia courthouse, davis issues a proclamation when he says no peace will be ever made with the infamous invaders. let us meet the faux with fresh defiance, within conquered and in conquerable hearts. that's what's waiting for lee at the end of the line out there. eight miles south of lee, following that a railroad is cheaters ville. it has two points of distinction. number one, it's on roads leading from the east and south. lines of march being occupied at this point by the union army. and number two, it's got an active -- its leads telegraph point to the south. now i'm going to go back to my old friend sherlock holmes. in a story -- favorite story called the silver blaze, he's investigating a kidnapped horse and with a typically -- clumsy scotland yard inspector with him. and is writing back the, inspector asks homes, is there anything you wish to bring to my attention? and in one of the famous quotes that even again people who don't re

or thebarksdale, by the way, would eventually fight for the confederacy. resign from congress, fight for the confederacy when it leaves the union. he perished candies berg. this is a frightening period in american history. richard baker is the former historian of the senate. he argued that the caning of sumner should be seen, correctly i think, as an assault on american democracy. the chamber is the house and senate chambers are designed both for speaking and for listening. you have to envision kind of a roman style dovey. in an environment where physical violence can be a response to speech it undermines the ideals of american democracy as a whole. the physical violence expands after the civil war to the house to what is, i think, the first political assassination in congressional history. it involves this man, james hines, a republican congressman from arkansas. kinds was elected in 1866. he served for less than one term. his election came when arkansas was readmitted to the union during the period of reconstruction after the civil war. like many norther

he fights for the confederacy in the civil war. he comes back. in california, he's a prominent figure. he reinvents himself after the civil war. his previous misdeeds are largely forgotten. >> we have so many great ones coming in. dave has asked, it seems as though we have entered a period where more house and senate members are more focused on ideology, i.e. rep gosar from my state, than on delivering tangible results for their constituents. hearing your presentation today, it seems that might have been the case in previous areas as well. >> this is quite a good point. i think that to me the best way to understand the contemporary congress is that it is essentially a quasi-parliamentary institution. it seems like virtually all republicans in congress go one way, all democrats with the other way. the kind of the environment we had in the 1960s or 1970s and what you would often have members -- so, think of arizona, the longtime senator from arizona carl hayden was a democrat. he basically brought back tonsil federal money for arizona he. kept gett

it's a defeat for the confederacy. see, to now, of course, we'd say in the region it's a it's a great win for forest. but in the overall big picture here think big picture. well sherman done the atlantic campaign through june by the time we see the battle of tupelo now we're into july oh he's gone all the way down back and forest hasn't touched his supply line so. maybe not a stunning defeat, but a defeat more or less for the confederacy. when you think of the big picture. sherman was able to keep forest off his supply line, so. all right, thank you. any questions. i guess i should add this real quick. when they did get over to the hatch bottom vato over the black troop said to sturgis, give us some ammunition. we're picking stuff. let us get in a line. give us some of the other white troops we can hold here. and it was at that time that sturgis looked at him and he said, if forest will leave me alone, i will leave him alone. he said, you've done all you can do now. you got to save yourself. and that was the end of it

[laughter] and anybody else in the confederacy at that time. lee would be respectful, things aren't exactly looking as we hoped they would and i think it would be prudent if you considered starting to evacuate less important things of the confederacy, it would have been not get your rear end in here and get ready to get out of town on short notice kind of warning. i'm sorry, i didn't get -- i couldn't hear it. >> [inaudible question] >> it is not me making it cut off. >> he believed that lee made it clear before they abandon richmond and petersburg of the cause was lost so his argument was that any loss of life as you look at the beginning of the spring 65 as a loss of life so while you say he did the honorable thing and surrendered, how would you respond to someone like no one who said his own words, he said it was up and continue to fight even what you said, it doesn't make sense there's another offensive gambit according to noland and even your own words that maybe one who didn't have a chance at all but he did it anyways. >> lee was caught

