congress could have said y no. there's nothing about law really inherently in thqution of should the monitors on the boats be paid for by the oor the government. so step one is has congress in the statute answered that question. when we say no, everybody agrees that'not in the statute, then determination so long as they do so in a reasonable way. and the -- and courts f reasonableness, but whether or not the monitors a pd for is not really a legal question. martinez: i think the question of whether or not the law allows the agencyo to force the monitors to be paid for by private industry is absolutely a legal question. e with you that when congress -- justice jackson: but isn't at the same question as to whether or not -- i't that just another way of saying, can this policy determinae made by martinez: no, i don't think so. i think therence is when the -- when the -- when the policymaker, whether it's congress or the agency, sitting there and trying to figure out, like, what the best policy is, would the world be a

but as a result of the information that congress discovered during the investigation, congress passedational security act of 1947. and this act did a major reorganization of the military branches and in national it created a the first permanent intelligence agency and it also reorganized all the military sce under one department of defense. just before the united states senate created the special committee to investigate the national defense program. this committee was was created to oversee billions of dollars appropriations that congress had just made for war preparation. this committee was led by senator harry truman and of missouri, and it investigated reports of fraud and inefficient c in war preparation. so the committee uncovered numerous instances of corruption and mismanagement and profiteering. it set a standard for congressional oversight operations and was widely praised for its effective work, saving billions of dollars of taxpayer money. it also made senator truman a national figure. the truman commie's investigations ranged far and wide, sometimes even including househo

congress could have said yes or no. there's nothing about law really hently in the question of should the monitors on the boats be pr by the owners or the government. so step one is has congress in the statute swed that question. when we say no, everybody agrees that'not in the statute, then we say the agency can make that determination so long as they so in a reasonable way. so, for example, here, the question is whether or not monitors on the boats have to be paid for by the owner of the boat. i see that as a policy question. congress could have said yes or no. there's nothing about law really inherently in the questi o should the monitors on the boats be paid for by the owners orhe government. so step one is has congress in the statute answered that question. when we say no, everybody agrees that's nohe statute, then we say the agency can make that rmination so long as they do so in a reasonable way. and the -- and courts sort of police the boundaries of reonableness, but whether or not the monitors are paid r not re

i don't think congressou do that. in the same way th cgress couldn't tell the president how to exercise the veto power or the pardon power, it can't tell courts how to do interpretation and to defer to someone else. justice ga thank you. chief justice roberts: justice gorsuch? justice gorsuch: do we have to dedehat constitutional question? martinez: i think it makes sense to decide the constitutional question. i thinyocould -- justice gorsuch: that wasn't -- do we ha t martinez: i think you could resolve this case undethapa, and we would ctaly welcome an -- an ieretation of the apa that comes out our way, especial iit's informed by constitutional avoidance principles that i think have a lot of salience here. justice gorsuch: are -- do anything in your argument suggest or depend upon thede that judges should make or decide policy qutis about ai or anything else? martinez: no. we -- aundred percent agree that judges should not do pocy. we just think that they should do law. anth's in -- chevron is about legal questions.

dean of the congress.curity. speaking on afge for members, and on the oversight committee, he stands up every day against untruthful allegations by the majority. please welcome representative maxwell frost. >> thank you. how is everybody doing? what's disgusting? unionbusting. what's going on here? am i at the right rally? what's disgusting? >> unionbusting! >> hello, afge. it's a blessing to be here this morning. thank god it's not raining. this year, it's not raining and i want to first off thank you all so much for doing your jobs and doing a damn good job at that. and now we need congress to do the same, we need congress to do their jobs. we got this week, then we go home for a week, three more days, and then the government shuts down. i had heard zip from my republican colleagues on the plan from last week on how we will make sure you all stay in work and the government continues to function for the people which is why we were sent here in the first place. we cannot let the government shutdown. and he

it is not defeasible by congress.nforce constitution when itay can't appear on our ballot if you've alrerved two terms as president. the same goes -- justice yor: the same if they are under age when elected the same if they aotmrhell: they are not -- well, the same if they are not a u.s. citizen for sure. the age is a little more nuanced because you can imagine a scenario where the person is 34 years old at the f the election, but he turns 35 before inauguration day. jusotomayor: well, then that would come up -- a could not -- stice sotomayor: -- that would probably come up to us at some the state would make a decision and say he's ineligible but my point is so what -- adding qualificato what term limit -- mr. mitchell: you are -- justice sotomayor: -- is your argument based on? mr. mitchell: you are changing -- justice sotomayor: i'just confused. mr. mi: okay. with respect to the -- maybe i will start with the agple. justice sotomayor: mm-hmm. mitchell: if a state like colorado says you can't on our presidential ball