in montgomery, alabama, the confederacy, the first president was inaugurated there. as a youngster growing up, my father died when i was 2. i'm the youngest of five children. we had -- i had very little contact with white people when i was growing up, say, from the 1st through the 8th grade. we lived in a black community. we went to a black church. all of our neighbors were black. the only contact we would usually have with white people is that our parents would work for them, and that's the way it was. we had separate everything. and not only did we have those and did we grow up under those conditions, but the streets usually were unpaved. there was very little water. at least you would have to go to a central place, where there may be a hydrant where you would get water. so african americans lived a very subservient life to that of white americans. that is the montgomery that i knew, and i had very little contact with any white persons for many years. >> at what point in your life did -- we had a program a week or so ago about the tulsa race massacre. obviously bef

participate on the side of the of the confederacy. but this is not the last we will hear of former chief justice terry during the civil war, congress enacts a law changing the nature of the federal judicial system and create what's called a new federal appellate circuit. the 10th circuit, which then consisted of california and oregon. the reason for this was not so much popular asia, but the curious nature of the federal courts during the 18th and 19th century, quite unlike the system that exists today, which the federal courts are easily divided between district court judges, appellate court judges and judges on the supreme court during the the 18th and well into the 19th century, because there wasn't enough business for the supreme court to sustain an entire year. justices on the supreme court would also what's called rights circuit that is that they would go to, you know, to whatever circuit they were assigned and act as district court judges or appellate judges in that circuit. and so the the supreme court justice who was assigned

the goal in my city wants the capital of the confederacy is to be a capital of compassion.rise to righteous causes, like new schools and new libraries and community centers in marginalize neighborhoods. let me offer a few suggestions. first, we need to confront our history. whether it is good, bad, the ugly, and tell the truth about our past to safeguard our future. that's why we were thrilled to be the recipient of an $11 million grant from the mellon foundation to fund a new interpretive center in one of our neighborhoods where the slave trade took place. we want to educate and acknowledge richmond's untold past by immersing ourselves, our visitors in the history. second, we must recognize our differences are our strengths. we call this enrichment, one richmond -- we call this in richmond, one richmond. no matter who you pray to or the color of your skin, you can live out your great talents in the city of richmond. we governed through an equity lens as well. in richmond, we created our first ever equity center which focuses on 10 policy areas, by removing barriers to oppo

so when you on the fact that it was president of the confederacy was the name of. it was just a street that i thought tso they're working on it and where they do i certainly appreciate. >> is pretty minimal story in your career. one last question for you, we seen a change in your lifetime, the influence of that change in last year. all social justice issues. violence and could you tell us, do you have parting words of advice for young people today. >> i think young people need to realize your people to be that were young people who are instrumental in the beginning of the bus boycott, claudette coleman. martin luther king which was his late 20s. the was 50 years older. i was a few years younger. and mrs. parks was in her 30s . so you have known people and then there were the young people at&t north carolina started the demonstration for students. they also were students who started the freedom ride that resulted in the desegregation of all transportation systems too. so don't people have played a very important role including john lewis and montgomery march and i f

not only the town of vicksburg confederate bastion in the mississippi, but the confederacy's main army in mississippi, which was trapped in vicksburg as a result of grants campaign and the victory at vicksburg ultimate winds up within a few days giving the union complete control of the mississippi river. it's a huge success not a turning point, but certainly another nail in the confederacy's coffin and then in the fall of 1863 grant is brought into remedy a situation that has risen from a disaster that happened to william s rosecrans. rosecrans was defeated at the september 1920 19 to 20th 1863 battle of chickamauga rosecrans, then allowed himself to be sort of quasiabassiged inside chattanooga and they bring in grant and grant. straightens things out defeats confederates at the in the november battle of chattanooga wins a big victory and at this point grant's reputation has become huge nationwide and there's virtually a really a consensus among the northern people not unanimity, but heavy majority the northern people are very eager to see grant promoted given command of all the union