guest: kick in after april if congress failed to pass congress already has technically kind of triggeredust hasn't taken effect yet. there's also a lot of confusion as that would take effect if they were to do something like a year-loto bill which isn't really possible but is something that conservatives wanted. that is different w after april 30. but how me is it would take us across the board and it would be kind of indiscrimat it's not like if you work for the education department i'm god decide how this is going. , it would be program by program but there are still a lot of diffe around how this cut would be implemented if they were to come to more deadlines, that potential for 1% across the board cut. what does it all mean politically for speaker johnson right now? guest: people talk to conservatives even about this, he is doing the best job he can right now. the bells that are coming out are more in linethat is in linet was already brokered byand kevi. i think after a certain point people feel like the writing is already on the wall. m>some conservatives have alreay written off the

the commiee petitioned congress to allow it to mission into. association of the north americans for the preservation, their rights and liberties. congress responded by commissioning the first continental marinehree days later. this gentleman, samuel nicholas, that you see depicted here on november 5th, samuel nicholas became first and therefore the senior marine officer when president of the continental congress at the time. john hancock signed his commission. many mistakenly to this as designate nicholas as the first commandant ofbut that's not becs did not bestow that title on the commandant until 1798, during a quasi war against france, after the american revolution. nicholas was a 31 year old philadelphia native. he was born a quaker and his father died when he was seven years old. he attended the academy of philadelphia. became the future university of pennsylvania. and graduated at a of 16, after which he became a merchant and owner of contest omega wagon tavern in downtown philadelphia. starting a trend of marines being affiliated with a

coming up fridayning, arkansas republican congress talks about the impending deadline.nd the e.p.a. on tailpipe emissions. and we'll continue u.s. aid to israel and ukraine with kathy manning. c-span's "washington journal" join in friday morning on'bn noe mobile app or c-span.org next, r hakeem jeffries speaks to reporters on efforts to pass adds 1.2 trillion government friday's midnight deadline to avoid a partial government shutdown. also he talks about benjamin netanyahu addressing congress and continued support for ukraine. this is about 15 minutes. h? >> head's up. afternoon. from the beginning of congress, the republicans made clear we'll find bipartisan ground on our colleagues on any issue wherever possible in order to take care of the business of the american people and make life better for everyday americans. we've repeatedly done it from the beginning of this congress and c it once again in order to make sure the final six appropriation bills are passed in the house, sent over to the senate, and on a path to be signed into law by president joe biden. under no

there are officeholders at the start of the 118th congress.ty murray of washington state was sworn in as the first woman ever to serve as president pro tem of that chamber. the position third in line of presidential succession. we had a chance to chat with her , here is that exchange. >> i remember when i came to the senate, there were two women and then there were six. remembering that this isn't about me. it is really saying to young girls to go out, dream your dreams, and you will be able to do big things. it has always been about needing their potential in this country. i do it all the time, but this will give me another opportunity to do that. >> democratic senator patty murray of washington. a position third in line of presidential succession. would more women officeholders benefit the country? yes or no. you say yes, catherine. >> good morning, yes. i say yes again because we have foresight. we can see things in a different way than men. i'm not putting men down or anything. i wanted to speak about kamala harris, the vice president. i t

we need congress to appropriate. >> congress controls the purse strings.ant to ask you about a criminal case that has become a political rallying point. you heard donald trump use this phrase migrant crime. a 22-year-old nursing student, i know you've been following this, laken riley, in the state of georgia was murdered allegedly by an undocumented venezuelan migrant. the suspect had been detained by border patrol upon crossing, released with temporary permission to stay in the country. he then went on allegedly to commit crimes twice, once in new york for driving a scooter without a license and once in connection with a shoplifting case in georgia. did those states and their law enforcement communicate to the federal government that this had happened? should this man have been deported? >> a few thoughts. first, margaret, first and foremost, an absolute tragedy and our hearts break for and our prayers are with the family. number one. number two, and importantly, as a prosecutor, having prosecuted violent crime and other crimes for 12 years, one individua

congress punts. congress doesn't help. congress sort of gives him some ambiguous responses, leaves it in his hands and he handles it for grant. as a as we were just talking about grant tax back and forth and zigzags depending on what congress is giving at any point. sometimes gives him power with the enforcement act. sometimes congress takes it away when they de-fund the military and start mustering people out. grant doesn't try to go his way. he doesn't try to keep the military in the field. he doesn't try to use funds from another to pay for things he says. all right. that's the will of the people i to respect that and taft to the same extent is trying to work very carefully with congress and of course with the courts some of the best for taft respecting separation of powers is, of course with the supreme court and the 16th amendment, with the personal income tax that congress had initially wanted to check the supreme decision ruling, personal income tax, unconstitutional. 1895 congress wanted to respond with a law diffe

come on, congress. wake up. guest: are you taking action in that in congress? guest: we have bill proposals. we haven't been able to get a vote on it and hoping we will and hoping viewers and people away the country start saying hey, wait a minute, this hasn't been adjusted in more than 50 years? and this is what people are actually making? 28 million americans and that's the only thing they have? and five million americans pro have worked all their lives and get below poverty checks from the federal government for social security. it needs to be corrected and the00 ought to be demanding congress take action. we have something called social secured 2100 and does all those things, has an across the board increase, repeals, n.g.o., make sure the disability system of social security, more veterans rely on that than they do on the v.a. this is not an entitlement but an earned benefit. this is not anything you'll get from the private sector. i'm from one of the insurance capitals of the world and went to the aetna school of insurance. they talk about three legs on t

congress punts. congress doesn't help. congress sort of gives him some ambiguous responses, leaves it in his hands and he handles it for grant. as a as we were just talking about grant tax back and forth and zigzags depending on what congress is giving at any point. sometimes gives him power with the enforcement act. sometimes congress takes it away when they de-fund the military and start mustering people out. grant doesn't try to go his way. he doesn't try to keep the military in the field. he doesn't try to use funds from another to pay for things he says. all right. that's the will of the people i to respect that and taft to the same extent is trying to work very carefully with congress and of course with the courts some of the best for taft respecting separation of powers is, of course with the supreme court and the 16th amendment, with the personal income tax that congress had initially wanted to check the supreme decision ruling, personal income tax, unconstitutional. 1895 congress wanted to respond with a law diffe

so if congress had, let's say 50 years ago, congress had passed a law saying, we're going to let the states do it, so long as they they abide by due process, then what colorado did would have been fine, but congress has done essentially nothing in the 150 years since the 14th amendment was ratified. in 18, 68. now, i want to make sure people understand this. it's a very important feature of this decision. there is no substantive discussion in here by the supreme court of whether donald trump did for, did not engage in insurrection. interesting, there is no conversation about what the meaning of his words at the rally were or what happened inside the capital or any of donald trump's actions. that's not what the supreme court has done here. that's not what the supreme court typically does. this is a procedural legalistic decision. and essentially if i had to boil it down to one sentence, it would be it's up to congress, not the individual didn't want a big messy situation where all the states goes over there and that sort of thing. the word i circled in >> this decision is quote, patch

your big point, we got to look at 1934, we got to look at what congress wrote, why would congress have drawn that distinction in 1934? >> because they nt to get the fully automatic weapons who had the push triggers. and if you use pull of the trigger you are not going to get those devices. so they had to say function of the trigger to own expos tse forms of weaponry, as long as the conventional cover push and pull? >> how should it be dene in your view, to cover bump stocks? in other words, tomorrow congress said, mr. mitchell, how should we write the statute to cover bump stocks since function of the trigger in your view doesn't do it? >> i'd have to ask them what else do you want to encompass besides bump stocks? >> just bump stocks. give me a sentence that you think would cover bump stock >> i wldrovide a statutory definition of bump stocks that tracks as closely as possible to nonmechanical devices that mr. cargill has. >> it's not a great statutory language. you got anything better than that? [laughter] >> i think you can say any deceand this may be a little too broad, but you can

i think congress _ congress take action? i think congress does _ congress take action?ve monica delacruz who delivered the spanish—language response, she is a congresswoman from texas. we saw some of the excerpts of the speed you deliver danger spoke about the border crisis and the economy. what stood out to you most from the president's state of the union? ~ ., the president's state of the union? . . , the president's state of the union? ~ . , ., ., , union? what stood out to me is the fact that — union? what stood out to me is the fact that president - union? what stood out to me is the fact that president biden i the fact that president biden is so disconnected with the everyday american. especially the hispanics in my district who live along the border. we see the border not being secured every single day. he was disconnected to that and number two, was disconnected to that and numbertwo, hispanic families number two, hispanic families along the numbertwo, hispanic families along the border like my own tend to have larger families which is more mouths to feed and wh

people are writing to congress, calling on congress. blacks and whites, pleading for help around that. the violence that's taking place. and so in particular over the franchise and the vote is where congress sees that they can intercede and so congress is going to pass a series of enforcement acts. the third being the ku klux klan act all around this idea of, you know, trying to find some way to federalize, if you will, these violations on southern's civil rights and political rights, in particular, black southerners, civil and political rights. and one way that they're going to do that is they're going to form the department of justice, which the department of justice initial one of their initial ideas is to actually investigate this this violence in this klan activity is to investigate terrorist organizations and congress very quickly realizes that they cannot ignore the reports that the department of justice is coming up with. and so they decide that they're going to create a commission to organize and investigate what's happening in

and congress can take away. and so to me, again, like the notion that the supreme court has the power of judicial review is not new. the notion that the court might abuse that power in ways that are deeply unpopular is not new. what is missing today are the bricks that actually used to keep the court not completely in line with public, but at least loosely in line with public opinion. and i think that's the real problem, that if we just look at the decisions the courts handed down, we tend to miss. i just want to add an anecdote of my own that supports what you said when chief justice warren got the court together to decide brown versus the board, he said no dissents and it has fit on one newspaper page. none of this flipping to section b column four. i want everyone be able to read it and understand it. same point as early as four. well, and i mean fast forward 1974 in the watergate tapes case, you know, the court rules eight nothing against president nixon in an opinion that is signed by his handpicked chief j

for generations, his family has voted for the congress.ke shabir feel the party is not doing enough. translation: nothing| will change if they don't raise other issues. rahul gandhi needs to roar, like other politicians. he's a good man, but that's not enough. if he speaks with more conviction, it will be good for him, for the party and for us. since india's independence, the congress party dominated the country's political landscape. from 400 seats in parliament in the 1980s, they were down to 52 in the 2019 elections. to counter the bjp�*s rising popularity, in july last year, opposition partiesjoined hands to form a united front. translation: if this alliance wins, our country will win. . but in less than a year, there are cracks in the alliance. key partners have left, joining the bjp, and others are bickering over seats. you're not worried about these differences? i'm not worried. these are differences. we have to recognise they are differences. | but a divided house isn't... it's not a house divided. we are a house - with multiple vo

day congress resolved. i quote that two battalions of marines be raised, that they be distinguished by the names of the first and second battalion of american marines making the 10th in november. the official of the united states marines, which is celebrated by marines, regardless of where they are in the world, regardless of what their circumstances are, they still celebrate the birth of our core today and again, i shared with dr. brooks earlier how i distinctly recall being in a combat situation. we didn't the opportunity to have a full ball, a large birthday cake. so i took one of my my what we call meals ready to eat field rations had pound cake in it, took that little pound cake out, put a match in it and lit it. and we sang happy birthday to the marine corps. that's what marines. so congress directed washington order to form these two battalions of marines to cherry pick soldiers out of his battalions holding the british under siege in boston. and those sailors, soldiers that may have had any type of

congress, such as free peru and other dissident parties have about four to five seats.have no opposition because they don't want to leave. the issue is that if dina balate resigns. is removed from office in peru, new elections must be held and both congress and the government must step aside and allow the electoral process to proceed, these congressmen and these political groups don't want that, and unfortunately, that's what deepens the crisis of representation, because what they're doing is self-preservation, and the citizens are vehemently against them. the performance of the congress is faced with 96% dissatisfaction, and similarly, the dissatisfaction with the performance of the executive branch is 92%. we are in a crisis of representation and political crisis in which citizens are not. important for these groups and they remain alive in this agreement as long as they can, so where is it left for the citizens? all that remains are the streets, because of this we have seen demonstrations, demonstrations were held separately, and those who came to the streets were ru

for generations, his family has voted for the congress.bir feel the party is not doing enough. translation: nothing| will change if they don't raise other issues. rahul gandhi needs to roar, like other politicians. he's a good man, but that's not enough. if he speaks with more conviction, it will be good for him, for the party and for us. since india's independence, the congress party dominated the country's political landscape. from 400 seats in parliament in the 1980s, they were down to 52 in the 2019 elections. to counter the bjp�*s rising popularity, in july last year, opposition partiesjoined hands to form a united front. translation: if this alliance wins, our country will win. . but in less than a year, there are cracks in the alliance. key partners have left, joining the bjp, and others are bickering over seats. you're not worried about these differences? i'm not worried. these are differences. we have to recognise they are differences. | but a divided house isn't... it's not a house divided. we are a house - with multiple voices.

yes, the members of the congress, it appears that the - the congress, it appears that the court has decided. trump has been indicted criminally for his actions leading up to january six, he has been indicted on other charges but it is very well possible that congress could take further action here. the majority of both houses has a ready voted that he is guilty of incitement of insurrection, that was in his 2021 impeachment trial. we could have additional action taken at the end of 2024, depending on what happens, the republicans have three extra seats in the house of representatives, as it currently stands but we do not know why this is going to go. the court has only said that this is the job of congress and us attorneys acting under authority from congress but the states cannot disqualify donald trump or anyone else from federal office under the 14th amendment section 3/80 pairs right now that donald trump is ineligible to be elected governor of colorado because he has been deemed insurrection list in colorado. . ~' , ., he has been deemed insurrection list in comrade-— there are growing

i would like to take this opportunity and invite you to the next rsp congress, which we have plannedyour participation. at this congress we just wanted to determine the current ones. priorities based on development strategy countries, moreover, we have discussed all these issues over the past weeks, we are holding a russian business week forum before the congress, we recently held 14 forums and they, too, the recommendations of these forums were included in our proposal for the congress, we prepared a draft resolution, we got 100 points of our resolution. they called it 100 steps to economic leadership, and i hope that if members of the government, the administration, legislatively, carefully before the congress, we have a month ahead, will look at our proposals, then the discussion at the congress would be more fruitful and constructive, i would like to convey these proposals to you, thank you, and we, with your permission , will present them to the government, to the administration, in order... to really get answers to our questions posed within the framework of the congress. vladi

it's up to congress. and then in the presidential immunity case, stick with the unanimous bipartisan ruling from the dc circuit, saying, of course, we don't have any kings here. we don't have dictators. know a president cannot assassinate his political opponents and escape any kind of criminal consequences unless he's impeached in the house and convicted in the senate, which was the argument that trump's lawyers actually made before the dc circuit. so i would hope that would happen. unfortunately, there are at least three justices who were appointed for nominated to the court by donald trump, who appear not to be veering very far from what the maga element wants them to do. but let's hope that this is the case where they can vindicate themselves and also rehabilitate the very tarnished image of the supreme court at this point yeah, the grand bargain that's an interesting way to put it. i would say that obviously amy coney barrett was appointed by or sent up by, nominated, i should say, by the former presi

we need congress to move. incompas has acp extension act. $7 billion of funding at the fcc would have immediate access to to be able to keep all of these families connected. be the way forward. it's the only piece of legislation that has any shot at passing both houses of congress and getting signed by the president. i know there are some who think that usf reform can happen in the next six weeks and had to tell you that's just not going to happen. usf reform is like rewriting the 1996 telecom act. so guys i worked on the 94 telecom act, didn't pass and 94, right? i was a young law student back in and i was told we were at that point might before actually pastor is going to take a lot of effort and work to complete the reform use and are a lot of different equities. we've been urging congress, you cannot rely on the usf reform effort is it acp. you have got to give the financing for acp so we can keep the program going. and yes we continue to talk about what the appropriate action for usf reform. >> one thing

so this is a congress for cultural freedom. it a event that he attended just a few yearsfter, the tashkent event here. he is smoking his pipe and he is 1973, except getting his own lotus award at the writers association. meeting in the middle is a vietnam poet. too long and over here is a ish in googie we don't have a picture of him at the 1962 democratic conference. or at least i couldn't find a picture of him there. also, somebody who attended the soviet affiliated afro-asian writers association meetings. so this weight over here is now like a millstone around my neck, and i'm in a blind panic thinking. the whole premise with which i started at least half of this book, is now shot to pieces. what am i going to do? here's the great ghanaian poet, a playwright was sutherland at the first 1958, afro-asian writers association meeting in the audience is w.e.b. dubois, who was, you know, just as hughes had kind of presided it over the mccrory event, w.e.b. dubois was at the the tashkent event. f was sutherland is somebody like semb

>> after april if congress fails to pas i bill. they already have technically under the bill that passed last year. there's a lot of confusion that isn't really possie but it will carry out in that regard of it looks different from what is expected to happen after april 30th. but it would take, how it's been explained to me is it would take effect across the board and it would be kind of indiscriminate cuts so it'sin not like if you work for the education department i am going■8 to do 1. no from how it's been explained it would be program by program but there's a lot of different interpretations of how it would be implemented if they were to come to that point but i don't think they want that. >> short-term spending bills, more deadlines, that potential for the 1% across the board cut does it all mean politically for speaker johnson righty y now? >> you will talk to conservatives about this. i think feel he is doing the best job he can rightes now. the bills coming out are more in line with the line that's already brokered and the

, and he does this with the advice of vladimiro monticinus and on april 5th, 1992, he closes the congressand declares a state of emergency. it is in this emergency situation that he starts implement the neoliberal model in the country. in terms of ideology, we must say that fujii morism does not have a great ideology and does not belong to any great discourse, but a completely pragmatic government that tried to create a shock. in addition, the vote itself an authoritarian government allowed the implementation of neoliberal measures and the orders from washington. these measures included the privatization and liquidation of state-owned companies, the national airline such as aeropro and minropro and all the companies that had been created in the previous decades within the framework of developing country's business structure. in addition, policies were adopted in favor of multinational capitals, large capitals entered the mining sector and various industrial sectors in pension funds. the implementation of this neoliberal structure reduce the state to its minimum size, and as we said, and o

it doesn't say congress. congress shall, congress shall, because it doesn't need to. it's in article one. these are clearly all powers solely for the rights of congress, not of the executive. so the one before about habeas corpus, clearly the responsibility of congress honest abe may maybe playing fast loose here, but let's talk about the part of lincoln's statement. there was an emergency. couldn't congress was not in session at the time. he didn't have them to turn to. and he had get these troops through this difficult corridor and in there to suppress the rebellion. maybe he has a point here, but congress then comes into session two months later, july of 1861 and they start passing a whole bunch of laws to authorize, to raise troops, to pay them, to really finance and construct a war model so that he can suppress rebellion. they don't the writ of habeas corpus. that doesn't happen until 63, two years later. and over those two years, the lincoln administration arrests incarcerates almost 10,000 people, mostly american citizens. and they it again for speaking out aga

we love having mayors in the congress and in the u.s. senate and working in government because they get us and understand us. help us understand and give us advice since you've sat in both seat, how mayors can work more closely to support the problem solvers caucus, whrorn you're from ohio or not, we want to support the work of the caucus and work more closely together. talk about how your experience as a mayor and member of congress can be leveraged in that way. mr. molinaro: i served in a state legislature, a county mayor, representing $1 million budget. number one, humanize your argument. you can sign as many form letters as you want. i'm sure josh reads every one of them. when you personalize the message, i see my friend from the city of poughkeepsie, if you tell me how my decision affects the north side of poughkeepsie, i want to know it. i want to hear how they're going to be impacted by our choices. second, you have to push back on your party interests. i tell people this all the time. as a republican county executive i was told d

so this is congress. congresses with at least 20 house member leaving this early announcing that they're leaving this early from both parties. so 21 from the democrats, 20 plus from the republicans, since all way back in 2006, there's only been one time where that has occurred and that is less particular. congress 2024, 2023, 2024. and there have been no other since 2006. so we're often hearing about how bad congress has r. but this is historically bad in terms of folks we're leaving, yet they are just absolutely fed on. so john just this has never happened before. you've never seen this many from both parties leaving, which tells you something usually the party that think is going to lose control, they flee because no one likes to be in the minority. in this case. it's both parties. the question is, why, what is it about what's happening or not happening? that seems to be you know, dissing them awesome. yeah. what is so perturbing to them? how about this? we often say congress and washington simply put,